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Insect farming

February 15, 2024

Insect farming is the practice of raising and breeding insects as livestock, also referred to as minilivestock or micro stock. Insects may be farmed for the commodities they produce (like silk, honey, lac or insect tea), or for them themselves; to be used as food, as feed, as a dye, and otherwise.

Farming of crickets in Thailand.

Farming of popular insects edit

Silkworms edit

Silkworms, the caterpillars of the domestic silkmoth, are kept to produce silk, an elastic fiber made when they are in the process of creating a cocoon. Silk is commonly regarded as a major cash crop and is used in the crafting of many textiles.

Mealworms edit

The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is the larvae form of a species of darkling beetles (Coleoptera). The optimum incubation temperature is 25 ̊C - 27 ̊C and its embryonic development lasts 4 – 6 days. It has a long larvae period of about half a year with the optimum temperature and low moisture terminates.[citation needed] The protein content of Tenebrio molitor larvae, adult, exuvium and excreta are 46.44, 63.34, 32.87, and 18.51% respectively.[1]

Buffaloworms edit

Buffaloworms, also called lesser mealworms, is the common name of Alphitobius diaperinus. Its larvae superficially resemble small wireworms or true mealworms (Tenebrio spp.). They are approximately 7 to 11 mm in length at the last instar. Freshly emerged larvae are a milky color. The pale color tinge returns to that of the first/second instar larva when preparing to molt, while a yellowish-brown appearance after molting.[citation needed] In addition, it was reported that it has the highest level of iron bioavailability.[2]

Honeybees edit

Commodities harvested from honeybees include beeswax, bee bread, bee pollen, propolis, royal jelly, brood, and honey. All of the aforementioned are mostly used in food, however, being wax, beeswax has many other uses, such as being used in candles, and propolis may be used as a wood finish. However, the presence of honeybees can negatively affect abundance and diversity of wild bees, with consequences for pollination of crops.[3]

Lac insects edit

Lac insects secrete a resinous substance called lac. Lac is used in many applications, from its use in food to being used as a colorant or as a wood finish. The majority of lac farming takes place in India and Thailand, with over 2 million residential employees.

Cochineal edit

Made into a red dye known as carmine, cochineal are incorporated into many products, including cosmetics, food, paint, and fabric. About 100,000 insects are needed to make a single kilogram of dye. The shade of red the dye yields depends on how the insect is processed. France is the world's largest importer of carmine.

Crickets edit

 
Cricket Shelter Modular Edible Insect Farm, designed by Terreform ONE

Among the hundreds of different types of crickets, the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is the most common type used for human consumption.[4] The cricket is one of the most nutritious edible insects, and in many parts of the world, crickets are consumed dry-roasted, baked, deep-fried, and boiled. Cricket consumption may take the form of cricket flour, a powder of dried and ground crickets, which is easily integrated into many food recipes. Crickets are commonly farmed for non-human animal food, as they provide much nutrition to the many species of reptiles, fish, birds and other mammals that consume them. Crickets are normally killed by deep freezing.

Waxworms edit

Waxworms are the larvae of wax moths. These caterpillars are used widely across the world for food, fish bait, animal testing and plastic degradation. Low in protein but high in fat content, they are a valuable source of fat for many insectivorous organisms. Waxworms are popular in many parts of the world, due to their ability to live in low temperatures and their simplicity in production.[5]

Cockroaches edit

Further information: Cockroach farming

Cockroaches are farmed by the million in China, where they are used in traditional medicine and in cosmetics. The main species farmed is the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The cockroaches are reared on food such as potato and pumpkin peeling waste from restaurants, then scooped or vacuumed from their nests, killed in boiling water and dried in the sun.[6]

As feed and food edit

Main articles: insects as feed and insects as food

Insects show promise as animal feed. For instance, fly larvae can replace fish meal due to the similar amino acid composition. It is possible to formulate fish meal to increase unsaturated fatty acid.[7] Wild birds and free-range poultry can consume insects in the adult, larval and pupal forms naturally.[8] Grasshoppers and moths, as well as houseflies, have been used as feed supplements for poultry.[9] Apart from that, insects have potential as feed for reptiles, fish, mammals, as well as birds.[10]

