Jürgen Harder
Jürgen Harder (13 June 1918 – 17 February 1945) was a German military aviator and wing commander in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 64 enemy aircraft shot down claimed in approximately 500 combat missions. He claimed 17 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 47 over the Western Allies, including nine four-engined heavy bombers.
Jürgen Harder | |
|---|---|
| Born | 13 June 1918 Swinemünde in Pomerania |
| Died | 17 February 1945 (aged 26) near Strausberg, Germany |
| Buried | Cemetery St. Marien in Strausberg |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/ | Luftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1939–1945 |
| Rank | Major (major) |
| Unit | JG 53 |
| Commands held | JG 11 |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |
| Relations | Harro Harder |
Born in Swinemünde, Harder joined the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1939. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in March 1941. He claimed his first aerial victory on 22 June 1941, the first day of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. His unit was transferred to the Mediterranean Theatre in November 1941. In February 1942, Harder was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 7. Staffel (7th squadron) of JG 53 and Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 53 a year later. In January 1945, Harder was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 1 February 1945. Less than three weeks later on 17 February, he was killed in a flying accident near Strausberg when his aircraft suffered engine failure.
Career edit
Harder was born on 13 June 1918 in Swinemünde in the Province of Pomerania within the German Empire, present-day Świnoujście, Poland. Harder had two brothers Harro and Rolf. Harro also was a fighter pilot and was killed in action on 12 August 1940, Rolf served with the artillery and was killed in April 1943.[1] On 1 October 1939, Harder joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) and was trained as a fighter pilot.[Note 1] On 1 February 1941, Harder was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) and in March was posted to the Gruppenstab (headquarters unit) of III. Gruppe (3rd group) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing).[3] While flying with the Gruppenstab, Harder made a crash landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 8085—factory number) at the Maldegem Airfield. Two days later, his aircraft sustained damage in aerial combat with Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighters over the English Channel.[4]
War against the Soviet Union edit
On 8 June 1941, the bulk of JG 53's air elements moved via Jever, in northern Germany, to Mannheim-Sandhofen. There the aircraft were given a maintenance overhaul prior to moving east.[5] On 12 June, III. Gruppe was ordered to transfer to a forward airfield at Sobolewo. On 21 June, the Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 53 and its Gruppenkommandeure were summoned to nearby Suwałki, where Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) Albert Kesselring gave the final instructions for the upcoming attack. Hauptmann Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke, the Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe, briefed his pilots that evening.[6]
On 22 June, the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the Eastern Front. III. Gruppe took off on its first mission at 3:20 am with the Gruppenstab (headquarters unit) and 7. Staffel targeting Soviet airfields at Alytus and Oranji.[7] Thad day, Harder claimed his first aerial victory, shooting down an I-17 fighter, an early war designation for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1.[8]
On 25 September, Harder got disoriented and his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 9212) ran out of fuel resulting in an emergency landing near Novgorod.[9] In early October, III. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Eastern Front, relocating to Mannheim-Sandhofen. The air elements left on 4 October with the ground elements travelling by train, arriving in Mannheim-Sandhofen on 13 October.[10]
Mediterranean theater edit
At Mannheim-Sandhofen, III. Gruppe was equipped with the then new Bf 109 F-4. On 8 November, the Gruppe moved to Husum in northern Germany where they stayed until 14 November.[11] They were then ordered to relocate to the Mediterranean theater in Sicily. The ground elements arrived at Catania Airfield on 28 November followed by the air elements two days later.[12] On 13 October, Harder claimed a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter on a morning escort mission for Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers. Later that day, he claimed a second P-40 shot down.[13]
