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Liberal internationalism

February 15, 2024

Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that supports international institutions, open markets, cooperative security and liberal democracy.[1][2][3] At its core, it holds that states should participate in international institutions that uphold rules-based norms, promote liberal democracy and facilitate cooperation on transnational problems (such as environmental problems, arms control and public health).[3]

Proponents of liberal internationalism argue that the adoption of this foreign policy orientation by the United States during the 20th century has improved American liberty at home and ensured American hegemony in world politics, as well as facilitated the spread of liberal democracy and markets.[3] Critics of the foreign policy doctrine (such as realists and proponents of retrenchment) argue that it tends towards military interventionism and contributes to disorder (for example, through democracy promotion and trade liberalization).[4][3]

History edit

 
Liberal internationalism emerged during the 19th century, notably under the auspices of British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston
 
Liberal internationalism was developed in the second decade of the 20th century under U.S. President Woodrow Wilson

Liberal internationalism emerged during the 19th century. Prominent thinkers included Lionel Curtis, Alfred Zimmern and Norman Angell.[5]

Among policymakers, liberal internationalism influenced British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, and was developed in the second decade of the 20th century under U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. In this form it became known as Wilsonianism.[6] After World War I, the foreign policy doctrine of liberal internationalism was retained by the intellectual founders of the League of Nations and augmented somewhat with ideas from classical radicalism and the political party platform of the International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties. Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry have also associated liberal internationalism with foreign policy ideas promoted by Franklin D. Roosevelt.[7][8] Paul K. MacDonald has linked diplomatic practices developed at the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences as being key repertoires of subsequent liberal internationalism.[9]

Theory edit

The goal of liberal internationalism is to achieve global structures within the international system that are inclined towards promoting a liberal world order. It foresees a gradual transformation of world politics from anarchy to common institutions and the rule of law. To that extent, global free trade, liberal economics and liberal political systems are all encouraged. In addition, liberal internationalists are dedicated towards encouraging democracy to emerge globally. Once realized, it will result in a "peace dividend", as liberal states have relations that are characterized by non-violence, and that relations between democracies are characterized by the democratic peace theory.

Liberal internationalism states that, through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations, it is possible to avoid the worst excesses of "power politics" in relations between nations. In addition, liberal internationalists believe that the best way to spread democracy is to treat all states equally and cooperatively, whether they are initially democratic or not.

According to Abrahamsen, liberal internationalism provides more opportunities to middle powers to advance their economic, security, and political interests.[10]

Examples edit

Examples of liberal internationalists include former British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[11] U.S. President Barack Obama,[12] and then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[13] In the US, it is often associated with the American Democratic Party.[14] Some liberal-leaning neoconservatives shifted towards liberal internationalism in the 2010s.[13]

Commonly cited examples of liberal interventionism include NATO's intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina; the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia; British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War; and the 2011 military intervention in Libya. According to historian Timothy Garton Ash, these are distinct because of liberal motivations and limited objectives, from other larger scale military interventions.[15]

Multilateral institutions, such as UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, and the UN General Assembly, have also been considered examples of liberal internationalism.[16]

