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Israel ben Moses Najara

Israel ben Moses Najara (Hebrew: ִר׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל בֵּן מֹשֶׁה נַאגָּ֗ארָה, Yisrael ben Moshe Najarah; Arabic: إسرائيل بن موسى النجارة, Isra'il bin Musa al-Najara; c. 1555, Ottoman Empire – c. 1625, Gaza, Ottoman Empire) was a prolific Jewish liturgical poet, preacher, Biblical commentator, kabbalist (although this is disputed),[1] and rabbi of Gaza.[2]

Biography edit

The rabbinic Najara family was originally from Nájera, a Spanish city in Northern Spain on the Najerilla river. Nájera was the former capital of the Kingdom of Navarre and in the 11th century it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile. In the rabbinical literature of the 16th-19th centuries, Najaras are found in Algiers, Tunis, Damascus, and Gaza.[3][4]

It is believed that Najara's grandfather R' Levi Najara, was born in Spain and fled to Damascus due to the 1492 expulsion of the Jews from Spain. His father R' Moshe ben Levi Najara was born in Salonica, and in his later years moved with his family to Safed and was involved with the kabbalistic circles of the Arizal.[4] Rabbi Israel Najara was born in Damascus around 1555.[3][5] He lived most of his life between Safed, Damascus, and Gaza. Many details of his life can be inferred from his poetry.[4] After an attack on the Jews of Safed in 1579, Najara left with his family and settled in Jobar on the outskirts of Damascus, where he served as a sofer and rabbi.[6][4] He experienced unusual personal tragedy; his first wife died at a young age, and his only daughter from this marriage died at the age of ten. He eventually remarried, and some of the children from his second marriage survived into adulthood.[4] In his later years, he was a rabbi in Gaza, where he is buried.[3] One of his sons, Moses Najara, was also a poet, and succeeded his father as the chief rabbi of Gaza.[4] His grandson Yaakov Najara was embroiled in the Sabbatean controversy.[4]

From his secular poems, which he wrote in the meters of various Spanish/Ladino, Turkish, and Greek songs, it is evident that he was familiar with several foreign languages. He traveled extensively in the Ottoman Empire; there is evidence that he visited Salonica, Istanbul and Bursa. Due to his upbringing in Safed, he came under the extensive influence of Lurianic Kabbalah.

As may be seen from his works, he was a versatile scholar, and he corresponded with many contemporary rabbis, among others with Bezaleel Ashkenazi, Yom-Ṭob Ẓahalon, Moses Hamon, and Menahem Ḥefeẓ. His poetic effusions were exceptionally numerous, and many of them were translated into Persian. While still young he composed many hymns, to Arabic and Turkish tunes, with the intention, as he says in the preface to his Zemirot Yisrael, of turning the Jewish youth from profane songs. He wrote piyyuṭim, pizmonim, seliḥot, vidduyim, and dirges for all the week-days and for Sabbaths, holy days, and occasional ceremonies, these piyyuṭim being collected in his Zemirot Yisrael. Many of the piyyuṭim are in Aramaic.[3]

Works edit

Najara's letters, secular poems, epigrams, and rhymed prose form the work entitled Meimei Yisrael (מימי ישראל) are published at the end of the second edition of the Zemirot Yisrael (זמירות ישראל). Najara's other works are as follows:

  • Mesaḥeḳet ha-Tebel (Safed, 1587), an ethical poem on the nothingness of the world
  • Shoḥaṭe ha-Yeladim (printed with Moses Ventura's Yemin Mosheh, Amsterdam, 1718), Hebrew verse on the laws of slaughtering and porging, composed at the request of his son Moses
  • Ketubbat Yisrael (with Joseph Jaabez's Ma'amar ha-Aḥdut, n.p., 1794), a hymn which, in the kabalistic fashion, represents the relationship between God and Israel as one between man and wife (it was composed for the holiday of Shavuot)[1]
  • A collection of hymns published by M. H. Friedländer (Vienna, 1858) under the title Pizmonim.

His unpublished works are

  • She'erit Yisrael, contains sixty poems and is, according to its heading, the second part of Zemirot Yisrael; it is found in the bet ha-midrash of the German community in Amsterdam. From it Leopold Dukes published one poem.[7]
  • Ma'arkhot Yisrael, a commentary on the Pentateuch
  • Miḳveh Yisrael, sermons
  • Piẓ'ei Ohev, a commentary on Job.

