Intha and Danu are southern Burmish languages of Shan State, Burma, spoken respectively by the Intha and Danu people, the latter of whom are Bamar descendants who migrated to Inle Lake in Shan State. Considered to be dialects of Burmese by the Government of Myanmar, Danu has 93% lexical similarity with standard Burmese, while Intha has 95% lexical similar with standard Burmese.[2] Intha and Danu differ from standard Burmese with respect to pronunciation of certain phonemes, and few hundred local vocabulary terms.[3] Language contact has led to increasing convergence with standard Burmese.[3] Both are spoken by about 100,000 people each.[1]
Both Danu and Intha are characterized by retention of the /-l-/ medial (for the following consonant clusters in Intha: /kl-kʰl-pl-pʰl-ml-hml-/). Examples include:*"full": Standard Burmese ပြည့် ([pjḛ]) → ပ္လည့် ([plḛ]), from old Burmese ပ္လည်
"ground": Standard Burmese မြေ ([mjè]) → မ္လေ ([mlè]), from old Burmese မ္လိယ်
There is no voicing with the presence of either aspirated or unaspirated consonants. For instance, ဗုဒ္ဓ (Buddha) is pronounced [boʊʔda̰] in standard Burmese, but [poʊʔtʰa̰] in Intha. This is likely due to the influence of the Shan language.
Furthermore, သ (/θ/ in standard Burmese) has merged to /sʰ/ (ဆ) in Intha.
RhymesEdit
Rhyme correspondences to standard Burmese follow these patterns:[4]
Danu has noticeable vocabulary differences from standard Burmese, spanning areas such as kinship terms, food, flora and fauna, and daily objects.[5] For example, the Danu term for 'cat' is mi-nyaw (မိညော်), not kyaung (ကြောင်) as in standard Burmese.[5]
Between 2013 and 2014, the Taunggyi branch of the Danu Literature and Culture Committee invented a new alphabet to transcribe the Danu language, taking inspiration from both the Pyu and Burmese scripts found on stone inscriptions.[7] Within the Danu Self-Administered Zone (SAZ), adoption of this script remains divisive, with other township branches of the committee and politicians firmly opposed to its usage, arguing that the need for a specific Danu script is unjustified since Danu is a Burmese dialect.[7][3] The script is currently not accepted by the Danu SAZ's administration.[3] These recent developments have also prompted some actors in the Intha community to invent their own scripts.[3]
^ abcdeSalem-Gervais, Nicolas; Raynaud, Mael (2020). Teaching ethnic minority languages in government schools and developing the local curriculum: Elements of decentralization in language-in-education policy(PDF). Yangon: Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung. pp. 144–146. ISBN978-99971-0-558-5.
^Barron, Sandy; John Okell; Saw Myat Yin; Kenneth VanBik; Arthur Swain; Emma Larkin; Anna J. Allott; Kirsten Ewers (2007). (PDF) (Report). Center for Applied Linguistics. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-27. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
^ abခင်စန္ဒာတိုး (2018). "နောင်ချိုဒေသရှိ ဓနုဒေသိယစကားမှ နေ့စဉ်သုံးစကားများလေ့လာချက်" (PDF). Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (in Burmese). XVI (6B).
