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Irene Fischer

January 01, 1970

Irene Kaminka Fischer (born July 27, 1907, in Vienna, Austria, died October 22, 2009, in Boston) was an Austrian-American mathematician and geodesist. She was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, and inductee of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Hall of Fame. Fischer became one of two internationally known women scientists in the field of geodesy during the golden age of the Project Mercury and the Apollo program. Her Mercury datum (or Fischer ellipsoid 1960 and 1968),[2][3] as well as her work on the lunar parallax, were instrumental in conducting these missions. "In his preface to the ACSM publication, Fischer's former colleague, Bernard Chovitz, referred to her as one of the most renowned geodesists of the third quarter of the twentieth century. Yet this fact alone makes her one of the most renowned geodesists of all times, because, according to Chovitz, the third quarter of the twentieth century witnessed "the transition of geodesy from a regional to a global enterprise."[4]

Irene Fischer
Irene K. Fischer, from a 1966 publication of the United States Army
Born
Irene Kaminka Fischer

July 27, 1907 (1907-07-27)
Vienna, Austria
DiedOctober 22, 2009 (2009-10-23) (aged 102)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
SpouseEric Erich Fischer[1]
Children2[1]
Scientific career
FieldsGeodesy
Mathematics

Early life and education edit

Born and educated in Vienna, she studied descriptive and projective geometry at the Technical University of Vienna and mathematics at the University of Vienna.[5] Her teachers Moritz Schlick and Hans Hahn were among the luminaries of the Vienna Circle; and her fellow students included physicist Victor Weisskopf, sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld, and social psychologist Marie Jahoda. Her father, Rabbi Armand Aharon Kaminka [de], was head of the Maimonides Institute, and regularly led high holiday services at the famed Vienna Musikverein. He worked for the Alliance Israélite Universelle investigating pogroms in Eastern Europe and raised money in the U.S. and Western Europe to help victims.

In 1931 she married historian and geographer Eric Fischer, who helped introduce American, as distinct from British, history to Vienna. The Fischer family established and ran the 1843-founded Vienna Israelitische Kinderbewahranstalt, the first professional kindergarten and kindergarten teacher training school in Vienna, a place that also became a refuge for immigrants to Vienna from Eastern Europe.

Career edit

In 1939, the Fischers, with their young daughter, Gay, fled Nazi Austria, traveling by rail to Italy, by boat to Palestine and in 1941 by boat around East Africa and the Cape of Good Hope to Boston, where they lived with Eric Fischer's sister, mother, and brother in law, the physician Otto Ehrentheil and their two daughters. Looking for jobs, Fischer first worked as a seamstress’ assistant, then she graded blue books for Wassily Leontief at Harvard and for Norbert Wiener at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She also worked on stereoscopic projective geometry trajectories for John Rule at MIT. She taught mathematics at Brown and Nichols Preparatory School in Cambridge, and then at Sidwell Friends in Washington, D.C.

After World War II, and after her son, Michael, born in 1946, had reached school age, she found a job at the then Army Map Service,[6] now the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the Army Geospatial Center in Potomac, Md., working under John A. O'Keefe in the Geodesy Branch and rising through the ranks to become the chief. Her twenty-five-year career at AMS, working on what became the World Geodetic System, produced over 120 scientific publications. On the side, she published a high school geometry textbook in 1965, one of her many endeavors as an educator. After retiring in 1975, she wrote a memoir of her scientific career that was first serialized in the ACSM Bulletin (an official publication of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, which then included five surveying and mapping professional organizations, 2004 – 06) covering the field of geodesy in the years 1951–1975, and discussing doing science in a man's world in a government bureaucracy. It was published as a book in 2005.

At the very beginning of her career in mathematics and geodesy, Dr. Fischer had quickly taught herself the basics of geodetic tables, datums, transformations, gravity studies, astronomy, long lines, flare triangulation, and guided missile ballistics. Her updates to geodetic science helped determine the parallax of the Moon. Irene Fischer was also intrigued by research into post glacial uplift, and her geoid studies went hand in hand with investigations of the lingering effects of the last ice age.

Fischer disagreed with the established figure for the oblateness of the Earth (the fraction by which the polar axis is foreshortened by the equatorial radius), which had remained unchallenged since 1924. She was forbidden to use her updated figures in her own work because that result was in disagreement with the accepted literature. However, after the flight of the first satellites, she was vindicated by the data and observations from the instruments, and she was allowed to amend her previous works with her newly derived figures. In commenting on the lack of faith others put on her research, Dr. Fischer goodheartedly quipped that the satellites had not accepted the accepted literature, either.