M. Sachs attempted to render some of Najara's piyyuṭim into German.[8]

After the ruins of the house inhabited by R. Judah he-Ḥasid at Jerusalem were cleared away in 1836, some writings of Israel Najara of the year 1579 were found.[3]

Zemirot Yisrael edit

Zemirot Yisrael, originally entitled Zemirot Yisrael Najara, was first published at Safed (1587) and contained 108 piyyuṭim and hymns. Many additional songs were printed in the Venetian edition from 1599.[9] This edition contains the Meme Yisrael and the Mesaḥeḳet ha-Tebel additions, and is divided into three parts:

  1. Olat Tamid, (עולת תמיד) containing 225 piyyuṭim organized according to the Ottoman makam system. He notes twelve makamlar: Rast, Dugah, Huseyni, Bûselik, Segâh, Segâh Irak, Nebrus Acem, Mahur, Neva Uzzal, Naks Huseyni, and Nikriz[10]
  2. Olat Shabbat, (עולת שבת) containing 54 piyyuṭim for each Shabbat of the year (set to presumably well known melodies of other piyyutim, as indicated in the incipits)
  3. Olat Ḥodesh, (עולת חודש) containing 160 piyyuṭim and dirges for the High Holy Days, Purim, the Ninth of Ab, and occasional ceremonies. These include epic poems recounting the Hanukkah and Purim stories, as well as the piyyut sung by Sephardic communities on Shavuot "ירד דודי לגנו לערוגות בשמו" (also known as the ketubbah shel matan Torah) describing an allegorical "marriage contract" between God and Israel.[11] It was published a third time at Belgrade (1837), but with the omission of many songs and of the two works just mentioned. Extracts from the Zemirot Yisrael were published under the title of Tefillot Nora'ot (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1712).[3]

Influence edit

Many of Najara's piyyuṭim and hymns have been taken into the rituals and maḥzorim in use among the Jews in different countries, especially in Italy and Israel.

The poetic works of Rabbi Israel Najara had considerable influence on the various baqashot traditions of Morocco, Turkey (also known as the maftirim tradition), and Syria. At least 26 compositions by Najara are part of the Moroccan baqashot canon, and roughly 8 of the 66 Syrian baqashot were composed by Najara (יאמר נא ישראל, ימותי כלו כצבאות, אנא הושע מאור עיני, אשיר עז, יודוך רעיוני, יה אלה מלכות, יה רבון עלם, יוםליום אודה). On Shabbat eve, the Jews of Aleppo sing many hymns and prayers written by Najara.[12]

The best known of his hymns are Yah Ribbon 'Alam, (יה רבון עלם) recited on the Sabbath by the Jews of various countries, as well as Yodukha Ra'ayonay (יודוך רעיוני) and Yarhiq Nedod (ירחיק נדוד).

Critical reception edit

For some of his poetic innovations - for example his hymns on the marriage of God and Israel - Najara was severely criticized by Menahem Lonzano[13] when the latter was in Damascus.

The Shibḥei Ḥayyim Viṭal[14] contains a violent attack (accusations included: use of foul language, being a drunkard, homosexuality, and sexual relations with non-Jewish women[15]) by Hayyim Vital upon a poet whose name is not mentioned, but whom some take to be Israel Najara. (It was later discovered that Vital actually had named Najara, but this had been censored out until the 1954 publication of Sefer HaḤezyonot based on Vital's own autograph manuscript.[15]) However, Vital did not make these accusations based on observation, but rather based on mystical revelations which he claimed to have received from a spirit.[16] Despite the accusations, Isaac Luria, Vital's teacher, declared that Najara's hymns were listened to with delight in heaven. Najara's piyyuṭim were praised also by Leon of Modena, who composed a song in his honor, which was printed at the beginning of the Olat Shabbat, the second part of the Zemirot Yisrael.[3]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Israel ben Moses Najara". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  2. ^ Abrahams 1911.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Israel ben Moses Najara". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Beeri, Tova (1995). "R. Levi—An Unknown Son of R. Israel Najara—and his Piyyutim / בן בלתי ידוע של ר'ישראל נג'ארה: ר'לוי בן ישראל ופיוטיו". Tarbiẕ תרביץ. 64 (2): 275–300. JSTOR 23600680.
  5. ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2005). The dictionary of Jewish biography. London New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-6250-3.
  6. ^ Maír José Benardete (1953). Hispanic culture and character of the Sephardic Jews. Hispanic Institute in the United States. p. 78. In 1579 Safed was attacked by an Arabic tribe. Israel de Nagera left, with his family, for Gauhar, a small town near Damascus.
  7. ^ In Orient. Lit. iv.526; compare 540
  8. ^ Busch, Jahrbücher, 1847, pp. 236–238
  9. ^ "HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: זמירות ישראל -- נג'רה, ישראל בן משה". hebrewbooks.org. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  10. ^ Seroussi, Edwin (2012). Maftirim: An Historical Overview (The Piyyut as a Cultural Prism: New Approaches, ed. Haviva Pedaya ed.). pp. 181–203.
  11. ^ http://old.piyut.org.il/textual/868.htm [dead link]
  12. ^ Benjamin II Mas'ei Yisra'el, p. 15
  13. ^ Shetei Yadot, p. 142
  14. ^ p. 7b
  15. ^ a b Shapiro, Marc B. (2015). Changing the immutable : how Orthodox Judaism rewrites its history. Littman Library Of Jewish Civilization. p. 211. ISBN 9781904113607.
  16. ^ Marc B. Shapiro, Hasidism in America