Hundreds of species of crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, moths and various other insects are considered edible. Selected species are farmed for human consumption.[4] Humans have been eating insects for as long as (according to some sources) 30,000 years.[11] Today insects are becoming increasingly viable as a source of sustainably produced protein, as conventional meat forms are very land-intensive and produce large quantities of methane, a greenhouse gas.[4] Insects bred in captivity offer a low space-intensive,[12] highly feed-efficient,[4] relatively pollution-free,[13] high-protein source of food for both humans and non-human animals. Insects have a high nutritional value, dense protein content and micronutrient and probiotic potential. Insects such as crickets and mealworms have high concentrations of complete protein, vitamin B12, riboflavin and vitamin A.[4] Insects offer an economical solution to increasingly pressing food security and environmental issues concerning the production and distribution of protein to feed a growing world population.[4]

Benefits edit

Purported benefits of the use of insects as food include:

  • Significantly lower amounts of resource and space use, lower amounts of waste produced, and emissions of very trace amounts of greenhouse gases.[14]
  • They include many vitamins and essential minerals, contain dietary fiber (which is not present in meat),[15] and are a complete protein.[14] The protein count of 100 g of cricket is nearly equivalent to the amount in 100 g of lean ground beef.[14]
  • As opposed to meat, lower costs are required to care for and produce insects.[4]
  • Faster growth and reproduction rates. Crickets mature rather quickly and are typically full-grown within 3 weeks to a month,[4] and an individual female can lay from 1,200 to 1,500 eggs in three to four weeks. Cattle, however, become adults at 2 years, and the breeding ratio is four breeding animals for each market animal produced.[16]
  • Unlike meat, insects rarely transmit diseases such as H1N1, mad cow disease, or salmonella.[14]

Reduced feed edit

Cattle use 12 times the amount of feed that crickets do to produce an equal amount of protein.[4] Crickets also only use a quarter of the feed of sheep and one-half the amount of feed given to swine and chicken to produce an equivalent amount of protein.[4] Crickets require only two pounds of feed to produce one pound of the finished product.[4] Much of this efficiency is a result of crickets being ectothermic, as in they get their heat from the environment instead of having to expend energy to create their own body heat as typical mammals do.

Nutrient efficiency edit

Insects are nutrient-efficient compared to other meat sources. The insect protein content is comparable to most meat products. Likewise, the fatty acid composition of edible insects is comparable to fish lipids, with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In addition, all parts of edible insect are efficiently used whereas some parts of conventional livestock are not directly available for human consumption.[7] The nutritional contents of insects vary with species as well as within species, depending on their metamorphic stage, habitat, and diet. For instance, the lipid composition of insects is largely dependent on their diet and metamorphic stage. Insects are abundant in other nutrients. Locusts, for example, contain between 8 and 20 mg of iron in every 100 grams of raw locust. Beef, on the other hand, contains roughly 6 mg of iron in the same amount of meat. Crickets are also very nutrient-efficient. For every 100 grams of substance, crickets contain 12.9 grams of protein, 121 calories, and 5.5 grams of fat. Beef contains more protein, with 23.5 grams in 100 grams of substance, but also has roughly three times the calories and four times the amount of fat as crickets do in 100 grams. Therefore, per 100 grams of substance, crickets contain only half the nutrients of beef, except for iron. High levels of iron are implicated in bowel cancer[17] and heart disease.[18] When considering the protein transition, cold-blooded insects can convert food more efficiently: crickets only need 2.1 kg feed for 1 kg ‘meat’, while poultry and cows need more than 2 times and 12 times of the feed, respectively.[19]

Greenhouse gas emissions edit

The raising of livestock is responsible for 18% of all greenhouse gases emitted.[4] Alternative sources of protein, such as insects, replace protein sourced from livestock and help decrease the number of greenhouse gases emitted from food production. Insects produce less carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane than livestock such as pigs and cattle, with no farmed insect species besides cockroaches releasing methane at all.[13]

Land usage edit

Livestock raising accounts for 70% of agricultural land use.[12] This results in a land-cover change that destroys local ecosystems and displaces people and wildlife. Insect farming is minimally space-intensive compared to other conventional livestock, and can even take place in populated urban centers.[12]