Legacy edit

A pioneer during a time when there were few women in surveying, in 1967, Fischer was the first Army Map Service employee, and only the third woman ever, to receive the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. Fischer was internationally known for her many publications and presentations on the size and shape of the earth, including the Department of Defense manual, “Latitude Functions Fischer 1960 Ellipsoid.”

Fischer wrote an autobiography (published 2005), entitled, Geodesy? What’s That? My Personal Involvement in the Age-Old Quest for the Size and Shape of the Earth, With a Running Commentary on Life in a Government Research Office. In addition, Fischer has written more than 120 other technical reports, articles and books in her fields of expertise, and many of her significant government reports are still classified today.

Winner of many federal government service awards, Fischer was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Karlsruhe, elected to the National Academy of Engineering, elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, and inducted into the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Hall of Fame; the Learning Center at the new campus of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency has been named in her honor.

Family edit

She and her family were active for many years at Temple Israel in Silver Spring, Md., where she also taught an adult class in basic Hebrew, and was an active member of a forty-year-long chavura (discussion group). When she moved to Rockville, Md., she joined Congregation Beth El and endowed a Biblical archeology lecture series in her husband's memory at the Rockville Jewish Community Center. In Israel, where many family members live, she and her husband endowed fellowships to a technical college. In 2001, she moved back to Brighton, Mass., three blocks from where she had first lived as an immigrant in 1941. In 2007, she celebrated her 100th birthday, and her children told the packed and rapt audience of her retirement community about her career. She is survived by her daughter Gay Fischer of Oberlin, Ohio, her son Michael M. J. Fischer and daughter-in-law Susann L. Wilkinson of Somerville, Mass., and many nephews and nieces, the children and grandchildren of her two brothers in Israel, and of her husband's sister in New England.