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainSinger, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Its bibliography:

  • Chaim Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ii, s.v. Zemirot Yisrael;
  • Simon Bernfeld, in Ha-Asif, iv, section 4, pp. 18 et seq.;
  • David Conforte, Ḳore ha-Dorot, pp. 37a, 41a, 49b;
  • Dukes, Zur Kenntniss, pp. 9, 138, No. 8;
  • Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, p. 699;
  • Julius Fürst, Bibl. Jud. iii.12;
  • Heinrich Grätz, Gesch., 3rd ed., ix.395;
  • Landshuth, 'Ammude ha-'Abodah, pp. 135 et seq.;
  • Orient. Lit. iv.649 et seq.;
  • Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 1170–1171;
  • idem, Jewish Literature, pp. 155, 243;
  • Zunz, Literaturgesch. p. 419.

Abrahams, Israel (1911). "Najara, Israel ben Moses" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links edit

  • 1587 Safed Edition of Zemirot Yisrael
  • 1599 Venice Edition of Zemirot Yisrael
  • Iraqi melody for Yah Ribbon 'Alam (יה רבון עלם)
  • Traditional Syrian melody for Yarhiq Nedod (ירחיק נדוד)
  • Ottoman/Turkish melody for Yodukha Ra'ayonay (יודוך רעיוני) from the Maftirim baqashot tradition