^Elder sister's husband, or husband's elder brother
^ ab"Teaching Ethnic Languages, Cultures and Histories in Government Schools today: Great Opportunities, Giant Pitfalls? (Part II)". Tea Circle. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
October 20, 2023
intha, danu, language, intha, danu, southern, burmish, languages, shan, state, burma, spoken, respectively, intha, danu, people, latter, whom, bamar, descendants, migrated, inle, lake, shan, state, considered, dialects, burmese, government, myanmar, danu, lexi. Intha and Danu are southern Burmish languages of Shan State Burma spoken respectively by the Intha and Danu people the latter of whom are Bamar descendants who migrated to Inle Lake in Shan State Considered to be dialects of Burmese by the Government of Myanmar Danu has 93 lexical similarity with standard Burmese while Intha has 95 lexical similar with standard Burmese 2 Intha and Danu differ from standard Burmese with respect to pronunciation of certain phonemes and few hundred local vocabulary terms 3 Language contact has led to increasing convergence with standard Burmese 3 Both are spoken by about 100 000 people each 1 Intha DanuPronunciationdenuʔNative toBurmaRegionInle Lake Shan StateEthnicityIntha DanuNative speakersca 200 000 2000 2007 1 Language familySino Tibetan Tibeto Burman Lolo BurmeseBurmishSouthern see Burmese dialects Intha DanuDialectsDanu InthaLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code dnv class extiw title iso639 3 dnv dnv a Danu a href https iso639 3 sil org code int class extiw title iso639 3 int int a InthaGlottologinth1238 Contents 1 Phonology 2 Rhymes 3 Vocabulary 3 1 Kinship terms 4 Script 5 ReferencesPhonology EditBoth Danu and Intha are characterized by retention of the l medial for the following consonant clusters in Intha kl kʰl pl pʰl ml hml Examples include full Standard Burmese ပ ည pjḛ ပ လည plḛ from old Burmese ပ လည ground Standard Burmese မ mje မ လ mle from old Burmese မ လ ယ There is no voicing with the presence of either aspirated or unaspirated consonants For instance ဗ ဒ ဓ Buddha is pronounced boʊʔda in standard Burmese but poʊʔtʰa in Intha This is likely due to the influence of the Shan language Furthermore သ 8 in standard Burmese has merged to sʰ ဆ in Intha Rhymes EditRhyme correspondences to standard Burmese follow these patterns 4 Written Burmese Standard Burmese Intha Notes င င ɪɴ ɛɴ ဉ ɪɴ ɪɴ မ န င eɪɴ eɪɴ aɪɴ eɪɴ က က jɛʔ ɛʔ aʔ တ ပ aʔ ɛʔ ည ɛ e i e i if initial is a palatal consonant တ ပ က eɪʔ eɪʔ aɪʔ aɪʔ Rhymes Open syllables weak efull i e ɛ a ɔ o uClosed nasal ɪɴ eɪɴ ɛɴ aɴ ɔɴ oʊɴ ʊɴstop ɪʔ aɪʔ ɛʔ aʔ ɔʔ oʊʔ ʊʔVocabulary EditDanu has noticeable vocabulary differences from standard Burmese spanning areas such as kinship terms food flora and fauna and daily objects 5 For example the Danu term for cat is mi nyaw မ ည not kyaung က င as in standard Burmese 5 Kinship terms Edit Term Standard Burmese DanuFather အဖ အဘGrandfather အဘ ဘက Grandmother အဘ မ က Mother အမ အမ Stepmother မ ထ အဒ Elder brother အစ က က ရင Elder sister အစ မ မမBrother in law 6 ခ အ အန င Uncle ဦ လ အမင Script EditDanu and Intha are written using the Burmese alphabet Between 2013 and 2014 the Taunggyi branch of the Danu Literature and Culture Committee invented a new alphabet to transcribe the Danu language taking inspiration from both the Pyu and Burmese scripts found on stone inscriptions 7 Within the Danu Self Administered Zone SAZ adoption of this script remains divisive with other township branches of the committee and politicians firmly opposed to its usage arguing that the need for a specific Danu script is unjustified since Danu is a Burmese dialect 7 3 The script is currently not accepted by the Danu SAZ s administration 3 These recent developments have also prompted some actors in the Intha community to invent their own scripts 3 References Edit a b Danu at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 nbsp Intha at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 nbsp Myanmar Languages PDF Ethnologue 2016 07 24 a b c d e Salem Gervais Nicolas Raynaud Mael 2020 Teaching ethnic minority languages in government schools and developing the local curriculum Elements of decentralization in language in education policy PDF Yangon Konrad Adenauer Stiftung pp 144 146 ISBN 978 99971 0 558 5 Barron Sandy John Okell Saw Myat Yin Kenneth VanBik Arthur Swain Emma Larkin Anna J Allott Kirsten Ewers 2007 Refugees From Burma Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences PDF Report Center for Applied Linguistics pp 16 17 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 04 27 Retrieved 2010 08 20 a b ခင စန ဒ တ 2018 န င ခ ဒ သရ ဓန ဒ သ ယစက မ န စဉ သ စက မ လ လ ခ က PDF Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science in Burmese XVI 6B Elder sister s husband or husband s elder brother a b Teaching Ethnic Languages Cultures and Histories in Government Schools today Great Opportunities Giant Pitfalls Part II Tea Circle 2018 10 02 Retrieved 2023 04 01 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Intha Danu language amp oldid 1179921948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