Publications edit

  • Fischer, Irene. 2006. "Racing Against Time." American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Bulletin. Volume 220, pages 38–48.
  • Fischer, Irene K. 2006. "Catch 22 and a String of Kudos" [Falls Church, Va.]: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Edition/Format: Article. Publication: ACSM bulletin. no. 221, (2006): 22.
  • Fischer, Irene K. 2005. Geodesy? what's that?: my personal involvement in the age-old quest for the size and shape of the earth with a running commentary on life in a government research office. New York, N.Y.: IUniverse, Inc. ISBN 0-595-36399-7.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1998. "Earth, Size of." In Good, G.S., ed. Sciences of the Earth: Encyclopedia of Events, People and Phenomena. Garland Publishing: New York. ISBN 081530062X.
  • Fischer, Irene K. 1981. "At the dawn of geodesy." Bulletin Géodésique, 1981, Volume 55, Number 2, Page 132.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1979. "The Effect of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge in Terms of Gravity Anomalies, Geoidal Undulations, and Deflections of the Vertical". Marine Geodesy. 2, no. 3: 215–237.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1977. "Mean Sea Level and the Marine Geoid—an Analysis of Concepts". Marine Geodesy. 1, no. 1: 37–59.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1977. "Does mean sea level slope up or down toward north?" Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Geodésicas, 1977. Series: Boletim da Universidade Federal do Paraná; Geodésia (Curitiba, Brazil), no. 20.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1976. "Does Mean Sea Level Slope Up or Down Toward North?" Bulletin Géodésique. 50, no. 1: 79–80.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1977. "Marine Geodesy: A New Discipline or the Modem Realization of an Ancient Endeavor?" Marine Geodesy. 1, no. 2: 165–175.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1975. "The Figure of the Earth? Changes in Concepts". Geophysical Surveys. 2, no. 1: pages 3–54.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1974. "Deflections at Sea". Journal of Geophysical Research. 79, no. 14: pages 2123–2128.
  • Fischer, Irene. Deflections at Sea: Presented to the International Symposium on the Earth's Gravitational Field and Secular Variations in Position, Sydney ... 1973. Washington: Defense Mapping Agency, Topographic Center, 1973.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1972. The geoid; what's that?: All you wanted to know. Defense Mapping School (Fort Belvoir, Va.) Publisher: Ft. Belvoir, Va. : Defense Mapping School, 1972. Series: Student pamphlet, 4M-710-E-010-010 / Defense Mapping School. Fischer, Irene. The Geoid: All You Wanted to Know. Ft. Belvoir, Va: Defense Mapping School, 1972.
  • Fischer, Irene, and Sandra Todd. A Refined Procedure for Computing Geodetic Distances from HIRAN Observations: Presented to the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Washington ... 1971. Washington: U. S. Army Topographic Command, 1971. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Volume 54, number 4, pages 185-185.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1970. "El geoide sudamericano referido a varios sistemas de referencia." Publisher: Buenos Aires [s.n.] 1970. Series: Publicación de la Comisión de Cartografía, n. 325.2. Spanish. "Separata de la Revista Cartográfica no. 18, año XVIII, 1969."
  • Fischer, Irene. The Geoid in South America Refered [sic] to Various Reference Systems. Buenos Aires: Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia, 1970. Paper Presented to the Xth Pan American Consultation on Cartography, Guatemala City 1965. Washington: Pan American Institute of Geography and History, 1969.
  • Fischer, Irene. The Development of the South American Datum 1969 (70-290). 1970. Papers from the 30th annual meeting [of the] American congress on surveying and mapping, ...1970.
  • Fischer, Irene. New Pieces in the Picture Puzzle of an Astrogeodetic Geoid Map of the World. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Topographic Command, 1969. Presented to XI Pan American consultation on cartography, Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Washington, D.C., 1969.
  • United States, and Irene Fischer. New Pieces in the Picture Puzzle of an Astrogeodetic Geoid Map of the World. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Topographic Command, 1969.
  • Fischer, Irene. Investigations Concerning the Astrogeodetic Determination of the Geoid on a Common Datum, Combined with Gravimetric and Satellite Interpolations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Topographic Command, 1969. "Presented to XI Pan American American Consultation on Cartography, Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Washington, D.C., 1969." Summary in Spanish.
  • Fischer, Irene. Investigations Concerning the Astrogeodetic Determination of the Geoid on a Common Datum: Combined with Gravimetric and Satellite Interpolations : Paper Presented to XIVth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Lucerne 1967. Washington, D.C: Pan American Institute of Geography and History, 1969.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1968. Modification of the Mercury Datum. Military Engineer. Volume 61, number 401, pages 191–193.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1968. GEOID DETERMINATIONS. ARMY MAP SERVICE WASHINGTON DC. Publisher: Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center JAN 1968. Edition/Format: Book : English
  • Fischer, Irene. 1968, A modification of the Mercury datum. United States. Army Map Service. Publisher: Washington: Army Map Service, 1968. Series: United States.; Army Map Service.; Technical report.
  • Fischer, Irene. From Pythagoras to a Modification of the Mercury Datum (Fischer 1968). Washington, D.C: Army Map Service, 1968.
