Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands

Integrated Theatre Commands of the Indian Armed Forces are varying degrees of synergy and cross–service cooperation between the military wings of the Indian Armed Forces. Following Independence, in 1949 a joint educational framework was set up starting with the first^[a] tri-service academy in the world, the National Defence Academy, and over the years this joint educational framework has been expanded to bring officers from the different services together at different stages of their careers.^[2]

The emblem of the Indian Armed Forces (top), signifying the synergy of the three services of the Indian military. tri-services logo (top) is a combination of the logos of the three services (bottom).

Jointness and integration is achieved through tri–service organisations such as the Integrated Defence Staff. The creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in January 2020 was seen as a major push for the indigenous joint warfare and theaterisation process of the Indian Armed Forces.^[3][4][5] The recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee promoted increasing jointness and integration. Subsequent committees such as the Shekatkar Committee in 2016 included the creation of three integrated theatre commands.^[6][7] In February 2020, CDS Bipin Rawat said two to five theatre commands may be set up.^[8] The completion of the creation of theatre commands, both integrated and joint commands, will take a number of years.^[9][10] Indian Air Force opposed the formation of unified theatre commands citing limitation of resources.^[11]

India currently has service–specific commands system.^[6] However, joint and integrated commands, also known as unified commands; and further divided into theatre or functional commands, have been set up and more are proposed. The only fully functional theatre command is the Andaman and Nicobar Command set up in 2001 while the Strategic Forces Command, set up in 2003, is an integrated functional command or specified combatant command.^[12] Recently constructed integrated functional commands under the Integrated Defence Staff include the Defence Cyber Agency, Defence Space Agency and the Special Operations Division.

There is and has been significant support as well as significant opposition to some of the attempts at jointness and integration, such as the theaterisation process, at the highest levels of government and the public.

History

See also: Jointness and Interservice rivalry

One of the earliest forms of jointness was the integration of infantry and cavalry.^[13] In the United States, during the Siege of Vicksburg in 1863, joint operations were seen in the actions of General Ulysses S. Grant and Admiral David D. Porter, who went on to leverage the combined power of the army and navy.^[14] The United Kingdom was the first country to have a Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1923.^[15] In the Second World War, General Douglas MacArthur and General Dwight D. Eisenhower were put in roles in which they commanded vast tri-service military operations. Despite the victory in the war major structural flaws were observed resulting in the creation of the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff as the principal military adviser in the United States. In the United Kingdom, by the 1960s, the three military headquarters were integrated into the Ministry of Defence and the post of Chief of Defence Staff as the principal military adviser created.^[16] Over the years in both the United States and United Kingdom changes towards greater integration have been seen, for example the passage of the Goldwater–Nichols Act in 1986.^[17] France, Germany and Australia have also shifted to a more integrated defence management system.^[16] In Russia the creation of strategic commands was laid down in 2010 and soon after China followed with the 2015 People's Republic of China military reform and the creation of five theater commands.^[18]

Integrated Theatre Commands of the Indian Armed Forces

Tri Service military exercise Bharat Shakti 2024 in Pokhran

Following Independence, India set up a Joint Services Wing, commissioned in 1949, to train cadets before they would go on for further training in their respective service institutions. By 1954, the Joint Services Wing would go on to become the National Defence Academy, the first tri-service academy in the world. The Defence Services Staff College was also converted to a fully integrated institution by 1950. In 1960 the National Defence College was commissioned and in 1970 the College of Defence Management. This joint educational framework that brought officers together at different stages of their careers has been beneficial in increasing inter-service camaraderie.^[2]

In his book, "My Years with the IAF", Air Chief Marshal (Retd) P. C. Lal wrote that, "The Bangladesh war demonstrated that the three Services working closely together were strong and decisive in their actions. Inter-Services cooperation was indeed the most important lesson of that war."^[19] However Air Marshal Vinod Patney pointed out that one of India's first experiences with jointness did not work out so well. He writes that India had attempted to try out a Theatre Commander during the initial stages of the Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War with the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force. However, after helicopters were sent on missions without proper advice resulting in avoidable loss to life and machinery, air and naval assets were once again positioned under respective air and naval commanders. Under this structure, the operations continued till the end of the peacekeeping operations in 1990.^[20]

Following the Kargil War in 1999, the Kargil Review Committee was set up to review where India went wrong during the limited war with Pakistan and suggest changes to the security apparatus accordingly. Subsequently, a Group of Ministers was formed and in turn four task forces. Among the numerous recommendations suggested were "integration of the services both with each other and with the Ministry of Defence, the creation of a chief of defence staff and joint operational commands".^[21][7]