Processing methods edit

With the concern for pain tolerance in animal health and welfare, processing the insects can be mainly concluded as: harvesting and cleaning, inactivation, heating and drying, depending on the final product and rearing methods.[20][7]

Harvesting and cleaning edit

Insects at different life stages can be collected by sieving followed by water cleaning when it is necessary to remove biomass or excretion. Before processing, the insects are sieved and stored alive at 4 °C for about one day without any feed.[21]

Inactivation edit

An inactivation step is needed to inactive any enzymes and microbes on the insects. The enzymatic browning reaction (mainly phenolase or phenol oxidase[22]) can cause the brown or black color on the insect, which leads to discoloration and an off-flavor.

Heat-treatment edit

Sufficient heat treatment is required to kill enterobacteriaceae so that the product can meet safety requirements. D-value and Z-value can be used to estimate the effectiveness of heat treatments. The temperature and duration of the heating will cause insect proteins' denaturation and changes the functional properties of proteins.

Drying edit

To prevent spoilage, the products are dried to lower moisture content and prolong shelf life. Longer drying time results from a low evaporation rate due to the chitin layer, which can prevent the insect from dehydrating during their lifetime. So the product being in granule form gives the advantage of further drying. In general, insects have a moisture level in the range of 55-65%. A drying process decreasing the moisture content to a level of <10% is good for preservation.

Besides the moisture level, oxidation of lipids can cause high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Hence the processing steps influencing the final fat stability in products are necessary to be considered during drying.

Regulations in Europe edit

The use of insect meal as feed and food is limited by legislation. Insects can be used in Novel Food according to the European Union guidelines for market authorization of products.[23] The European Union Commission accepted the use of insects for fish feed in July 2017.[24] However, the power to promote the scale-up of insect production becomes difficult when few participate in this market to change the rules. In Europe, safety documents for certain insects and accompanying products are required by the European Union (EFSA) and NVWA.[25]

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Ravzanaadii, Nergui; Kim, Seong-Hyun; Choi, Won-Ho; Hong, Seong-Jin; Kim, Nam-Jung (2012). "Nutritional Value of Mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as Food Source". International Journal of Industrial Entomology. 25: 93–98. doi:10.7852/ijie.2012.25.1.093.
  2. ^ Dobermann, D.; Swift, J. A.; Field, L. M. (2017). "Opportunities and hurdles of edible insects for food and feed". Nutrition Bulletin. 42 (4): 293–308. doi:10.1111/nbu.12291.
  3. ^ Angelella, G. M.; McCullough, C. T.; O’Rourke, M. E. (2021-02-05). "Honey bee hives decrease wild bee abundance, species richness, and fruit count on farms regardless of wildflower strips". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 3202. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3202A. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81967-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7865060. PMID 33547371.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Joost, Van Itterbeeck; Harmke, Klunder; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (FAO). Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security. ISBN 9789251075968. OCLC 893013301.
  5. ^ Martin, Daniella (2011-07-18). "What Do Bugs Taste Like, Anyway?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  6. ^ "Cockroach farms multiplying in China". Los Angeles Times. 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  7. ^ a b c "New trends in sustainable and healthy food sources: land shrimps and sea crickets".
  8. ^ Sánchez-Muros, M. J. (2014). "Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review". Journal of Cleaner Production. 65 (65): 16–27. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.068.
  9. ^ Rumpold, B. A. (2013). "Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production". Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 17 (17): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2012.11.005.
  10. ^ "insect product".
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer. 2006-01-01. ISBN 978-0792386704. OCLC 964770230.
  12. ^ a b c van Huis, A.; Dicke, M.; Loon, J.J.A. van (2015). "Insects to feed the world". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 1 (1): 3–5. doi:10.3920/jiff2015.x002.
  13. ^ a b Oonincx, Dennis G. A. B.; Itterbeeck, Joost van; Heetkamp, Marcel J. W.; Brand, Henry van den; Loon, Joop J. A. van; Huis, Arnold van (2010-12-29). "An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e14445. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514445O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014445. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3012052. PMID 21206900.
  14. ^ a b c d "HuffPost is now a part of Verizon Media". HuffPost. 10 February 2014.
  15. ^ "List of Non-Fiber Foods".
  16. ^ Capinera, John L. (2004). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-8670-4.
  17. ^ "Dietary Iron and Cancer".
  18. ^ "Too Much Iron May Lead to Heart Attack".
  19. ^ "Resources for our Future: Key issues and best practices in Resource Efficiency" (PDF). The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS) and TNO. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  20. ^ Hakman,Peters & van Huis (1 September 2013). Admission procedure for insects such as mini-cattle (Dutch version).
  21. ^ Yi, Liya; Lakemond, Catriona M.M.; Sagis, Leonard M.C.; Eisner-Schadler, Verena; Van Huis, Arnold; Van Boekel, Martinus A.J.S. (2013). "Extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species". Food Chemistry. 141 (4): 3341–3348. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.115. PMID 23993491.
  22. ^ Janssen, Renske H.; Lakemond, Catriona M. M.; Fogliano, Vincenzo; Renzone, Giovanni; Scaloni, Andrea; Vincken, Jean-Paul (2017). "Involvement of phenoloxidase in browning during grinding of Tenebrio molitor larvae". PLOS ONE. 12 (12): e0189685. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289685J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189685. PMC 5731683. PMID 29244828.
  23. ^ "Food Safety First – First time Right Regulatory roadmap for insect products in Feed and Food applications" (PDF).
  24. ^ "Green light for insect protein in fish feed in EU".
  25. ^ "Mealworms and foods: Food for people and fish" (PDF).