On 12 January 1943, Harder was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) and promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 February.[3] On 3 February, Harder received news that his wife had given birth on 30 January to their daughter Elke.[14] Two days later, Harder was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 7. Staffel of JG 53. He replaced Hauptmann Wilfried Pufahl who was transferred. From 25 May onwards, Harder only led the Staffel from the ground while in the air they were initially led by Leutnant Franz Barten and from July by Leutnant Walter Hicke.[15] Harder had been taken off combat duty following the death of his younger brother Rolf in April.[3]
On 22 March, Harder claimed his first heavy bomber when he shot down a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber from a force of 24 B-17s, escorted by 40 fighter aircraft, on mission heading for Palermo.[16] On 8 May, 8. Staffel flew from Sciacca on escort mission for three military transports heading for Tunesia without engaging in combat. Later that day east of Cape Bon, Harder claimed two Spitfire fighters shot down.[17] Together with Franz Schieß, Harder was promoted to the rank of Hauptmann (captain) on 1 September 1943.[18]
Group commander edit
On 22 January 1944, Allied forces launched the amphibious landing Operation Shingle, also known as the Battle of Anzio. In an attempt to contain the Allied beachhead at Anzio and Nettuno, German forces moved available forces into the combat area. In consequence, III. Gruppe relocated to Orvieto near Lake Bolsena on 24 January.[19] In this combat area on 7 February, Harder claimed his 40th in total and first aerial aerial victory after he was again allowed to fly operationally over a Spitfire near Lake Albano. On 12 February, III. Gruppe moved to a makeshift airfield at Arlena di Castro located southeast of Lake Bolsena.[20] Escorting German ground attack aircraft on 14 February, Harder shot down a Lockheed P-38 Lightning.[21] The following day, Harder was informed that he had been appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe of JG 53, replacing Major Friedrich-Karl Müller who was transferred. Prior to taking his new command, Harder met with Oberst Günther Freiherr von Maltzahn, the Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien (Fighter Leader Northern Italy), in Udine where he received more specific orders. Command of his 7. Staffel then went to Oberleutnant Rolf Klippen.[22] At the time, I. Gruppe was based at Maniago.[23]
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Fifteenth Air Force attacked Regensburg on 25 February. I. Gruppe intercepted the bombers north of Laibach, present-day Ljubljana. In the resulting aerial combat fought between 11:25 and 12:05, Harder shot down one of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers near Klagenfurt. However, his wingman Oberleutnant Horst Torrau was shot down and is missing in action since.[24] In early March, a soldier of 2. Staffel, a squadron of Harder's I. Gruppe, was killed in a fight with residents of Maniago. In an act of retaliation, a flight of 2. Staffel made multiple strafing attacks on Maniago during a training exercise. Whether Harder was aware of the plans prior to the attack remains unknown. Harder however was summoned by the Geschwaderkommodore Oberstleutnant Helmut Bennemann to report on the incident.[25]
On 25 April, Harder attacked a four-engined bomber formation and shot one of them down and rammed another after his aircraft was damaged thereby claiming his aerial victories number 49 and 50.[26][27] Elements of JG 53 had been scrambled at 11:00 and intercepted a flight of approximately 30 B-24s at 11:30 west of Forlì. Harder shot down one of the B-24s and rammed a second. He bailed out of his Bf 109G-6 (Werknummer 162717) near Casentino, spraining his ankle and breaking his wrist.[28] On 1 May, Harder was promoted to Major (major).[29]
On 4 January 1945, Harder claimed his 64th and last aerial victory when he shot down a Lavochkin La-5 fighter. Shortly after, he was ordered to Berlin where he met with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. The purpose of the meeting was to present Harder with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). However, expressed his concerns about the technical superiority of the Allied aircraft to Göring. This infuriated Göring to the point that Harder was yelled at and accused of incompetence. Harder was then released and sent back to his unit where he arrived on 16 January without the Oak Leaves.[30] On 21 January, Harder was again ordered to Berlin to take command Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing). The next day, Harder left I. Gruppe of JG 53. Command of the Gruppe was temporarily given to Hauptmann Wolfgang Ernst, then to Hauptmann Erich Hartmann, before Hauptmann Helmut Lipfert officially took command on 15 February.[31]
Wing commander and death edit