A Manohar Parrikar led Ministry of Defence appointed committee of experts, chaired by Lt General (retd) DB Shekatkar, submitted its report in December 2016. Among the recommendations of the Shekatkar Committee was the creation of three integrated theatre commands.^[6][22]

About

The Department of Military Affairs under the Chief of Defence Staff has the mandate for the "Facilitation of restructuring of Military Commands for optimal utilisation of resources by bringing about jointness in operations, including through establishment of joint/theatre commands".^[23] India's CDS Bipin Rawat has said that India will find its own way of constructing its unified commands.^[24] Integrated Theatre Commands are allocated specific geographical theatres and can operate independently. In June 2020, Lt Gen (Dr) Prakash Menon wrote that "The main aim of Theatre Commands is to facilitate integrated planning and coordinated application".^[25]

Terminology

According to the 2017 Joint Doctrine publication of the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff:^[26]

Jointness: Jointness implies or denotes possessing an optimised capability to engage in Joint War-Fighting. [...] Joint operations as well as single-Service operations are sub-sets of the larger whole of 'conceptual Jointness'. Cooperative centralised planning enables appropriate concentration of forces [...]. With Jointness, a high level of cross-domain synergy is attained. Integration: Integration in contemporary military matters is in reference to the integration of 'processes' across all operational domains of land, air, maritime, cyberspace and aerospace, towards optimisation of costs and enhancing readiness. Integration is embodied across all functions; Operations, Intelligence, Technology Management, Perspective Plans, Logistics, Human Resources Development (HRD).[...] Beyond the Armed Forces, it also requires collaboration with the Diplomatic, Economic and Information instruments of the National Power, at all levels – strategic, operational and tactical.

According to the former Chief of India's Army Staff Deepak Kapoor, who recommended theatre commands as early as the 1980s, "integration is a step ahead of jointness in ensuring a synergised approach to operations".^[27] While in a joint command, the parent service remains part of the decision-making process, in integrated commands, resources from the three services are already placed under one commander. In the case of an integrated command, the commander must be able to fully understand the workings of all the services under his command.^[28]

Implementation

India currently has two fully functioning unified commands — the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) set up in 2001 and the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) set up in 2003. While the ANC is an integrated theatre command SFC is an integrated functional command (or specified combatant command^[29]). There are currently 17 single service commands — 7 of the Army, 7 of the Air Force and 3 of the Navy. Each of these commands is located at a separate base.^[10][30]

As of 2020, the Air Defence Command is the first command being undertaken.^[12] Integrated commands set up as specialized service providers have also been formed: Defence Cyber Agency, Defence Space Agency and the Armed Forces Special Operations Division that are agencies of Integrated Defense Staff^[31] The Defence Cyber Agency could go on to form the Information Warfare Command.^[32] Other proposed commands include the Logistics Command and the Training and Doctrinal Command.^[24] The Integrated Defence Staff and the Defence Planning Committee are an integral part of the theaterisation process.^[33] In February 2020, General Bipin Rawat said two to five theatre commands are being looked into.^[8]

In June 2023, reports confirmed that Air Defence Command will not be operationalised due as Indian Air Force stated a different Command for Air Defence shall be "counter-productive" because "air defence" and "offensive air" operations are inter-dependent. Air Force also cited "that dividing limited air assets into seperate [sic] commands would be unwise." Hence, as of 2023, three different commands will be set up, one for managing border with China, another one for managing the border with Pakistan and the third as the Maritime Theatre Command. Each of the commands will be headed by three-star officers from the Indian Armed Forces.^[34][35]

List of Integrated Theatre Commands

Name	Type	Year	Status	Notes	Ref
Andaman and Nicobar Command	Theatre Command	2001	Operational		^[36]
Strategic Forces Command	Functional Command	2003	Operational		^[36]
Defence Cyber Agency	Functional agency	2019	Operational	Part of Integrated Defence Staff	^[36]
Defence Space Agency	Functional agency	2019	Operational		^[36]
Special Operations Division	Functional unit	2019	Operational		^[36]
Maritime Theatre Command	Theatre Command	–	Announced		^[37]^[34]
Western Theatre Command	Theatre Command	–	Announced		^[34]^[35]
Eastern Theatre Command	Theatre Command	–	Announced		^[34]^[35]
Logistics Command	–	–	Proposed		^[24]
Training Command	–	–	Proposed		^[24]