According to Ikenberry and Yolchi Funabashi, one of the key pillars of liberal internationalism in practice is the democratic constitution and trade-based prosperity of Japan, which makes Japan a major stabilizer of liberal international order in the Asia-Pacific.[17]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Ikenberry, G. John (2009). "Liberal Internationalism 3.0: America and the Dilemmas of Liberal World Order". Perspectives on Politics. 7 (1): 71–87. doi:10.1017/S1537592709090112. ISSN 1537-5927. JSTOR 40407217. S2CID 146430829.
  2. ^ Jahn, Beate (2018). "Liberal internationalism: historical trajectory and current prospects" (PDF). International Affairs. 94 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1093/ia/iix231. ISSN 0020-5850.
  3. ^ a b c d Deudney, Daniel; Ikenberry, G. John (2021). "Misplaced Restraint: The Quincy Coalition Versus Liberal Internationalism". Survival. 63 (4): 7–32. doi:10.1080/00396338.2021.1956187. ISSN 0039-6338. S2CID 236504260.
  4. ^ Desch, Michael C. (2007). "America's Liberal Illiberalism: The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U.S. Foreign Policy". International Security. 32 (3): 7–43. doi:10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.7. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 30130517. S2CID 57572097.
  5. ^ Persaud, Randolph B. (2022). "Ideology, socialization and hegemony in Disciplinary International Relations". International Affairs. 98 (1): 105–123. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab200. ISSN 0020-5850.
  6. ^ Stanley Hoffmann, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism", Foreign Policy, No. 98 (Spring 1995), pp. 159–177.
  7. ^ Deudney, Daniel; Ikenberry, G. John (2 July 2021). "The Intellectual Foundations of the Biden Revolution". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  8. ^ Drezner, Daniel (2021). "Perspective | Roosevelt redux?". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  9. ^ MacDonald, Paul K. (2021). ""Parliament of Man, Federation of the World": Repertoires of Statecraft, the Hague Conferences, and the Making of the Liberal Order". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 32 (4): 648–673. doi:10.1080/09592296.2021.1996709. ISSN 0959-2296. S2CID 246210893.
  10. ^ Abrahamsen, Rita; Andersen, Louise Riis; Sending, Ole Jacob (2019). "Introduction: Making liberal internationalism great again?". International Journal. 74 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1177/0020702019827050. hdl:11250/2837725. ISSN 0020-7020. S2CID 151226407.
  11. ^ Ash, Timothy Garton (8 January 2010). "Timothy Garton Ash: After 10 years Blair knows exactly what he stands for | Comment is free". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  12. ^ Suri, Jeremi (31 December 2018), Zelizer, Julian (ed.), "Liberal Internationalism, Law, and the First African American President", The Presidency of Barack Obama, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 195–211, doi:10.23943/9781400889556-015, ISBN 978-1-4008-8955-6, S2CID 158666358, retrieved 20 August 2021
  13. ^ a b Lynch, Conor (15 July 2019). "The Democratic foreign policy reckoning". The Week. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  14. ^ "Debating Liberal Internationalism". The American Prospect. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  15. ^ Ash, Timothy Garton (3 March 2011). "Libya's escalating drama reopens the case for liberal intervention". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  16. ^ Abrahamsen, Rita; Andersen, Louise Riis; Sending, Ole Jacob (2019). "Introduction: Making liberal internationalism great again?". International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis. 74 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1177/0020702019827050. hdl:11250/2837725. ISSN 0020-7020.
  17. ^ Ikenberry, John; Funabashi, Yolchi (1 April 2019). "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism". Brookings. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