References edit

  • Humanity Needs to Start Farming Bugs, Popular Science
  • Six-legged livestock: Edible insect farming, collection and marketing in Thailand, FAO
  • Maybe It's Time To Swap Burgers for Bugs, NPR
  • Bug farmer working to introduce insects to European diets, PRI
  • Edible Insect Farming, FAO
  • Eating insects: Sudden popularity
  • Apartment Bug Farm Is A Big Business, Modern Farmer
  • , National Geographic
  • Insect Food Emissions, The Guardian
  • One Green Planet
  • Professional Insect Rearing. Strategical points and management method, Books on Demand, ISBN 9782322042777, November 2015.
  • TedxTalks:Recipes for the future

See also edit

February 15, 2024
insect, farming, practice, raising, breeding, insects, livestock, also, referred, minilivestock, micro, stock, insects, farmed, commodities, they, produce, like, silk, honey, insect, them, themselves, used, food, feed, otherwise, farming, crickets, thailand, c. Insect farming is the practice of raising and breeding insects as livestock also referred to as minilivestock or micro stock Insects may be farmed for the commodities they produce like silk honey lac or insect tea or for them themselves to be used as food as feed as a dye and otherwise Farming of crickets in Thailand Contents 1 Farming of popular insects 1 1 Silkworms 1 2 Mealworms 1 3 Buffaloworms 1 4 Honeybees 1 5 Lac insects 1 6 Cochineal 1 7 Crickets 1 8 Waxworms 1 9 Cockroaches 2 As feed and food 2 1 Benefits 2 1 1 Reduced feed 2 1 2 Nutrient efficiency 2 1 3 Greenhouse gas emissions 2 1 4 Land usage 3 Processing methods 3 1 Harvesting and cleaning 3 2 Inactivation 3 3 Heat treatment 3 4 Drying 4 Regulations in Europe 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 See alsoFarming of popular insects editSilkworms edit Silkworms the caterpillars of the domestic silkmoth are kept to produce silk an elastic fiber made when they are in the process of creating a cocoon Silk is commonly regarded as a major cash crop and is used in the crafting of many textiles Mealworms edit The mealworm Tenebrio molitor L is the larvae form of a species of darkling beetles Coleoptera The optimum incubation temperature is 25 C 27 C and its embryonic development lasts 4 6 days It has a long larvae period of about half a year with the optimum temperature and low moisture terminates citation needed The protein content of Tenebrio molitor larvae adult exuvium and excreta are 46 44 63 34 32 87 and 18 51 respectively 1 Buffaloworms edit Buffaloworms also called lesser mealworms is the common name of Alphitobius diaperinus Its larvae superficially resemble small wireworms or true mealworms Tenebrio spp They are approximately 7 to 11 mm in length at the last instar Freshly emerged larvae are a milky color The pale color tinge returns to that of the first second instar larva when preparing to molt while a yellowish brown appearance after molting citation needed In addition it was reported that it has the highest level of iron bioavailability 2 Honeybees edit Commodities harvested from honeybees include beeswax bee bread bee pollen propolis royal jelly brood and honey All of the aforementioned are mostly used in food however being wax beeswax has many other uses such as being used in candles and propolis may be used as a wood finish However the presence of honeybees can negatively affect abundance and diversity of wild bees with consequences for pollination of crops 3 Lac insects edit Lac insects secrete a resinous substance called lac Lac is used in many applications from its use in food to being used as a colorant or as a wood finish The majority of lac farming takes place in India and Thailand with over 2 million residential employees Cochineal edit Made into a red dye known as carmine cochineal are incorporated into many products including cosmetics food paint and fabric About 100 000 insects are needed to make a single kilogram of dye The shade of red the dye yields depends on how the insect is processed France is the world s largest importer of carmine Crickets edit nbsp Cricket Shelter Modular Edible Insect Farm designed by Terreform ONEAmong the hundreds of different types of crickets the house cricket Acheta domesticus is the most common type used for human consumption 4 The cricket is one of the most nutritious edible insects and in many parts of the world crickets are consumed dry roasted baked deep fried and boiled Cricket consumption may take the form of cricket flour a powder of dried and ground crickets which is easily integrated into