Istiqlal Party
The Istiqlal Party (Arabic: حزب الإستقلال, romanized: Ḥizb Al-Istiqlāl, lit. 'Independence Party'; French: Parti Istiqlal; Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵇⵍⴰⵍ) is a political party in Morocco. It is a conservative and monarchist party and a member of the Centrist Democrat International and International Democrat Union. Istiqlal headed a coalition government under Abbas El Fassi from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. From 2013 to 2021, it was part of the opposition. Since 2021 it is part of a coalition government led by Aziz Akhannouch.
Istiqlal Party حزب الاستقلال Parti Istiqlal ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵇⵍⴰⵍ | |
|---|---|
| General Secretary | Nizar Baraka |
| Founder | Ahmed Balafrej |
| Founded | April 1937[1] |
| Headquarters | 4, rue Ibn Toumert, Rabat |
| Newspaper | Al-Alam (Arab) L'Opinion (French) |
| Ideology | Conservatism[2] Arab nationalism[3][4][5] |
| Political position | Centre-right |
| Regional affiliation | Democrat Union of Africa |
| European affiliation | European People’s Party (regional partner) |
| International affiliation | International Democrat Union Centrist Democrat International |
| House of Representatives | 81 / 395 |
| House of Councillors | 24 / 120 |
| Website | |
| www | |
The party emerged in the year 1937 during the anti-colonial struggle against French and Spanish imperial rule,[6][7][8] making it the oldest active political party in Morocco.[9]
History and profile edit
The party was founded in April 1937[1] as the National Party for Istiqlal, and became the Istiqlal Party 10 December 1943.[10][11] Istiqlal held strongly Arab nationalist views[3] and was the main political force struggling for the independence of Morocco. The initial goal stated in their manifesto was the independence from France “within the framework of a constitutional-democratic monarchy”.[12] The leadership of al-Istiqlal was successful in overcoming “petty rivalries”[13] between the different parties and anticolonial organizations and unifying the nationalist movement. This factor added to the campaign of Moroccan activists spread across the world and contributed to achieving international visibility and support for their cause.
Transnational advocacy for independence edit
Establishing crucial contacts for advocating the Moroccan independence abroad happened in Tangier, since it was assigned as an international zone and thus under less influence of the French or Spanish. In Tangier Moroccan Nationalists established contact with Americans residing in Morocco, which among others provided US intelligence contacts. Outside of Morocco, important developments in advocating for Moroccan independence happened in Cairo (Egypt), within the United Nations, and in Paris (France). Advocating in France was primarily focussed on communicating with French society, disseminating and exchanging information, and mobilizing students.[14]
After independence edit
However, once they achieved the independence in 1956 the party then moved into opposition against the monarchy, which had asserted itself as the country's main political actor. It had to overcome some obstacles since the party, which had just achieved their common goal, was prone to fragmentation.[15] There was a movement within the Istiqlal Party to unite Muslims and Jews called al-Wifaq (الوفاق), with prominent Jewish figures such as Armand Asoulin, David Azoulay, Marc Sabbagh, Joe O’Hana, and Albert Aflalo.[16]
Together with the leftist National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP), which split from Istiqlal in 1959, and later the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), the Istiqlal would form the backbone of the opposition to King Hassan II in the years to come. The Istiqlal party has taken part in many coalition governments from the late 1970s until the mid-1980s. In 1998, together with the USFP inside the Koutla and other smaller parties, the Istiqlal formed the Alternance, the first political experience in the Arab World where the opposition assumed power through the ballots.
For the party's leader Allal El Fassi, a proponent of "Greater Morocco", Morocco's independence would not be complete without the liberation of all the territories that once were part of Morocco.
In January 2006, Istiqlal criticized Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's visit to the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the north African coast, reflecting its nationalist heritage.
Istiqlal won 52 out of 325 seats in the parliamentary election held on 7 September 2007, more than any other party,[17] and subsequently the party's leader, Abbas El Fassi, was named Prime Minister by King Mohammed VI on 19 September 2007.[17][18]
The party won 60 out of 325 seats in the parliamentary election held in November 2011, being the second party in the parliament.[19]
Abbas El Fassi resigned as Prime Minister 29 November 2011, and resigned as Secretary-General of Istiqlal on 23 September 2012, following Justice and Development Party victory in 2011 elections.
In September 2012, Hamid Chabat was elected secretary-general of the party succeeding Abbas El Fassi.[20][21]
Development since 2016 edit
In 2016, Istiqlal won 46 seats in parliamentary elections, a loss of 14 seats. The party joined the opposition.[22][23]
Istiqlal is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and International Democrat Union, and an associate member of the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists.