List of Previously Planned Commands

Name	Planned Type		Notes	Ref
Air Defence Command	Unified	Theatre Command	Shall not be formed due to "limited assets" as cited by Air Force	^[38]^[34]

Integrated Rocket Force

The Integrated Rocket Force (IRF) is a proposed tri-service entity to be formed under Indian Armed Forces which will handle ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and multi barrel rocket launchers with conventional warheads unlike Strategic Forces Command which is tasked with land-based nuclear deterrence.^[39] An idea of such Rocket Force was initially proposed by late General Bipin Rawat. The IRF will have up to medium-range surface to surface strike capabilities and will assist India "non-contact" warfare in future.^[40]

The proposed weapon systems to remain in IRF's arsenal include Pralay, Nirbhay, Brahmos, Pinaka MBRL and another proposed 1,500 km range ballistic missile.^[41] IRF's arsenal will initially consist of surface to surface missiles within the arsenal of Indian Army and Air Force, which have 370 Pralay missiles on order. “All such missiles and rocket systems of the Army, Navy and IAF will be integrated under the IRF for better command and control. This is required especially along the northern borers with China," according to a source cited by a report.^[42]

The Rocket Force is in an early discussion stage and much is not known about its establishment. It is not decided whether IRF will be tri-service agency like Defence Cyber Agency and Defence Space Agency or tri-service command-level organisation like Strategic Forces Command.^[43]

Critical commentary

Air Chief Marshal S Krishnaswamy (Ret’d), the former Chief of Air Staff, wrote an article in The Indian Express titled, "Why theatre commands is an unnecessary idea" where he conveys that the idea of dividing India into "Theatre Command(s) may seemingly have some operational advantage" but "the permanency of dividing our own territory into Operational Theatres as a defence measure seems preposterous. And to state that such a division is required to defend our country more effectively sounds alarming."^[44] Air Marshal Narayan Menon writes that Integrated Theatre Commands work for United States, Russia and China is because militarily they are countries which are self-sufficient while "India is in a completely different and subordinate class" in terms of military expenditure and "shortages in personnel, equipment and firepower" in all three of the services.^[45] Maj Gen (Retd) SB Asthana notes that the idea of Integrated Theatre Commands in India "seems to be driven more by economic considerations and less by operational inadequacies".^[32]

Group Captain (Retd) Anant Bewoor opposes theaterisation for India stating that countries with Integrated Theatre Commands such as United States, Russia and China have different international expeditionary goals as compared to India. India neither has the forces for Integrated Commands, nor the geographical and strategic need nor the international expeditionary ambitions. He also points out that Pakistan, who do not have Integrated Theatre Commands, cause so much damage to India nevertheless.^[46] Air Commodore (Retd) Jasjit Singh also commented that theatre commands are generally used for foreign operations, and India has no need for such a force. Air Commodore Singh also argued that the specialisation that the current framework allows may be lost with unified commands and that if the services couldn't work together now, under the theatre process the situation may be worse.^[47]

See also

• Exercise TROPEX
• Technical Support Division
• Civilian control of the military
• Civil–military relations

Notes

1. "A decision was taken by the Government of India on 22 Sep, 1945, that an academy to train officers for the three Services together, should be started. No such institution existed any where else in the world at that time! Government approval was accorded on 17 February 1948."^[1]