Further reading edit

February 15, 2024
liberal, internationalism, foreign, policy, doctrine, that, supports, international, institutions, open, markets, cooperative, security, liberal, democracy, core, holds, that, states, should, participate, international, institutions, that, uphold, rules, based. Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that supports international institutions open markets cooperative security and liberal democracy 1 2 3 At its core it holds that states should participate in international institutions that uphold rules based norms promote liberal democracy and facilitate cooperation on transnational problems such as environmental problems arms control and public health 3 Proponents of liberal internationalism argue that the adoption of this foreign policy orientation by the United States during the 20th century has improved American liberty at home and ensured American hegemony in world politics as well as facilitated the spread of liberal democracy and markets 3 Critics of the foreign policy doctrine such as realists and proponents of retrenchment argue that it tends towards military interventionism and contributes to disorder for example through democracy promotion and trade liberalization 4 3 Contents 1 History 2 Theory 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingHistory edit nbsp Liberal internationalism emerged during the 19th century notably under the auspices of British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston nbsp Liberal internationalism was developed in the second decade of the 20th century under U S President Woodrow WilsonLiberal internationalism emerged during the 19th century Prominent thinkers included Lionel Curtis Alfred Zimmern and Norman Angell 5 Among policymakers liberal internationalism influenced British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister Lord Palmerston and was developed in the second decade of the 20th century under U S President Woodrow Wilson In this form it became known as Wilsonianism 6 After World War I the foreign policy doctrine of liberal internationalism was retained by the intellectual founders of the League of Nations and augmented somewhat with ideas from classical radicalism and the political party platform of the International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry have also associated liberal internationalism with foreign policy ideas promoted by Franklin D Roosevelt 7 8 Paul K MacDonald has linked diplomatic practices developed at the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences as being key repertoires of subsequent liberal internationalism 9 Theory editThe goal of liberal internationalism is to achieve global structures within the international system that are inclined towards promoting a liberal world order It foresees a gradual transformation of world politics from anarchy to common institutions and the rule of law To that extent global free trade liberal economics and liberal political systems are all encouraged In addition liberal internationalists are dedicated towards encouraging democracy to emerge globally Once realized it will result in a peace dividend as liberal states have relations that are characterized by non violence and that relations between democracies are characterized by the democratic peace theory Liberal internationalism states that through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations it is possible to avoid the worst excesses of power politics in relations between nations In addition liberal internationalists believe that the best way to spread democracy is to treat all states equally and cooperatively whether they are initially democratic or not According to Abrahamsen liberal internationalism provides more opportunities to middle powers to advance their economic security and political interests 10 Examples editExamples of liberal internationalists include former British Prime Minister Tony Blair 11 U S President Barack Obama 12 and then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 13 In the US it is often associated with the American Democratic Party 14 Some liberal leaning neoconservatives shifted towards liberal internationalism in the 2010s 13 Commonly cited examples of liberal interventionism include NATO s intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War and the 2011 military intervention in Libya According to historian Timothy Garton Ash these are distinct because of liberal motivations and limited objectives from other larger scale military interventions 15 Multilateral institutions such as UNDP UNICEF WHO and the UN General Assembly have also been considered examples of liberal internationalism 16 According to Ikenberry and Yolchi Funabashi one of the key pillars of liberal internationalism in practice is the democratic constitution and trade based prosperity of Japan which makes Japan a major stabilizer of liberal international order in the Asia Pacific 17 See also editCity upon a Hill Cold War liberal Cosmopolitan democracy Empire of Liberty Humanitarian intervention Idealism international relations Internationalism politics Liberal hawk Liberal international order Liberal institutionalism Nation building Neoconservatism Perpetual peaceReferences edit Ikenberry G John 2009 Liberal Internationalism 3 0 America and the Dilemmas of Liberal World Order Perspectives on Politics 7 1 71 87 doi 10 1017 S1537592709090112 ISSN 1537 5927 JSTOR 40407217 S2CID 146430829 Jahn Beate 2018 Liberal internationalism historical trajectory and current prospects PDF International Affairs 94 1 43 61 doi 10 1093 ia iix231 ISSN 0020 5850 a b c d Deudney Daniel Ikenberry G John 2021 Misplaced Restraint The Quincy Coalition Versus Liberal Internationalism Survival 63 4 7 32 doi 10 1080 00396338 2021 1956187 ISSN 0039 6338 S2CID 236504260 Desch Michael C 2007 America s Liberal Illiberalism The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U S Foreign Policy International Security 32 3 7 43 doi 10 1162 isec 2008 32 3 7 ISSN 0162 2889 JSTOR 30130517 S2CID 57572097 Persaud Randolph B 2022 Ideology socialization and hegemony in Disciplinary International Relations International Affairs 98 1 105 123 doi 10 1093 ia iiab200 ISSN 0020 5850 Stanley Hoffmann The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism Foreign Policy No 98 Spring 1995 pp 159 177 Deudney Daniel Ikenberry G John 2 July 2021 The Intellectual Foundations of the Biden Revolution Foreign Policy Retrieved 4 August 2021 Drezner Daniel 2021 Perspective Roosevelt redux Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 4 August 2021 MacDonald Paul K 2021 Parliament of Man Federation of the World Repertoires of Statecraft the Hague Conferences and the Making of the Liberal Order Diplomacy amp Statecraft 32 4 648 673 doi 10 1080 09592296 2021 1996709 ISSN 0959 2296 S2CID 246210893 Abrahamsen Rita Andersen Louise Riis Sending Ole Jacob 2019 Introduction Making liberal internationalism great again International Journal 74 1 5 14 doi 10 1177 0020702019827050 hdl 11250 2837725 ISSN 0020 7020 S2CID 151226407 Ash Timothy Garton 8 January 2010 Timothy Garton Ash After 10 years Blair knows exactly what he stands for Comment is free The Guardian London Retrieved 19 September 2011 Suri Jeremi 31 December 2018 Zelizer Julian ed Liberal Internationalism Law and the First African American President The Presidency of Barack Obama Princeton Princeton University Press pp 195 211 doi 10 23943 9781400889556 015 ISBN 978 1 4008 8955 6 S2CID 158666358 retrieved 20 August 2021 a b Lynch Conor 15 July 2019 The Democratic foreign policy reckoning The Week Retrieved 20 August 2021 Debating Liberal Internationalism The American Prospect 15 May 2008 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Ash Timothy Garton 3 March 2011 Libya s escalating drama reopens the case for liberal intervention The Guardian London Retrieved 14 June 2013 Abrahamsen Rita Andersen Louise Riis Sending Ole Jacob 2019 Introduction Making liberal internationalism great again International Journal Canada s Journal of Global Policy Analysis 74 1 5 14 doi 10 1177 0020702019827050 hdl 11250 2837725 ISSN 0020 7020 Ikenberry John Funabashi Yolchi 1 April 2019 The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism Brookings Retrieved 13 December 2021 Further reading editRobert Kagan 2018 The Jungle Grows Back America and Our Imperiled World Knopf ISBN 978 0525521655 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liberal internationalism amp oldid 1204793580, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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