israel, moses, najara, hebrew, אג, אר, yisrael, moshe, najarah, arabic, إسرائيل, بن, موسى, النجارة, isra, musa, najara, 1555, ottoman, empire, 1625, gaza, ottoman, empire, prolific, jewish, liturgical, poet, preacher, biblical, commentator, kabbalist, although. Israel ben Moses Najara Hebrew ר י ש ר א ל ב ן מ ש ה נ אג אר ה Yisrael ben Moshe Najarah Arabic إسرائيل بن موسى النجارة Isra il bin Musa al Najara c 1555 Ottoman Empire c 1625 Gaza Ottoman Empire was a prolific Jewish liturgical poet preacher Biblical commentator kabbalist although this is disputed 1 and rabbi of Gaza 2 Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 2 1 Zemirot Yisrael 2 2 Influence 3 Critical reception 4 References 5 External linksBiography editThe rabbinic Najara family was originally from Najera a Spanish city in Northern Spain on the Najerilla river Najera was the former capital of the Kingdom of Navarre and in the 11th century it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile In the rabbinical literature of the 16th 19th centuries Najaras are found in Algiers Tunis Damascus and Gaza 3 4 It is believed that Najara s grandfather R Levi Najara was born in Spain and fled to Damascus due to the 1492 expulsion of the Jews from Spain His father R Moshe ben Levi Najara was born in Salonica and in his later years moved with his family to Safed and was involved with the kabbalistic circles of the Arizal 4 Rabbi Israel Najara was born in Damascus around 1555 3 5 He lived most of his life between Safed Damascus and Gaza Many details of his life can be inferred from his poetry 4 After an attack on the Jews of Safed in 1579 Najara left with his family and settled in Jobar on the outskirts of Damascus where he served as a sofer and rabbi 6 4 He experienced unusual personal tragedy his first wife died at a young age and his only daughter from this marriage died at the age of ten He eventually remarried and some of the children from his second marriage survived into adulthood 4 In his later years he was a rabbi in Gaza where he is buried 3 One of his sons Moses Najara was also a poet and succeeded his father as the chief rabbi of Gaza 4 His grandson Yaakov Najara was embroiled in the Sabbatean controversy 4 From his secular poems which he wrote in the meters of various Spanish Ladino Turkish and Greek songs it is evident that he was familiar with several foreign languages He traveled extensively in the Ottoman Empire there is evidence that he visited Salonica Istanbul and Bursa Due to his upbringing in Safed he came under the extensive influence of Lurianic Kabbalah As may be seen from his works he was a versatile scholar and he corresponded with many contemporary rabbis among others with Bezaleel Ashkenazi Yom Ṭob Ẓahalon Moses Hamon and Menahem Ḥefeẓ His poetic effusions were exceptionally numerous and many of them were translated into Persian While still young he composed many hymns to Arabic and Turkish tunes with the intention as he says in the preface to his Zemirot Yisrael of turning the Jewish youth from profane songs He wrote piyyuṭim pizmonim seliḥot vidduyim and dirges for all the week days and for Sabbaths holy days and occasional ceremonies these piyyuṭim being collected in his Zemirot Yisrael Many of the piyyuṭim are in Aramaic 3 Works editNajara s letters secular poems epigrams and rhymed prose form the work entitled Meimei Yisrael מימי ישראל are published at the end of the second edition of the Zemirot Yisrael זמירות ישראל Najara s other works are as follows Mesaḥeḳet ha Tebel Safed 1587 an ethical poem on the nothingness of the world Shoḥaṭe ha Yeladim printed with Moses Ventura s Yemin Mosheh Amsterdam 1718 Hebrew verse on the laws of slaughtering and porging composed at the request of his son Moses Ketubbat Yisrael with Joseph Jaabez s Ma amar ha Aḥdut n p 1794 a hymn which in the kabalistic fashion represents the relationship between God and Israel as one between man and wife it was composed for the holiday of Shavuot 1 A collection of hymns published by M H Friedlander Vienna 1858 under the title Pizmonim His unpublished works are She erit Yisrael contains sixty poems and is according to its heading the second part of Zemirot Yisrael it is found in the bet ha midrash of the German community in Amsterdam From it Leopold Dukes published one poem 7 Ma arkhot Yisrael a commentary on the Pentateuch Miḳveh Yisrael sermons Piẓ ei Ohev a commentary on Job M Sachs attempted to render some of Najara s piyyuṭim into German 8 After the ruins of the house inhabited by R Judah he Ḥasid at Jerusalem were cleared away in 1836 some writings of Israel Najara of the year 1579 were found 3 Zemirot Yisrael edit Zemirot Yisrael originally entitled Zemirot Yisrael Najara was first published at Safed 1587 and contained 108 piyyuṭim and hymns Many additional songs were printed in the Venetian edition from 1599 9 This edition contains the Meme Yisrael and the Mesaḥeḳet ha Tebel additions and is divided into three parts Olat Tamid עולת תמיד containing 225 piyyuṭim organized according to the Ottoman makam system He notes twelve makamlar Rast Dugah Huseyni Buselik Segah Segah Irak Nebrus Acem Mahur Neva Uzzal Naks Huseyni and Nikriz 10 Olat