References

1. "National Defence Academy: First Course JSW". National Defence Academy. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
2. Das 2007, pp. 3–4.
3. Roche, Elizabeth (2020-02-04). "Army, IAF, Navy integration in 3 years: report". mint. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
4. "Integrated theatre commands next step in defence reforms: Army Chief". The Hindu. 2020-10-21. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
5. Som, Vishnu (21 October 2020). "Integrated Theatre Commands Next Logical Military Reform, Says Army Chief". NDTV. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
6. Singh, Sushant (2017-05-10). "Joint operations vs integrated command: Understanding a new way to fight wars". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
7. Mukherjee, Anit (2019-08-21). "A top post, its promise and peril". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
8. "CDS Gen Bipin Rawat announces plan to create Peninsula Command". www.newsonair.com. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
9. Dutta, Amrita Nayak (2020-02-04). "India's joint military theatre command process to finish in 3 years, says CDS Bipin Rawat". ThePrint. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
10. Pandit, Rajat (21 October 2020). "Theatre Commands required to synergize combat potential of three services: Army chief". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
11. Ahmed Siddiqui, Imran (24 August 2021). . The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021.
12. Pandit, Rajat (27 August 2020). "India likely to set up unified air defence command in October". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
13. Rana 2016, p. 9.
14. Rana 2016, p. 26.
15. Rana 2016, p. 34.
16. Das 2007, p. 3.
17. Kapoor 2013, p. 50.
18. Kapoor 2013, pp. 50–51.
19. Lal, Pratap Chandra. "16: Summing Up". My Years with the IAF. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 978-1-935501-75-6.
20. Patney, Air Marshal Vinod (8 May 2017). "Clamour for Theatre Commands is a Peacetime Phenomenon" (PDF). Centre for Air Power Studies. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
21. Rana 2015, pp. 43–44.
22. Philip, Snehesh Alex (2020-04-20). "What is Shekatkar report, defence ministry's first order of business after lockdown". ThePrint. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
23. "Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General". pib.gov.in. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
24. Kaushik, Krishn (2020-02-25). "Explained: How to unify defence resources". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
25. Menon, Lt Gen (Dr) Prakash (April 2020). "India's Theatre Command System: A Proposal (V1.0 – 12 June 2020)" (PDF). Takshashila Institution. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
26. Headquarters IDS 2017, pp. 39–40.
27. Kapoor 2013, p. 49.
28. Kapoor 2013, pp. 48–49.
29. Rana 2016, p. 13.
30. "Setting up theatre commands next step in military reforms: Army Chief". Business Standard India. PTI. 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
31. Kapoor 2013, p. 56.
32. Asthana, SB (6 April 2020). "Indian Model of Theatre Commands: The Road Ahead!". The United Service Institution of India. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
33. "Integrated Defence Staff". ids.nic.in. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
34. "India moves ahead with creation of theatre commands for integrated war-fighting". The Economic Times. 2023-06-18. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
35. "Three theatre commands on anvil as tri-services 'concur'". The Times of India. 2023-06-18. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
36. Pandit, Rajat (16 May 2019). "Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
37. Unnithan, Sandeep (November 27, 2020). "The high seas command". India Today. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
38. "What IAF chief's thumbs down for separate air defence command means for India's military theaterisation plans". India Today. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
39. "India tests long-range cruise missile for precision-strike capabilities". The Times of India. 2024-04-18. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
40. "India's Coming 'Rocket Force'". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
41. "Newly-proposed rocket forces may get 1,500 km range ballistic missiles". India Today. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
42. "Will India finally have a dedicated rocket force?". The Times of India. 2023-05-17. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
43. "Integrated rocket force: Imperfect but a step in the right direction". orfonline.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
44. Krishnaswamy, S (2018-08-16). "Why theatre commands is an unnecessary idea". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
45. Menon, Air Marshal (Ret’d) Narayan (20 August 2018). "Theatre Commands — The India Context" (PDF). Centre for Air Power Studies. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
46. Bewoor, Gp Capt (Retd) Anant (7 August 2018). "The Unacceptable Idea of Theatre Commands" (PDF). Centre for Air Power Studies. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
47. Rana 2015, p. 45.

Bibliography

• Kapoor, Deepak (Summer 2013). "Need for Integrated Theatre Commands" (PDF). CLAWS Journal: 46–60 – via CLAWS.
• Rana, Vijai Singh (January–March 2015). "Enhancing Jointness in Indian Armed Forces: Case for Unified Commands" (PDF). Journal of Defence Studies. 9 (1): 33–62 – via Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses.
• Headquarters IDS (2017). "Joint Doctrine: Indian Armed Forces" (PDF). Integrated Defence Staff. Directorate of Doctrine, Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
• Das, Vice Admiral (Retd) P. S. (August 2007). "Jointness in India's Military —What it is and What it Must Be" (PDF). Journal of Defence Studies. 1 (1): 1–12 – via Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses.
• Rana, Vijai Singh (May 2016). Status of Jointness in Indian Security Apparatus. New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. ISBN 9789382169635.

Further reading

• Anand, Vinod (2008). "Integrating the Indian Military: Retrospect and Prospect". Journal of Defence Studies. 2 (2): 19–40.
• Mukherjee, Anit (2017). "Fighting Separately: Jointness and Civil-Military Relations in India". Journal of Strategic Studies. 40 (1–2): 6–34. doi:10.1080/01402390.2016.1196357. S2CID 156599462.
• Grant, Brig (Retd) NB (October–December 1976). "Inter Services Cooperation and All That". The United Service Institution of India. CVI (445): 309–314 – via archive.org.