In late January 1945, Harder took command of JG 11 as appointed Geschwaderkommodore. He replaced Major Günther Specht who had been killed in action on 1 January during Operation Bodenplatte.[32] On 12 January, Soviet forces launched the Vistula–Oder offensive on the Eastern Front. In consequence on 21 January, JG 11 moved to Strausberg, located 30 kilometers (19 miles) east of Berlin, where they arrived on 23 January.[33] For his 64th aerial victory, Harder was then awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross on 1 February 1945. He was the 727th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[29] In early February, JG 11 predominately flew ground support missions in the area of Kienitz, present-day part of Letschin, where Soviet forces had created the first bridgehead across the Oder.[34]
On 17 February, Harder and his wingman Leutnant Hans Jung flew an aerial reconnaissance mission over the Oder. During the landing approach at Werneuchen, Jung observed Harder's Bf 109 G-14/AS (Werknummer 784738) going into an unexplainable steep dive, crashing into the ground and killing Harder. Technical experts later analyzed the wreckage and came to the conclusion that engine failure had caused the accident. The piston of cylinder 12 had penetrated the engine block, escaping toxic fumes thus intoxicated Harder who then lost control of the aircraft.[35] Command of JG 11 was then given to Major Anton Hackl who took command on 22 February.[36]
Summary of career edit
Aerial victory claims edit
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Harder was credited with 64 aerial victories.[37]Obermaier also lists him with 64 aerial victories, 17 over the Eastern Front and 47 in the Mediterranean theater and Western Allies, including nine four-engined heavy bombers.[1] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he was credited with more than 56 aerial victories, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This figure includes at least 12 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including ten four-engined heavy bombers.[38]
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 14 Ost N/LH-4". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[39]
| Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Harder did not receive credit. This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | |||||||||
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[40] Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 4 October 1941 | |||||||||
| 1 | 22 June 1941 | 16:45 | I-17 (MiG-1)[41] | 6 | 27 August 1941 | 13:47 | R-5[42] | ||
| 2 | 25 June 1941 | 11:36 | DB-3[41]?[Note 2] | 7 | 8 September 1941 | 09:55 | DB-3[43] | Chernigov/Nizhyn | |
| 3 | 14 July 1941 | 16:55 | I-16 | Smolensk[44] | 8 | 9 September 1941 | 09:05 | R-5[43] | |
| 4 | 14 July 1941 | 16:56 | I-16 | Smolensk[44] | 9 | 9 September 1941 | 14:25 | I-16 | south of Chernigov[43] |
| 5 | 30 July 1941 | 19:25 | I-17 (MiG-1)[45] | 10?[Note 3] | 26 September 1941 | 11:40 | V-11 (Il-2) | southwest of Klimowka[46] | |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[47] Mediterranean Theater, Sicily — 25 November 1941 – April 1942 | |||||||||
| 11 | 18 March 1942?[Note 4] | 17:15 | Spitfire[48] | ||||||
| – 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[40] Mediterranean Theater, Sicily — April – May 1942 | |||||||||
| 12 | 30 April 1942 | 11:30 | Spitfire | east of Malta[49] | 13 | 18 May 1942 | 12:55 | Spitfire | 25 km (16 mi) south of Ħal Far[49] |
— | 30 April 1942 | — | Spitfire[49] | vicinity of Malta | |||||
| – 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — May – 31 December 1942 | |||||||||
| 14 | 30 May 1942 | 16:17 | P-40 | east of Ain el Gazala[51] | 23 | 13 October 1942 | 09:35 | P-40[52] | |
| 15 | 31 May 1942 | 18:52 | P-40 | west of El Adem[51] | 24 | 13 October 1942 | 17:55?[Note 5] | P-40[52] | |
| 16 | 11 June 1942 | 16:25 | Hurricane | west of El Adem[53] | 25 | 19 October 1942 | 12:16 | P-40 | 7 km (4.3 mi) north of El Dabaa[52] |
| 17 | 14 June 1942 | 11:25 | P-40[53] | 26 | 20 October 1942?[Note 6] | 14:10 | P-40?[Note 6] | 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Abu Dweis[52] | |
| 18 | 27 September 1942 | 10:45 | Boston | northwest of Cairo[52] | 27 | 21 October 1942?[Note 7] | 11:57 | Hurricane?[Note 7] | 7 km (4.3 mi) northwest of El Alamein[52] |
| 19 | 9 October 1942 | 09:15 | P-40[52] | 28 | 22 October 1942 | 10:27?[Note 8] | P-40 | 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Quotaifiya[52] | |
| 20 | 9 October 1942 | 09:25 | P-40[52] | 29 | 26 October 1942 | 09:57 | P-40 | 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Fukah[52] | |
| 21 | 9 October 1942 | 16:20 | P-40[52] | 30 | 12 November 1942?[Note 9] | 14:00 | Spitfire | 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Oued Zarga[52] | |