many food recipes Crickets are commonly farmed for non human animal food as they provide much nutrition to the many species of reptiles fish birds and other mammals that consume them Crickets are normally killed by deep freezing Waxworms edit Waxworms are the larvae of wax moths These caterpillars are used widely across the world for food fish bait animal testing and plastic degradation Low in protein but high in fat content they are a valuable source of fat for many insectivorous organisms Waxworms are popular in many parts of the world due to their ability to live in low temperatures and their simplicity in production 5 Cockroaches edit Further information Cockroach farming Cockroaches are farmed by the million in China where they are used in traditional medicine and in cosmetics The main species farmed is the American cockroach Periplaneta americana The cockroaches are reared on food such as potato and pumpkin peeling waste from restaurants then scooped or vacuumed from their nests killed in boiling water and dried in the sun 6 As feed and food editMain articles insects as feed and insects as food Insects show promise as animal feed For instance fly larvae can replace fish meal due to the similar amino acid composition It is possible to formulate fish meal to increase unsaturated fatty acid 7 Wild birds and free range poultry can consume insects in the adult larval and pupal forms naturally 8 Grasshoppers and moths as well as houseflies have been used as feed supplements for poultry 9 Apart from that insects have potential as feed for reptiles fish mammals as well as birds 10 Hundreds of species of crickets grasshoppers beetles moths and various other insects are considered edible Selected species are farmed for human consumption 4 Humans have been eating insects for as long as according to some sources 30 000 years 11 Today insects are becoming increasingly viable as a source of sustainably produced protein as conventional meat forms are very land intensive and produce large quantities of methane a greenhouse gas 4 Insects bred in captivity offer a low space intensive 12 highly feed efficient 4 relatively pollution free 13 high protein source of food for both humans and non human animals Insects have a high nutritional value dense protein content and micronutrient and probiotic potential Insects such as crickets and mealworms have high concentrations of complete protein vitamin B12 riboflavin and vitamin A 4 Insects offer an economical solution to increasingly pressing food security and environmental issues concerning the production and distribution of protein to feed a growing world population 4 Benefits edit Purported benefits of the use of insects as food include Significantly lower amounts of resource and space use lower amounts of waste produced and emissions of very trace amounts of greenhouse gases 14 They include many vitamins and essential minerals contain dietary fiber which is not present in meat 15 and are a complete protein 14 The protein count of 100 g of cricket is nearly equivalent to the amount in 100 g of lean ground beef 14 As opposed to meat lower costs are required to care for and produce insects 4 Faster growth and reproduction rates Crickets mature rather quickly and are typically full grown within 3 weeks to a month 4 and an individual female can lay from 1 200 to 1 500 eggs in three to four weeks Cattle however become adults at 2 years and the breeding ratio is four breeding animals for each market animal produced 16 Unlike meat insects rarely transmit diseases such as H1N1 mad cow disease or salmonella 14 Reduced feed edit Cattle use 12 times the amount of feed that crickets do to produce an equal amount of protein 4 Crickets also only use a quarter of the feed of sheep and one half the amount of feed given to swine and chicken to produce an equivalent amount of protein 4 Crickets require only two pounds of feed to produce one pound of the finished product 4 Much of this efficiency is a result of crickets being ectothermic as in they get their heat from the environment instead of having to expend energy to create their own body heat as typical mammals do Nutrient efficiency edit Insects are nutrient efficient compared to other meat sources The insect protein content is comparable to most meat products Likewise the fatty acid composition of edible insects is comparable to fish lipids with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs In addition all parts of edible insect are efficiently used whereas some parts of conventional