  • Fischer, Irene, Mary Slutsky, F. R. Shirley, and P. Y. Wyatt. 1968. "New Pieces in the Picture Puzzle of an Astrogeodetic Geoid Map of the World". Bulletin Géodésique. 88, no. 1: 199–221.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1967. "Geoid charts of North and Central America." United States. Army Map Service.; et al. Washington, 1967. Series: United States.; Army Map Service.; Technical report. Abstract: The North American geoid map constructed by the Army Map Service in 1957 has been revised to accommodate accumulated new data. The procedure for constructing these three maps and the differences between them are explained.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1967. Deviations of the geoid from an equilibrium figure: presented to the special study group no. 16 of section 5 of the international association of geodesy, Vienna ... 1967.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1966. "Gravimetric interpolation of deflections of the vertical by electronic computer". Bulletin Géodésique. 81 (1): 267–275.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1966. "Slopes and Curvatures of the Geoid from Gravity Anomalies by Electronic Computer". Journal of Geophysical Research. 71 (20): 4909.
  • Fischer, Irene, Ray Shirley, and Philip Wyatt. 1966. "A Geoid Profile in North America from a Combination of Astrogeodetic and Gravimetric Data". Journal of Geophysical Research. 71 (20): 4917.
  • Fischer, Irene, and Mary Slutsky. 1966. Un estudio del geoide en Sud America. Pan American Institute of Geography and History.; Publicación no. 293 de la Comisión de cartografía.; Publicación (Pan American Institute of Geography and History), no. 293. "Separata de la Revista cartográfica no. 14, año 14, 1965."
  • Fischer, Irene. 1966. "A Revision of the GEOID Map of North America." Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR). Volume 71, number 20, pages 4905–4908.
  • Fischer, Irene and Mary Slutsky. 1965. "A study of the geoid in South America." Army Map Service.; Pan American Institute of Geography and History. Washington, D.C.: The Service, [1965]. Irene Fischer, Mary Slutsky; presented to X Pan American Consultation of Cartography, Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Guatemala City, Guatemala, 1965; by Corps of Engineers, Army Map Service.
  • Fischer, Irene, and Dunstan Hayden. 1965. Geometry. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. And: Geometry. Teachers' supplement. and Geometry. Answer book. Allyn and Bacon. For Grades 9–12. by Irene Fischer and Dunstan Hayden.[7]
  • Fischer, Irene and Mary Slutsky. 1964. "Conversion graphs for an astrogeodetic world datum." United States. Army Map Service. Washington: Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Army Map Service, 1964. Series: United States.; Army Map Service.; Technical report. Cover title. Folded maps in pocket downgraded from confidential 11–5–65. Description: 17 pages: 3 fold. maps; 27 cm.
  • Wilson, Donna. 1963. "." Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. May 1963. 79 pages. Dr. Fischer added comments and notes.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1963. "The distance to the moon." Philosophical Society of Washington (Washington, D.C.). Published by the co-operation of the Smithsonian Institution, 1963. Series: Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, Vol. 16, no. 2.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1962. THE PARALLAX OF THE MOON IN TERMS OF A WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM. ARMY MAP SERVICE WASHINGTON D C. Publisher: Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center AUG 1962. DTIC Report Number: ADAAD0602535. Contents: The transit observations of mosting A, The geodetically computed distance between the observatories, Hansen's value of mean parallax, The geometric parallax as referred to the astrogeodetic world datum, The dynamical parallax, The lunar distance from occultations, The lunar distance from radar measurements.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1962. "The Parallax of the Moon in Terms of a World Geodetic System." Astronomical Journal. Volume 67, number 6, pages 373–378.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1962. Die gegenwärtige Ausdehnung des astronomisch-geodätisch bestimmten Geoids und das davon abgeleitete geodätische Weltdatum: Übers. von L. Kolb. Aus: Bulletin géodésique, 61, 1961, S.245-264. - EST: The present extent of the astro-geodetic geoid and the geodetic world datum derived from it (dt.).
  • Fischer, Irene. 1961. "The Present Extent of the Astro-Geodetic Geoid and the Geoid World Datum Derived from it." Bulletin Geodesique. New Series, number 61, September 1, 1961.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1960. "A Map of Geoidal Contours in North America." Bulletin Geodesique. Number 56, 1960.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1960. "An Astrogeodetic World Datum from Geoidal Heights Based on the Flattening f = 1/298.3". Journal of Geophysical Research. 65 (7).
  • Fischer, Irene. 1959. "The Impact of the Ice Age on the Present Form of the Geoid". Journal of Geophysical Research. 64 (1): 85–87.
  • Kaula, W. M. and Irene Fischer. 1959. US Army World Geodetic System 1959, Part I, Methods. Army Map Service Technical Reports 27. November 1959.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1959. "A Tentative World Datum from Geoidal Heights Based on the Hough Ellipsoid and the Columbus Geoid". Journal of Geophysical Research. 64 (1): 73–84.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1958. A TENTATIVE WORLD DATUM FROM GEOIDAL HEIGHTS. ARMY MAP SERVICE WASHINGTON D C. Publisher: Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center JUN 1958.
  • Fischer, Irene. 1954. "The deflection of the vertical in the Western and Central Mediterranean area". Bulletin Géodésique. 34 (1): 343–353.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Record at geni.com (includes a portrait)
  2. ^ National Geodetic Survey (U.S.) (1986). Geodetic Glossary. NOAA technical publications. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Charting and Geodetic Services. p. 56. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  3. ^ Fischer, Irene (1969). "Modification of the Mercury Datum". The Military Engineer. 61 (401). Society of American Military Engineers: 191–193. ISSN 0026-3982. JSTOR 44562130. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  4. ^ "Irene K. Fischer, Geodesist." By Wendy J. W. Straight. NEWSLETTER NO. 2/05, JOINT COMMISSION WORKING GROUP ON UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS IN SURVEYING.
  5. ^ "Women in GEOINT: Irene K. Fischer | National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency". www.nga.mil. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  6. ^ "Army Announces 15 Selections for R&D Achievement Awards" Army Research & Development Newsmagazine (June 1966): 8-9. via Internet Archive
  7. ^ Internet Archive (2022-10-19). "Geometry". Retrieved 2023-10-15.

