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The Cassini Map or Academy's Map is the first topographic and geometric map made of the Kingdom of France as a whole. It was compiled by the Cassini family, mainly César-François Cassini (Cassini III) and his son Jean-Dominique Cassini (Cassini IV) in the 1700s.
Versailles on the Cassini map
It was on a scale of one line to 100 toises, i.e. 1/86,400.
The map was, for the time, a real innovation and a decisive technical advance. It is the first map to be based on a geodesic triangulation. Four generations of the Cassini carried out the work, taking more than 6 decades to complete. The map does not precisely locate dwellings or the boundaries of swamps and forests, but the level of precision of the road network represented is such that by superimposing satellite photos onto map sheets of France, spectacular results are obtained.
The work of the Cassinis even left its mark on the land where today you can still find toponyms such as "Signal of Cassini." Such landmarks correspond to the corners of the triangles that formed the backbone of Cassini's map.
Nowadays, researchers frequently consult the Cassini map sheets, in its paper form in the reading room of the maps and plans department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, or its digital form online.[1] It is of particular interest to archaeologists, architects, historians, geographers, genealogists, treasure hunters and ecologists who need to retrospect ecology or understand the history of landscape.
The genesis of the Cassini Map came during the reign of Louis XIV, with the creation of the Academy of Sciences alongside the ambitions of Jean-Baptiste Colbert for France's navy, the defence of her coasts and fixing the imprecision of the country's maps. At the time, distances between settlements to be portrayed on maps were often estimated by the time of the journey between them or by measuring the length of the road.[2] Sometimes, triangulation was used - though often relying on the magnetic pin of a compass without concern for one's latitude.[3] This would result in confounded errors when compiling these maps into one.[3]
Cassini, alongside other scientists like Picard, Roëmer and Richer, investigated movement of the planets relative to Earth. Cassini noted such methods were riddled with instrumental errors and were susceptible to parallax.[4] Picard and La Hire write in 1672 that King Louis XIV instructed the Academy of Sciences to, "create a map of all of France with the greatest precision possible.",[5] Cassini writes that in September 1672, M. Vivier had, "come by order of the King" and was, "employed by order of the King to work on the Map of the Kingdom under the direction of the Academy of Sciences."[5]
^"Des villages Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui". cassini.ehess.fr. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^Cassini de Thury (1745). "Sur la description Géométrique de la France". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année) (in French). p. 554. Il n'est point douteux que toutes les erreurs que l'on remarque dans les Cartes, tant anciennes que modernes, ne viennent de ce que ceux qui les ont dressées, ont pris chacun des routes différentes; les uns se sont contentez d'estimer les distances par le temps que l'on emploie à aller d'un lieu à l'autre; les autres ont mesuré actuellement la longueur des chemins: ceux enfin qui ont opéré avec plus d'exactitude, ont formé quelques triangles dont ils ont observé les angles avec des planchettes ou d'autres instrumens [sic] encore plus imparfaits...
^ abCassini de Thury (1745). "Sur la description Géométrique de la France". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année) (in French). p. 555. la plûpart (sic) ont fait usage de l'aiguille aimantée, sans avoir égard à sa vraie déclinaison à l'égard du meridien qui, comme l'on sçait (sic), n'est pas la même dans tous les temps & dans tous les lieux, & est sujette à des grandes irrégularités, de pareillés erreurs venant à se multiplier dans l'assemblage que l'on fait des opérations pour former une Carte génerale...
^Cassini (1729). "Observations Astronomiques Faites en Divers Endroits du Royaume (pendant l'année 1672.)". Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences (Depuis 1666. jusqu'à 1699.) (in French). Vol. Partie I (Tome VII ed.). pp. 349–351.