livestock are not directly available for human consumption 7 The nutritional contents of insects vary with species as well as within species depending on their metamorphic stage habitat and diet For instance the lipid composition of insects is largely dependent on their diet and metamorphic stage Insects are abundant in other nutrients Locusts for example contain between 8 and 20 mg of iron in every 100 grams of raw locust Beef on the other hand contains roughly 6 mg of iron in the same amount of meat Crickets are also very nutrient efficient For every 100 grams of substance crickets contain 12 9 grams of protein 121 calories and 5 5 grams of fat Beef contains more protein with 23 5 grams in 100 grams of substance but also has roughly three times the calories and four times the amount of fat as crickets do in 100 grams Therefore per 100 grams of substance crickets contain only half the nutrients of beef except for iron High levels of iron are implicated in bowel cancer 17 and heart disease 18 When considering the protein transition cold blooded insects can convert food more efficiently crickets only need 2 1 kg feed for 1 kg meat while poultry and cows need more than 2 times and 12 times of the feed respectively 19 Greenhouse gas emissions edit The raising of livestock is responsible for 18 of all greenhouse gases emitted 4 Alternative sources of protein such as insects replace protein sourced from livestock and help decrease the number of greenhouse gases emitted from food production Insects produce less carbon dioxide ammonia and methane than livestock such as pigs and cattle with no farmed insect species besides cockroaches releasing methane at all 13 Land usage edit Livestock raising accounts for 70 of agricultural land use 12 This results in a land cover change that destroys local ecosystems and displaces people and wildlife Insect farming is minimally space intensive compared to other conventional livestock and can even take place in populated urban centers 12 Processing methods editWith the concern for pain tolerance in animal health and welfare processing the insects can be mainly concluded as harvesting and cleaning inactivation heating and drying depending on the final product and rearing methods 20 7 Harvesting and cleaning edit Insects at different life stages can be collected by sieving followed by water cleaning when it is necessary to remove biomass or excretion Before processing the insects are sieved and stored alive at 4 C for about one day without any feed 21 Inactivation edit An inactivation step is needed to inactive any enzymes and microbes on the insects The enzymatic browning reaction mainly phenolase or phenol oxidase 22 can cause the brown or black color on the insect which leads to discoloration and an off flavor Heat treatment edit Sufficient heat treatment is required to kill enterobacteriaceae so that the product can meet safety requirements D value and Z value can be used to estimate the effectiveness of heat treatments The temperature and duration of the heating will cause insect proteins denaturation and changes the functional properties of proteins Drying edit To prevent spoilage the products are dried to lower moisture content and prolong shelf life Longer drying time results from a low evaporation rate due to the chitin layer which can prevent the insect from dehydrating during their lifetime So the product being in granule form gives the advantage of further drying In general insects have a moisture level in the range of 55 65 A drying process decreasing the moisture content to a level of lt 10 is good for preservation Besides the moisture level oxidation of lipids can cause high levels of unsaturated fatty acids Hence the processing steps influencing the final fat stability in products are necessary to be considered during drying Regulations in Europe editThe use of insect meal as feed and food is limited by legislation Insects can be used in Novel Food according to the European Union guidelines for market authorization of products 23 The European Union Commission accepted the use of insects for fish feed in July 2017 24 However the power to promote the scale up of insect production becomes difficult when few participate in this market to change the rules In Europe safety documents for certain insects and accompanying products are required by the European Union EFSA and NVWA 25 Footnotes edit Ravzanaadii Nergui Kim Seong Hyun Choi Won Ho Hong Seong Jin Kim Nam Jung 2012 Nutritional Value of Mealworm Tenebrio molitor as Food Source