Darul Islam (Indonesia)
Darul Islam (lit. meaning House of Islam),[6] also known as Darul Islam/Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia (Indonesian: Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia, DI/TII), was an Islamist group that fought for the establishment of an Islamic state in Indonesia. It was established in 1942 by a group of Muslim militias, coordinated by a charismatic Muslim politician, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo. The group recognised only Shari'a as the valid source of law. The movement has produced splinters and offshoots that range from Jemaah Islamiyah to non-violent religious groups.
| Darul Islam/ Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia دار الإسلام إندونيسيا Dārul Islām Indūnisiyyā | |
| |
| Leaders |
|
| Dates of operation | 1949–1962 2022–present (underground Movement)[1][2][3] |
| Active regions |
|
| Ideology | Islamism |
| Status | Banned and designated as a terrorist organization by Indonesia[4] |
| Size | 1,400+ (2022)[5] |
| Opponents | Indonesia |
| Battles and wars | Darul Islam rebellion (1949–1962) |
Establishment edit
During the Indonesian National Revolution, Kartosoewirjo founded his own band of fighters in West Java, called Hizbullah and Sabilillah. As a protest toward the Renville Agreement signed by Indonesian leaders in 1948, which ceded West Java to the Dutch, Kartosoewirjo proclaimed a Darul Islam (meaning "Islamic State") in West Java on 7 August 1949. Darul Islam did not disband itself after the transfer of sovereignty in 1949, resulting in a clash with the government of the Indonesian Republic. Rebels in South Sulawesi led by army deserter Abdul Kahar Muzakkar joined the Darul Islam Movement in 1951. On 20 September 1953, Daud Beureu'eh declared that Aceh was part of the "Islamic State of Indonesia" (Negara Islam Indonesia) under the leadership of Kartosoewirjo.
The movement flourished in the 1950s due to chronic instability within the central government during the Liberal Democracy Era. In 1957, it was estimated that the Darul Islam controlled one-third of West Java and more than 90% of South Sulawesi and Aceh provinces where the government only controlled the cities and towns. The movement had 15,000 armed guerillas operating under the banner of Tentara Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic Army). In that year, Darul Islam agents unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Sukarno by throwing grenades at him during a school function in Cikini, Central Jakarta.
Proclamation of Darul Islam edit
Original text edit
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Dengan nama Allah Jang Maha Murah dan Jang Maha Asih
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
Kami, ummat Islam Bangsa Indonesia
MENJATAKAN:
Berdirinja ”NEGARA ISLAM INDONESIA”
Maka hukum jang berlaku atas
Negara Islam Indonesia itu, ialah:
HUKUM ISLAM
Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar!
Atas nama Ummat Islam Bangsa Indonesia
IMAM NEGARA ISLAM INDONESIA
(SM. KARTOSUWIRJO)
MADINAH-INDONESIA 12 SYAWAL 1368|7 AGUSTUS 1949
Translation edit
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
We, the Muslims of Indonesia
HEREBY DECLARE :
The establishment of the "ISLAMIC STATE OF INDONESIA"
Therefore, the law in effect in
the Islamic state of Indonesia is:
God is great! God is great! God is great!
In the name of the Muslims of Indonesia
IMAM OF THE ISLAMIC STATE OF INDONESIA
(SM. KARTOSUWIRJO)
MADINAH-INDONESIA 12 SHAWWAL 1368|7 AUGUST 1949
Crackdown edit
The implementation of martial law in 1957, followed by declaration of Guided Democracy by Sukarno in 1959, marked the reversal of fortunes for Darul Islam. Smaller Darul Islam bands operating in Central Java under Amir Fatah were crushed by Colonel Ahmad Yani's Banteng Raiders in 1954–1957. Darul Islam forces in South Kalimantan under Ibnu Hadjar were forced to surrender in 1959. Amir Fatah was killed in 1954, while Ibnu Hadjar was eventually executed in 1962.
Three years of negotiations (1959–1962) led to a peace agreement that ended the conflict in Aceh, in which Aceh was restored as an autonomous province with special rights for Islamic law. Introduction of effective "fence-of-legs" method of encircling rebel mountain hideouts in 1959 succeeded in breaking the strong rebel grip over West Java's rural areas. On 4 June 1962, Kartosoewirjo was captured on his hideout of Mount Geber near Garut. In captivity, Kartosoewirjo issued order for all his followers to surrender, after which he was quickly tried and executed. The last Darul Islam band in West Java surrendered in August 1962. Successive military operations also crushed the Darul Islam in South Sulawesi. In February 1965, its leader Kahar Muzakkar was killed in a military ambush in the interior of Southeast Sulawesi province, ending the Darul Islam insurgency in Indonesia.
However, despite the group being dismantled, underground networks have persisted. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were occurrences of 'Islamic' terrorism attributed to a group known as Komando Jihad. The leaders arrested from this group were found to be Darul Islam veterans.
Underground movement edit
According to the director of the National Counter Terrorism Agency brigadier general of police Ahmad Nurwakhid, Darul Islam carrying out underground movements and recruitment.[7]
Until May 2022, Detachment 88 had arrested more than 20 members of Darul Islam Indonesia and Detachment 88 revealed that members of Darul Islam Indonesia in West Sumatera had planned various low-level terror attacks using machetes and campaigns to overthrow the government with a time limit of 2024. On the other hand, observers note that the Darul Islam Indonesia threat is too exaggerated because its cells are currently too small and uncoordinated to inflict a significant attack on the government. Although Darul Islam Indonesia existence is temporarily shrouded in the shadows of Jemaah Islamiyah and Jamaah Ansharut Daulah, the police report that their activities are continuing. Currently, Darul Islam Indonesia has cells in seven regions, including Jakarta, Banten, West Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, and West Sumatra each of which operates in a “structured and systematic” manner in carrying out a four-step recruitment system to check and indoctrinate sympathizers. In West Sumatera alone, the system reportedly recruited more than 1,125 members of Darul Islam Indonesia of which 400 were active members and the rest were part of its inactive cells.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- Dijk, C. van (Cornelis) Rebellion under the banner of Islam : the Darul Islam in Indonesia The Hague: M. Nijhoff,1981.ISBN 90-247-6172-7
- ^ "Gerakan Islam Bawah Tanah NII, Berpotensi Ganti Paham Ideologi Bangsa - Ketik News". 14 April 2022.
- ^ "Ancaman Darul Islam di Indonesia".
- ^ "Polisi Ungkap Jaringan Teroris NII Aktif Gerak Rekrut Anggota di Indonesia". 11 April 2022.
- ^ Dwi Bowo Raharjo. "Diciduk di Tangerang, ini identitas dan peran lima tersangka terduga teroris NII". suara.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ "Ancaman Darul Islam di Indonesia".
- ^ Luthfi Assyaukanie (2009), Islam and the Secular State in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. xiv
- ^ Savitri, Putu Indah (30 March 2022). Hayat, Nurul (ed.). "BNPT minta masyarakat waspadai gerakan Negara Islam Indonesia". Antara News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-03-25.
- ^ Satria, Alif (2022-05-12). "Ancaman Darul Islam di Indonesia". Benar News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-03-25.
External links edit
- (in Indonesian)