^ abPicard (1729). "Observations Faites À Brest et À Nantes (pendant l'année 1679)". Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences (Depuis 1666. jusqu'à 1699.) (in French). Vol. Partie I (Tome VII ed.). pp. 376–380.
cassini, projection, cassini, projection, british, wwii, military, maps, cassini, grid, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, relies, largely, . For the map projection see Cassini projection For the British WWII era military maps see Cassini Grid This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Cassini map news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2020 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French March 2015 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Carte de Cassini see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated fr Carte de Cassini to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this message The Cassini Map or Academy s Map is the first topographic and geometric map made of the Kingdom of France as a whole It was compiled by the Cassini family mainly Cesar Francois Cassini Cassini III and his son Jean Dominique Cassini Cassini IV in the 1700s Versailles on the Cassini map It was on a scale of one line to 100 toises i e 1 86 400 The map was for the time a real innovation and a decisive technical advance It is the first map to be based on a geodesic triangulation Four generations of the Cassini carried out the work taking more than 6 decades to complete The map does not precisely locate dwellings or the boundaries of swamps and forests but the level of precision of the road network represented is such that by superimposing satellite photos onto map sheets of France spectacular results are obtained The work of the Cassinis even left its mark on the land where today you can still find toponyms such as Signal of Cassini Such landmarks correspond to the corners of the triangles that formed the backbone of Cassini s map Nowadays researchers frequently consult the Cassini map sheets in its paper form in the reading room of the maps and plans department of the Bibliotheque nationale de France or its digital form online 1 It is of particular interest to archaeologists architects historians geographers genealogists treasure hunters and ecologists who need to retrospect ecology or understand the history of landscape Contents 1 Beginnings 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 ExternalBeginnings editThe genesis of the Cassini Map came during the reign of Louis XIV with the creation of the Academy of Sciences alongside the ambitions of Jean Baptiste Colbert for France s navy the defence of her coasts and fixing the imprecision of the country s maps At the time distances between settlements to be portrayed on maps were often estimated by the time of the journey between them or by measuring the length of the road 2 Sometimes triangulation was used though often relying on the magnetic pin of a compass without concern for one s latitude 3 This would result in confounded errors when compiling these maps into one 3 Cassini alongside other scientists like Picard Roemer and Richer investigated movement of the planets relative to Earth Cassini noted such methods were riddled with instrumental errors and were susceptible to parallax 4 Picard and La Hire write in 1672 that King Louis XIV instructed the Academy of Sciences to create a map of all of France with the greatest precision possible 5 Cassini writes that in September 1672 M Vivier had come by order of the King and was employed by order of the King to work on the Map of the Kingdom under the direction of the Academy of Sciences 5 Gallery edit nbsp nbsp nbsp See also editFrench cartographyReferences edit Des villages Cassini aux communes d aujourd hui cassini ehess fr Retrieved 2021 02 07 Cassini de Thury 1745 Sur la description Geometrique de la France Histoire de l Academie Royale des Sciences Avec les Memoires de Mathematique amp de Physique pour la meme Annee in French p 554 Il n est point douteux que toutes les erreurs que l on remarque dans les Cartes tant anciennes que modernes ne viennent de ce que ceux qui les ont dressees ont pris chacun des routes differentes les uns se sont contentez d estimer les distances par le temps que l on emploie a aller d un lieu a l autre les autres ont mesure actuellement la longueur des chemins ceux enfin qui ont opere avec plus d exactitude ont forme quelques triangles dont ils ont observe les angles avec des planchettes ou d autres instrumens sic encore plus imparfaits a b Cassini de Thury 1745 Sur la description Geometrique de la France Histoire de l Academie Royale des Sciences Avec les Memoires de Mathematique amp de Physique pour la meme Annee in French p 555 la plupart sic ont fait usage de l aiguille aimantee sans avoir egard a sa vraie declinaison a l egard du meridien qui comme l on scait sic n est pas la meme dans tous les temps amp dans tous les lieux amp est sujette a des grandes irregularites de pareilles erreurs venant a se multiplier dans l assemblage que l on fait des operations pour former une Carte generale Cassini 1729 Observations Astronomiques Faites en Divers Endroits du Royaume pendant l annee 1672 Memoires de l Academie des Sciences Depuis 1666 jusqu a 1699 in French Vol Partie I Tome VII ed pp 349 351 a b Picard 1729 Observations Faites A Brest et A Nantes pendant l annee 1679 Memoires de l Academie des Sciences Depuis 1666 jusqu a 1699 in French Vol Partie I Tome VII ed pp 376 380 External editOnline portal found here https www geoportail gouv fr donnees carte de cassini Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cassini map amp oldid 1180613625, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