International Journal of Industrial Entomology 25 93 98 doi 10 7852 ijie 2012 25 1 093 Dobermann D Swift J A Field L M 2017 Opportunities and hurdles of edible insects for food and feed Nutrition Bulletin 42 4 293 308 doi 10 1111 nbu 12291 Angelella G M McCullough C T O Rourke M E 2021 02 05 Honey bee hives decrease wild bee abundance species richness and fruit count on farms regardless of wildflower strips Scientific Reports 11 1 3202 Bibcode 2021NatSR 11 3202A doi 10 1038 s41598 021 81967 1 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 7865060 PMID 33547371 a b c d e f g h i j k l Joost Van Itterbeeck Harmke Klunder Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Edible insects future prospects for food and feed security ISBN 9789251075968 OCLC 893013301 Martin Daniella 2011 07 18 What Do Bugs Taste Like Anyway Huffington Post Retrieved 2017 04 17 Cockroach farms multiplying in China Los Angeles Times 2013 10 15 Retrieved 2022 06 29 a b c New trends in sustainable and healthy food sources land shrimps and sea crickets Sanchez Muros M J 2014 Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding a review Journal of Cleaner Production 65 65 16 27 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2013 11 068 Rumpold B A 2013 Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production Innovative Food Science amp Emerging Technologies 17 17 1 11 doi 10 1016 j ifset 2012 11 005 insect product Encyclopedia of entomology Springer 2006 01 01 ISBN 978 0792386704 OCLC 964770230 a b c van Huis A Dicke M Loon J J A van 2015 Insects to feed the world Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 1 3 5 doi 10 3920 jiff2015 x002 a b Oonincx Dennis G A B Itterbeeck Joost van Heetkamp Marcel J W Brand Henry van den Loon Joop J A van Huis Arnold van 2010 12 29 An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption PLOS ONE 5 12 e14445 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 514445O doi 10 1371 journal pone 0014445 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3012052 PMID 21206900 a b c d HuffPost is now a part of Verizon Media HuffPost 10 February 2014 List of Non Fiber Foods Capinera John L 2004 Encyclopedia of Entomology Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 978 0 7923 8670 4 Dietary Iron and Cancer Too Much Iron May Lead to Heart Attack Resources for our Future Key issues and best practices in Resource Efficiency PDF The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies HCSS and TNO Retrieved 15 April 2019 Hakman Peters amp van Huis 1 September 2013 Admission procedure for insects such as mini cattle Dutch version Yi Liya Lakemond Catriona M M Sagis Leonard M C Eisner Schadler Verena Van Huis Arnold Van Boekel Martinus A J S 2013 Extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species Food Chemistry 141 4 3341 3348 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2013 05 115 PMID 23993491 Janssen Renske H Lakemond Catriona M M Fogliano Vincenzo Renzone Giovanni Scaloni Andrea Vincken Jean Paul 2017 Involvement of phenoloxidase in browning during grinding of Tenebrio molitor larvae PLOS ONE 12 12 e0189685 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1289685J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0189685 PMC 5731683 PMID 29244828 Food Safety First First time Right Regulatory roadmap for insect products in Feed and Food applications PDF Green light for insect protein in fish feed in EU Mealworms and foods Food for people and fish PDF References editHumanity Needs to Start Farming Bugs Popular Science Six legged livestock Edible insect farming collection and marketing in Thailand FAO Maybe It s Time To Swap Burgers for Bugs NPR Bug farmer working to introduce insects to European diets PRI Edible Insect Farming FAO Eating insects Sudden popularity Apartment Bug Farm Is A Big Business Modern Farmer U N Urges Eating Insects National Geographic Insect Food Emissions The Guardian One Green Planet Insect farming research amp edible insect species list Professional Insect Rearing Strategical points and management method Books on Demand ISBN 9782322042777 November 2015 TedxTalks Recipes for the futureSee also editEntomophagy Insects as food Entomophagy in humans Butterfly ranching in Papua New Guinea Insect Farming and Trading Agency Welfare of farmed insects Cricket flour Maggot farming Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Insect farming amp oldid 1194853368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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