Shabbat עולת שבת containing 54 piyyuṭim for each Shabbat of the year set to presumably well known melodies of other piyyutim as indicated in the incipits Olat Ḥodesh עולת חודש containing 160 piyyuṭim and dirges for the High Holy Days Purim the Ninth of Ab and occasional ceremonies These include epic poems recounting the Hanukkah and Purim stories as well as the piyyut sung by Sephardic communities on Shavuot ירד דודי לגנו לערוגות בשמו also known as the ketubbah shel matan Torah describing an allegorical marriage contract between God and Israel 11 It was published a third time at Belgrade 1837 but with the omission of many songs and of the two works just mentioned Extracts from the Zemirot Yisrael were published under the title of Tefillot Nora ot Frankfort on the Main 1712 3 Influence edit Many of Najara s piyyuṭim and hymns have been taken into the rituals and maḥzorim in use among the Jews in different countries especially in Italy and Israel The poetic works of Rabbi Israel Najara had considerable influence on the various baqashot traditions of Morocco Turkey also known as the maftirim tradition and Syria At least 26 compositions by Najara are part of the Moroccan baqashot canon and roughly 8 of the 66 Syrian baqashot were composed by Najara יאמר נא ישראל ימותי כלו כצבאות אנא הושע מאור עיני אשיר עז יודוך רעיוני יה אלה מלכות יה רבון עלם יוםליום אודה On Shabbat eve the Jews of Aleppo sing many hymns and prayers written by Najara 12 The best known of his hymns are Yah Ribbon Alam יה רבון עלם recited on the Sabbath by the Jews of various countries as well as Yodukha Ra ayonay יודוך רעיוני and Yarhiq Nedod ירחיק נדוד Critical reception editFor some of his poetic innovations for example his hymns on the marriage of God and Israel Najara was severely criticized by Menahem Lonzano 13 when the latter was in Damascus The Shibḥei Ḥayyim Viṭal 14 contains a violent attack accusations included use of foul language being a drunkard homosexuality and sexual relations with non Jewish women 15 by Hayyim Vital upon a poet whose name is not mentioned but whom some take to be Israel Najara It was later discovered that Vital actually had named Najara but this had been censored out until the 1954 publication of Sefer HaḤezyonot based on Vital s own autograph manuscript 15 However Vital did not make these accusations based on observation but rather based on mystical revelations which he claimed to have received from a spirit 16 Despite the accusations Isaac Luria Vital s teacher declared that Najara s hymns were listened to with delight in heaven Najara s piyyuṭim were praised also by Leon of Modena who composed a song in his honor which was printed at the beginning of the Olat Shabbat the second part of the Zemirot Yisrael 3 References edit a b Israel ben Moses Najara www jewishvirtuallibrary org Retrieved 2021 05 11 Abrahams 1911 a b c d e f g Israel ben Moses Najara Jewish Encyclopedia Retrieved January 26 2012 a b c d e f g Beeri Tova 1995 R Levi An Unknown Son of R Israel Najara and his Piyyutim בן בלתי ידוע של ר ישראל נג ארה ר לוי בן ישראל ופיוטיו Tarbiẕ תרביץ 64 2 275 300 JSTOR 23600680 Cohn Sherbok Dan 2005 The dictionary of Jewish biography London New York Continuum ISBN 978 0 8264 6250 3 Mair Jose Benardete 1953 Hispanic culture and character of the Sephardic Jews Hispanic Institute in the United States p 78 In 1579 Safed was attacked by an Arabic tribe Israel de Nagera left with his family for Gauhar a small town near Damascus In Orient Lit iv 526 compare 540 Busch Jahrbucher 1847 pp 236 238 HebrewBooks org Sefer Detail זמירות ישראל נג רה ישראל בן משה hebrewbooks org Retrieved 2020 12 04 Seroussi Edwin 2012 Maftirim An Historical Overview The Piyyut as a Cultural Prism New Approaches ed Haviva Pedaya ed pp 181 203 http old piyut org il textual 868 htm dead link Benjamin II Mas ei Yisra el p 15 Shetei Yadot p 142 p 7b a b Shapiro Marc B 2015 Changing the immutable how Orthodox Judaism rewrites its history Littman Library Of Jewish Civilization p 211 ISBN 9781904113607 Marc B Shapiro Hasidism in America nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a Missing or empty title help Its bibliography Chaim Azulai Shem ha Gedolim ii s v Zemirot Yisrael Simon Bernfeld in Ha Asif iv section 4 pp 18 et seq David Conforte Ḳore ha Dorot pp 37a 41a 49b Dukes Zur Kenntniss pp 9 138 No 8 Fuenn Keneset Yisrael p 699 Julius Furst Bibl Jud iii 12 Heinrich Gratz Gesch 3rd ed ix 395 Landshuth Ammude ha Abodah pp 135 et seq Orient Lit iv 649 et seq Moritz Steinschneider Cat Bodl cols 1170 1171 idem Jewish Literature pp 155 243 Zunz Literaturgesch p 419 Abrahams Israel 1911 Najara Israel ben Moses In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press External links edit1587 Safed Edition of Zemirot Yisrael 1599 Venice Edition of Zemirot Yisrael Iraqi melody for Yah Ribbon Alam יה רבון עלם Traditional Syrian melody for Yarhiq Nedod ירחיק נדוד Ottoman Turkish melody for Yodukha Ra ayonay יודוך רעיוני from the Maftirim baqashot tradition Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Israel ben Moses Najara amp oldid 1223186293, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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