On October 7, 2017, Nizar Baraka was elected Secretary-General of the Istiqlal party, by 924 votes against 230 votes for his rival and outgoing secretary-general Hamid Chabat.[24][25] King Mohammed VI expressed his congratulations to the new Istiqlal Party leader for the confidence placed in him by the members of the party’s national council.[26]
The Istiqlal party won 81 seats in the 2021 parliamentary election, an increase of 35 seats since the last election, thus remaining the third largest party in the kingdom.[27][28]
Electoral performance edit
House of Representatives edit
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1963 | 1,000,506 | 30.0 | 41 / 144 | Opposition |
| 1970 | Boycotted | 8 / 240 | Opposition | |
| 1977 | 1,090,960 | 21.62 | 51 / 264 | Opposition |
| 1984 | 681,083 | 15.33 | 40 / 301 | Opposition |
| 1993 | 760,082 | 12.2 | 52 / 333 | Opposition |
| 1997 | 840,315 | 13.8 | 32 / 325 | Part of the government |
| 2002 | 14.77 | 48 / 325 | Part of the government | |
| 2007 | 494,256 | 10.7 | 52 / 325 | Leading the government under Abbas El Fassi |
| 2011 | 562,720 | 11.9 | 60 / 395 | Part of the government until October 2013 |
| 2016 | 620,041 | 10.68 | 46 / 395 | Opposition |
| 2021 | 81 / 395 | Part of the government | ||
References edit
- ^ a b Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014). Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 607. ISBN 9781134259861.
- ^ Alami, Aida; Casey, Nicholas (9 September 2021). "Islamists See Big Losses in Moroccan Parliamentary Elections". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Hefner, Robert W.; Hutchinson, John; Mels, Sara; Timmerman, Christiane (23 October 2013). Religions in Movement: The Local and the Global in Contemporary Faith Traditions. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-136-68100-4.
- ^ Daadaoui, Mohamed (May 2010). "Party Politics and Elections in Morocco" (PDF). Policy Brief (29). Middle East Institute. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Errazzouki, Samia (12 May 2013). "The Facade of Political Crises in Morocco". Jadaliyya. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Lawrence, Adria K. (2017). "Repression and Activism among the Arab Spring's First Movers: Evidence from Morocco's February 20th Movement". British Journal of Political Science. 47 (3): 699–718. doi:10.1017/S0007123415000733. ISSN 0007-1234.
- ^ Lawrence, Adria (2013), "Nationalist Mobilization in Colonial Morocco", Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire, Cambridge University Press, pp. 166–213, ISBN 978-1-107-03709-0
- ^ Joffé, E. G. H. (1985). "The Moroccan Nationalist Movement: Istiqlal, the Sultan, and the Country*". The Journal of African History. 26 (4): 289–307. doi:10.1017/S0021853700028759. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 154810750.
- ^ "Morocco's Istiqlal party elects new leader". France 24. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "Moroccan human rights groups". Amnesty International. 1991. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ . Riad Reviews. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. p. 21. ISBN 9781503608115.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. p. 19. ISBN 9781503608115.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. ISBN 9781503608115.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California. ISBN 978-1-5036-0900-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Boum, Aomar (16 October 2013). Memories of Absence : How Muslims Remember Jews in Morocco. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8851-9. OCLC 1198929626.
- ^ a b "Morocco's king names new PM", Xinhua, 20 September 2007.
- ^ "El Fassi named Moroccan prime minister"[permanent dead link], Associated Press (Jerusalem Post), 20 September 2007.
- ^ . European Forum. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ Staff Writer (23 September 2012). "Hamid Chabat Elected New Secretary General of the Istiqlal Party". Morocco World News. p. 1. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "HM the King congratulates Hamid Chabat on election secretary general of Istiqlal Party | MapNews". www.mapnews.ma. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ Amraoui, Ahmed El. "Morocco's ruling Islamic party wins parliamentary polls". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "Moroccan Party Close To Global Muslim Brotherhood Wins Parliamentary Elections". The Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "Istiqlal Party Picks Nizar Baraka as New Secretary General – The North Africa Post". Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ Staff Writer (7 October 2017). "Nizar Baraka Unseats Hamid Chabat, Becomes New Istiqlal Leader". Morocco World News. p. 1. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "HM the King Congratulates Nizar Baraka Following his Election as Istiqlal Party's Secretary-General | MapNews". www.mapamazighe.ma. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ "Morocco elections: Islamists suffer losses as liberal parties gain ground". The Guardian. 9 September 2021. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ "Islamists suffer crushing defeat in Moroccan parliamentary elections". France 24. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
External links edit
- Official site