Further reading edit

  • Morrison, Foster; Chovitz, Bernard; Fischer, Michael M. J. (2010-05-11). "Irene K. Fischer (1907-2009)". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 91 (19). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 172. Bibcode:2010EOSTr..91..172M. doi:10.1029/2010eo190005. ISSN 0096-3941.
  • Fischer, I.K. (2005). Geodesy? What's That?: My Personal Involvement in the Age-old Quest for the Size and Shape of the Earth with a Running Commentary on Life in a Government Research Office. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-36399-5. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  • BERNARD CHOVITZ AND MICHAEL M. J. FISCHER. IRENE K. FISCHER (1907–2009), Elected in 1979, “Pioneering in geoid studies for application to defense and space programs in connection with development of a unified world geodetic system.” National Academies Press, [3]

January 01, 1970
irene, fischer, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, october, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Irene Fischer news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Irene Kaminka Fischer born July 27 1907 in Vienna Austria died October 22 2009 in Boston was an Austrian American mathematician and geodesist She was a member of the National Academy of Engineering a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and inductee of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Hall of Fame Fischer became one of two internationally known women scientists in the field of geodesy during the golden age of the Project Mercury and the Apollo program Her Mercury datum or Fischer ellipsoid 1960 and 1968 2 3 as well as her work on the lunar parallax were instrumental in conducting these missions In his preface to the ACSM publication Fischer s former colleague Bernard Chovitz referred to her as one of the most renowned geodesists of the third quarter of the twentieth century Yet this fact alone makes her one of the most renowned geodesists of all times because according to Chovitz the third quarter of the twentieth century witnessed the transition of geodesy from a regional to a global enterprise 4 Irene FischerIrene K Fischer from a 1966 publication of the United States ArmyBornIrene Kaminka FischerJuly 27 1907 1907 07 27 Vienna AustriaDiedOctober 22 2009 2009 10 23 aged 102 Boston Massachusetts U S SpouseEric Erich Fischer 1 Children2 1 Scientific careerFieldsGeodesyMathematics Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Legacy 4 Family 5 Publications 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingEarly life and education editBorn and educated in Vienna she studied descriptive and projective geometry at the Technical University of Vienna and mathematics at the University of Vienna 5 Her teachers Moritz Schlick and Hans Hahn were among the luminaries of the Vienna Circle and her fellow students included physicist Victor Weisskopf sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and social psychologist Marie Jahoda Her father Rabbi Armand Aharon Kaminka de was head of the Maimonides Institute and regularly led high holiday services at the famed Vienna Musikverein He worked for the Alliance Israelite Universelle investigating pogroms in Eastern Europe and raised money in the U S and Western Europe to help victims In 1931 she married historian and geographer Eric Fischer who helped introduce American as distinct from British history to Vienna The Fischer family established and ran the 1843 founded Vienna Israelitische Kinderbewahranstalt the first professional kindergarten and kindergarten teacher training school in Vienna a place that also became a refuge for immigrants to Vienna from Eastern Europe Career editIn 1939 the Fischers with their young daughter Gay fled Nazi Austria traveling by rail to Italy by boat to Palestine and in 1941 by boat around East Africa and the Cape of Good Hope to Boston where they lived with Eric Fischer s sister mother and brother in law the physician Otto Ehrentheil and their two daughters Looking for jobs Fischer first worked as a seamstress assistant then she graded blue books for Wassily Leontief at Harvard and for Norbert Wiener at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT She also worked on stereoscopic projective geometry trajectories for John Rule at MIT She taught mathematics at Brown and Nichols Preparatory School in Cambridge and then at Sidwell Friends in Washington D C After World War II and after her son Michael born in 1946 had reached school age she found a job at the then Army Map Service 6 now the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency and the Army Geospatial Center in Potomac Md working under John A O Keefe in the Geodesy Branch and rising through the ranks to become the chief Her twenty five year career at AMS working on what became the World Geodetic System produced over 120 scientific publications On the side she published a high school geometry textbook in 1965 one of her many endeavors as an educator After retiring in 1975 she wrote a memoir of her scientific career that was first serialized in the ACSM Bulletin an official publication of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping which then included five surveying and