| 22 | 9 October 1942 | 16:23?[Note 10] | P-40[52] | 31 | 22 November 1942 | 16:44 | Spitfire | 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Béja[52] | |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Mediterranean Theater, Sicily — January – February 1943 | |||||||||
| 32 | 30 January 1943 | 09:13?[Note 11] | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Capo Passero[54] | 33 | 8 February 1943 | 10:38 | Spitfire | 30 km (19 mi) south of Santa Croce Camerina[54] |
| – 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Mediterranean Theater — February – 25 May 1943 | |||||||||
| 34 | 22 March 1943 | 15:55 | B-17 | 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Cape San Vito[54] | 37 | 9 May 1943 | 13:25 | B-17 | 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Capo Gallo[54] |
| 35 | 8 May 1943 | 18:40?[Note 12] | Spitfire | 7 km (4.3 mi) southeast of Zembra[54] | 38 | 10 May 1943 | 13:55?[Note 13] | P-38 | 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Marettimo[54] 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Trapani |
| 36 | 8 May 1943 | 18:43 | Spitfire | 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Zembra[54] vicinity of Cape Bon | 39 | 21 May 1943 | 11:12 | B-17 | 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Granitola Toretta[55] |
| – 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Mediterranean Theater, Italy — 1 January – 18 February 1944 | |||||||||
| 40 | 7 February 1944 | 11:55 | Spitfire | 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Lake Albano[56] | 41 | 14 February 1944 | 11:17 | P-38 | 20 km (12 mi) south of Rome[56] |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Mediterranean Theater, Italy — 18 February – May 1944 | |||||||||
| 42 | 25 February 1944 | 11:47 | B-24 | PQ 14 Ost N/LH-4[57] south of Villach | 47 | 7 April 1944 | 13:08 | P-38 | 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Treviso[58] vicinity of Folvizio |
| 43 | 18 March 1944 | 09:54 | B-17 | PQ 14 Ost N/MJ-5[58] | 48 | 18 April 1944 | 15:02 | P-47 | PQ 14 Ost N/NF-2/6[58] southwest of Udine |
| 44 | 28 March 1944 | 12:05 | P-47 | PQ 14 Ost S/AG-4[58] Fano | 49 | 25 April 1944 | 11:35 | B-24 | PQ 14 Ost N/UD-8[58] 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Forlì |
| 45 | 28 March 1944 | 12:06 | P-47 | PQ 14 Ost S/AG-4[58] Fano | 50 | 25 April 1944 | 12:11?[Note 14] | B-24 | 80 km (50 mi) east of Florence[58] 50 km (31 mi) south Faenza |
| 46 | 2 April 1944 | 12:16 | B-24 | PQ 14 Ost N/MK-9[58] | |||||
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Mediterranean Theater, Romania — May – 27 August 1944 | |||||||||
| 51 | 28 June 1944 | 10:08 | B-24 | PQ 24 Ost UM-4[59] southwest of Bucharest | 57?[Note 15] | 18 August 1944 | — | P-51[59] | |
| 52 | 28 June 1944 | 10:17 | P-51 | PQ 24 Ost UN-4[59] west of Bucharest | 58?[Note 15] | 20 August 1944 | — | Yak-9[59] | |
| 53 | 3 July 1944 | 12:07 | P-51 | PQ 24 Ost UL-9[59] Blejești | 59?[Note 15] | 20 August 1944 | — | Il-2[59] | |
| 54 | 4 July 1944 | 10:24 | B-24 | PQ 24 Ost SK-4[59] southwest of Costești | 60?[Note 15] | 20 August 1944 | — | Yak-9[59] | |
| 55?[Note 15] | 4 August 1944 | — | P-51[59] | 61?[Note 15] | 21 August 1944 | — | Yak-9[59] | ||
| 56?[Note 15] | 4 August 1944 | — | P-51[59] | 62?[Note 15] | 22 August 1944 | 08:54 | Yak-9 | PQ 24 Ost 7884[59] | |
| – Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[50] Eastern Front, Hungary — September 1944 – 22 January 1945 | |||||||||
| 63 | 11 December 1944 | 12:35 | Il-2[60] | 64 | 4 January 1945?[Note 16] | — | La-5[60] | ||
Awards edit
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 16 November 1942 as Leutnant and pilot[61]
- German Cross in Gold (12 January 1943)[62][63][Note 17]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight's Cross on 5 December 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän in the III./Jagdgeschwader 53[64][Note 18]
- 727th Oak Leaves on 1 February 1945 as Major and Geschwaderkommodore of the Jagdgeschwader 11[62][65]
Notes edit
- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.[2]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Tupolev SB-3.[40]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed with 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53.[40]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 10 March 1942.[40]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:05.[50]
- ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 21 October 1942 as a Hawker Hurricane.[50]
- ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 20 October 1942 as a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:37.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 9 November 1942.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:20.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:33.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:55.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:50.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:10.[50]