mapping professional organizations 2004 06 covering the field of geodesy in the years 1951 1975 and discussing doing science in a man s world in a government bureaucracy It was published as a book in 2005 At the very beginning of her career in mathematics and geodesy Dr Fischer had quickly taught herself the basics of geodetic tables datums transformations gravity studies astronomy long lines flare triangulation and guided missile ballistics Her updates to geodetic science helped determine the parallax of the Moon Irene Fischer was also intrigued by research into post glacial uplift and her geoid studies went hand in hand with investigations of the lingering effects of the last ice age Fischer disagreed with the established figure for the oblateness of the Earth the fraction by which the polar axis is foreshortened by the equatorial radius which had remained unchallenged since 1924 She was forbidden to use her updated figures in her own work because that result was in disagreement with the accepted literature However after the flight of the first satellites she was vindicated by the data and observations from the instruments and she was allowed to amend her previous works with her newly derived figures In commenting on the lack of faith others put on her research Dr Fischer goodheartedly quipped that the satellites had not accepted the accepted literature either Legacy editA pioneer during a time when there were few women in surveying in 1967 Fischer was the first Army Map Service employee and only the third woman ever to receive the Distinguished Civilian Service Award Fischer was internationally known for her many publications and presentations on the size and shape of the earth including the Department of Defense manual Latitude Functions Fischer 1960 Ellipsoid Fischer wrote an autobiography published 2005 entitled Geodesy What s That My Personal Involvement in the Age Old Quest for the Size and Shape of the Earth With a Running Commentary on Life in a Government Research Office In addition Fischer has written more than 120 other technical reports articles and books in her fields of expertise and many of her significant government reports are still classified today Winner of many federal government service awards Fischer was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Karlsruhe elected to the National Academy of Engineering elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and inducted into the National Imagery and Mapping Agency NIMA Hall of Fame the Learning Center at the new campus of the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency has been named in her honor Family editShe and her family were active for many years at Temple Israel in Silver Spring Md where she also taught an adult class in basic Hebrew and was an active member of a forty year long chavura discussion group When she moved to Rockville Md she joined Congregation Beth El and endowed a Biblical archeology lecture series in her husband s memory at the Rockville Jewish Community Center In Israel where many family members live she and her husband endowed fellowships to a technical college In 2001 she moved back to Brighton Mass three blocks from where she had first lived as an immigrant in 1941 In 2007 she celebrated her 100th birthday and her children told the packed and rapt audience of her retirement community about her career She is survived by her daughter Gay Fischer of Oberlin Ohio her son Michael M J Fischer and daughter in law Susann L Wilkinson of Somerville Mass and many nephews and nieces the children and grandchildren of her two brothers in Israel and of her husband s sister in New England Publications editThis section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message Fischer Irene 2006 Racing Against Time American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Bulletin Volume 220 pages 38 48 Fischer Irene K 2006 Catch 22 and a String of Kudos Falls Church Va American Congress on Surveying and Mapping Edition Format Article Publication ACSM bulletin no 221 2006 22 Fischer Irene K 2005 Geodesy what s that my personal involvement in the age old quest for the size and shape of the earth with a running commentary on life in a government research office New York N Y IUniverse Inc ISBN 0 595 36399 7 Fischer Irene 1998 Earth Size of In Good G S ed Sciences of the Earth Encyclopedia of Events People and Phenomena Garland Publishing New York ISBN 081530062X Fischer Irene K 1981 At the dawn of geodesy Bulletin Geodesique 1981 Volume 55 Number 2 Page 132 Fischer Irene 1979 The Effect of the Mid Atlantic Ridge in Terms of Gravity Anomalies Geoidal Undulations and Deflections of the Vertical Marine Geodesy 2 no 3 215 237 Fischer Irene 1977 Mean Sea Level and the Marine Geoid an Analysis of Concepts Marine Geodesy 1 no 1 37 59 Fischer Irene 1977 Does mean sea level slope up or down toward north Curitiba Universidade Federal do Parana Curso de Pos Graduacao em Ciencias Geodesicas 1977 Series Boletim da Universidade Federal do Parana Geodesia Curitiba Brazil no 20 Fischer Irene 1976 Does Mean Sea Level Slope Up or Down Toward North Bulletin Geodesique 50 no 1 79 80 Fischer Irene 1977 Marine Geodesy A New Discipline or the Modem Realization of an Ancient Endeavor