- ^ a b c d e f g h This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 14 January 1945.[50]
- ^ According to Obermaier on 8 February 1943.[1]
- ^ According to Scherzer as Oberleutnant and Staffelführer in the III./Jagdgeschwader 53.[62]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 72.
- ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
- ^ a b c Stockert 2008, p. 48.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 274.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 252.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 253.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 260.
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 93.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 171.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 299.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 320.
- ^ Prien 1997, p. 327.
- ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2014, p. 372.
- ^ Prien 1998, p. 552.
- ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 260.
- ^ Shores & Massimello 2016, pp. 397–400.
- ^ Prien 1998, p. 581.
- ^ Prien 1998, p. 677.
- ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 227.
- ^ Prien et al. 2021, pp. 231–232.
- ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1077, 1079.
- ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1079, 1083, 1653, 1655.
- ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 207.
- ^ Prien 1991, p. 1090.
- ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1091, 1094.
- ^ Michulec 2002, p. 72.
- ^ Weal 2007, p. 104.
- ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1121, 1123, 1156.
- ^ a b Stockert 2008, p. 49.
- ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1210–1211.
- ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1216, 1652.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 1420, 1615.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 1427, 1434–1435.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1459.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 1477–1479, 1645.
- ^ Prien & Rodeike 1996, pp. 1483, 1615.
- ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1617.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 482–483.
- ^ Planquadrat.
- ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 482.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 159.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 165.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 166.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 161.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 164.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 167.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1171–1172.
- ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 220.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 221.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 483.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 222.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prien et al. 2004, p. 228.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 224.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2011, p. 267.
- ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 268.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2021, p. 254.
- ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 209.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2021, p. 210.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2021, p. 211.
- ^ a b Prien 1991, p. 1682.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 95.
- ^ a b c Scherzer 2007, p. 366.
- ^ Thomas 1997, p. 245.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 213.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 96.
Bibliography edit
- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. . Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
- Michulec, Robert (2002). Luftwaffe at War/Luftwaffe Aces of the Western Front. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-486-0.
- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
- Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
- Prien, Jochen (1991). Pik-As: Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 53 — 3 — Das Ende in Italien 1944, Rumänien, Ungarn 1944/45, Einsatz zur Verteidigung des Reiches 1943–1945 [Ace of Spades: History of the Fighter Wing 53 — 3 — The End in Italy 1944, Romania, Hungary 1944/45, Defense of the Reich 1943–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-16-8.
- Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter (1996). Jagdgeschwader 1 und 11—Einsatz in der Reichsverteidigung von 1939 bis 1945—Teil 3—1944–1945 [Jagdgeschwader 1 and 11—Operations in the Defense of the Reich from 1939 to 1945—Volume 3—1944–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-25-0.
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