Marine Geodesy 1 no 2 165 175 Fischer Irene 1975 The Figure of the Earth Changes in Concepts Geophysical Surveys 2 no 1 pages 3 54 Fischer Irene 1974 Deflections at Sea Journal of Geophysical Research 79 no 14 pages 2123 2128 Fischer Irene Deflections at Sea Presented to the International Symposium on the Earth s Gravitational Field and Secular Variations in Position Sydney 1973 Washington Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center 1973 Fischer Irene 1972 The geoid what s that All you wanted to know Defense Mapping School Fort Belvoir Va Publisher Ft Belvoir Va Defense Mapping School 1972 Series Student pamphlet 4M 710 E 010 010 Defense Mapping School Fischer Irene The Geoid All You Wanted to Know Ft Belvoir Va Defense Mapping School 1972 Fischer Irene and Sandra Todd A Refined Procedure for Computing Geodetic Distances from HIRAN Observations Presented to the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union Washington 1971 Washington U S Army Topographic Command 1971 EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union Volume 54 number 4 pages 185 185 Fischer Irene 1970 El geoide sudamericano referido a varios sistemas de referencia Publisher Buenos Aires s n 1970 Series Publicacion de la Comision de Cartografia n 325 2 Spanish Separata de la Revista Cartografica no 18 ano XVIII 1969 Fischer Irene The Geoid in South America Refered sic to Various Reference Systems Buenos Aires Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia 1970 Paper Presented to the Xth Pan American Consultation on Cartography Guatemala City 1965 Washington Pan American Institute of Geography and History 1969 Fischer Irene The Development of the South American Datum 1969 70 290 1970 Papers from the 30th annual meeting of the American congress on surveying and mapping 1970 Fischer Irene New Pieces in the Picture Puzzle of an Astrogeodetic Geoid Map of the World Washington D C U S Dept of the Army Corps of Engineers Topographic Command 1969 Presented to XI Pan American consultation on cartography Pan American Institute of Geography and History Washington D C 1969 United States and Irene Fischer New Pieces in the Picture Puzzle of an Astrogeodetic Geoid Map of the World Washington D C U S Dept of the Army Corps of Engineers Topographic Command 1969 Fischer Irene Investigations Concerning the Astrogeodetic Determination of the Geoid on a Common Datum Combined with Gravimetric and Satellite Interpolations Washington D C U S Dept of the Army Corps of Engineers Topographic Command 1969 Presented to XI Pan American American Consultation on Cartography Pan American Institute of Geography and History Washington D C 1969 Summary in Spanish Fischer Irene Investigations Concerning the Astrogeodetic Determination of the Geoid on a Common Datum Combined with Gravimetric and Satellite Interpolations Paper Presented to XIVth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Lucerne 1967 Washington D C Pan American Institute of Geography and History 1969 Fischer Irene 1968 Modification of the Mercury Datum Military Engineer Volume 61 number 401 pages 191 193 Fischer Irene 1968 GEOID DETERMINATIONS ARMY MAP SERVICE WASHINGTON DC Publisher Ft Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center JAN 1968 Edition Format Book English 1 Fischer Irene 1968 A modification of the Mercury datum United States Army Map Service Publisher Washington Army Map Service 1968 Series United States Army Map Service Technical report Fischer Irene From Pythagoras to a Modification of the Mercury Datum Fischer 1968 Washington D C Army Map Service 1968 Fischer Irene Mary Slutsky F R Shirley and P Y Wyatt 1968 New Pieces in the Picture Puzzle of an Astrogeodetic Geoid Map of the World Bulletin Geodesique 88 no 1 199 221 Fischer Irene 1967 Geoid charts of North and Central America United States Army Map Service et al Washington 1967 Series United States Army Map Service Technical report Abstract The North American geoid map constructed by the Army Map Service in 1957 has been revised to accommodate accumulated new data The procedure for constructing these three maps and the differences between them are explained 2 Fischer Irene 1967 Deviations of the geoid from an equilibrium figure presented to the special study group no 16 of section 5 of the international association of geodesy Vienna 1967 Fischer Irene 1966 Gravimetric interpolation of deflections of the vertical by electronic computer Bulletin Geodesique 81 1 267 275 Fischer Irene 1966 Slopes and Curvatures of the Geoid from Gravity Anomalies by Electronic Computer Journal of Geophysical Research 71 20 4909 Fischer Irene Ray Shirley and Philip Wyatt 1966 A Geoid Profile in North America from a Combination of Astrogeodetic and Gravimetric Data Journal of Geophysical Research 71 20 4917 Fischer Irene and Mary Slutsky 1966 Un estudio del geoide en Sud America Pan American Institute of Geography and History Publicacion no 293 de la Comision de cartografia Publicacion Pan American Institute of Geography and History no 293 Separata de la Revista cartografica no 14 ano 14 1965 Fischer Irene 1966 A Revision of the GEOID Map of North America Journal of Geophysical Research JGR Volume 71 number 20 pages 4905 4908 Fischer Irene and Mary Slutsky 1965 A study of the geoid in South America Army Map Service Pan American Institute of Geography and History Washington D C The Service 1965 Irene Fischer Mary Slutsky presented to X Pan American Consultation of Cartography Pan American Institute of Geography and History Guatemala City Guatemala 1965 by Corps of Engineers Army Map Service Fischer Irene and Dunstan Hayden 1965 Geometry Boston Allyn and Bacon And Geometry Teachers supplement and Geometry Answer book Allyn and Bacon For Grades 9 12 by Irene Fischer and Dunstan Hayden 7 Fischer Irene and Mary Slutsky 1964 Conversion graphs for an astrogeodetic world datum United States Army Map Service Washington Corps of Engineers U S Army Army Map Service 1964 Series United States Army Map Service Technical report Cover title Folded maps in pocket downgraded from confidential 11 5 65 Description 17 pages 3 fold maps 27 cm Wilson Donna 1963 Notes of Working Symposium on Solar System Constants Feb 22 26 1962 Rand Corporation Santa Monica CA May 1963 79 pages Dr Fischer added comments and notes Fischer Irene 1963 The distance to the moon Philosophical Society of Washington Washington D C Published by the co operation of the Smithsonian Institution 1963 Series Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington Vol 16 no 2 Fischer Irene 1962 THE PARALLAX OF THE MOON IN TERMS OF A WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM ARMY MAP SERVICE WASHINGTON D C Publisher Ft Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center AUG 1962 DTIC Report Number ADAAD0602535 Contents The transit observations of mosting A The geodetically computed distance between the observatories Hansen s value of mean parallax The geometric parallax as referred to the astrogeodetic world datum The dynamical parallax The lunar distance from occultations The lunar distance from radar measurements Fischer Irene 1962 The Parallax of the Moon in Terms of a World Geodetic System Astronomical Journal Volume 67 number 6 pages 373 378 Fischer Irene 1962 Die gegenwartige Ausdehnung des astronomisch geodatisch bestimmten Geoids und das davon abgeleitete geodatische Weltdatum Ubers von L Kolb Aus Bulletin geodesique 61 1961 S 245 264 EST The present extent of the astro geodetic geoid and the geodetic world datum derived from it dt Fischer Irene 1961 The Present Extent of the Astro Geodetic Geoid and the Geoid World Datum Derived from it Bulletin Geodesique New Series number 61 September 1 1961 Fischer Irene 1960 A Map of Geoidal Contours in North America Bulletin Geodesique Number 56 1960 Fischer Irene 1960 An Astrogeodetic World Datum from Geoidal Heights Based on the Flattening f 1 298 3 Journal of Geophysical Research 65 7 Fischer Irene 1959 The Impact of the Ice Age on the Present Form of the Geoid Journal of Geophysical Research 64 1 85 87 Kaula W M and Irene Fischer 1959 US Army World Geodetic System 1959 Part I Methods Army Map Service Technical Reports 27 November 1959 Fischer Irene 1959 A Tentative World Datum from Geoidal Heights Based on the Hough Ellipsoid and the Columbus Geoid Journal of Geophysical Research 64 1 73 84 Fischer Irene 1958 A TENTATIVE WORLD DATUM FROM GEOIDAL HEIGHTS ARMY MAP SERVICE WASHINGTON D C Publisher Ft Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center JUN 1958 Fischer Irene 1954 The deflection of the vertical in the Western and Central Mediterranean area Bulletin Geodesique 34 1 343 353 See also editGladys WestReferences edit a b Record at geni com includes a portrait National Geodetic Survey U S 1986 Geodetic Glossary NOAA technical publications U S Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Charting and Geodetic Services p 56 Retrieved 2021 07 02 Fischer Irene 1969 Modification of the Mercury Datum The Military Engineer 61 401 Society of American Military Engineers 191 193 ISSN 0026 3982 JSTOR 44562130 Retrieved 2021 07 02 Irene K Fischer Geodesist By Wendy J W Straight NEWSLETTER NO 2 05 JOINT COMMISSION WORKING GROUP ON UNDER REPRESENTED GROUPS IN SURVEYING Women in GEOINT Irene K Fischer National Geospatial Intelligence Agency www nga mil Retrieved 2021 07 20 Army Announces 15 Selections for R amp D Achievement Awards Army Research amp Development Newsmagazine June 1966 8 9 via Internet Archive Internet Archive 2022 10 19 Geometry Retrieved 2023 10 15 Further reading editMorrison Foster Chovitz Bernard Fischer Michael M J 2010 05 11 Irene K Fischer 1907 2009 Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 91 19 American Geophysical Union AGU 172 Bibcode 2010EOSTr 91 172M doi 10 1029 2010eo190005 ISSN 0096 3941 Fischer I K 2005 Geodesy What s That My Personal Involvement in the Age old Quest for the Size and Shape of the Earth with a Running Commentary on Life in a Government Research Office iUniverse ISBN 978 0 595 36399 5 Retrieved 2021 07 02 BERNARD CHOVITZ AND MICHAEL M J FISCHER IRENE K FISCHER 1907 2009 Elected in 1979 Pioneering in geoid studies for application to defense and space programs in connection with development of a unified world geodetic system National Academies Press 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Irene Fischer amp oldid 1216407550, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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