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Royal jelly

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Royal jelly (disambiguation).

Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens.[1] It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste.[2]

Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jelly
Queen larva in a cell on a frame with bees

During the process of creating new queens, the workers construct special queen cells. The larvae in these cells are fed with copious amounts of royal jelly. This type of feeding triggers the development of queen morphology, including the fully developed ovaries needed to lay eggs.[3]

Royal jelly is sometimes used in alternative medicine under the category apitherapy. It is often sold as a dietary supplement for humans, but the European Food Safety Authority has concluded that current evidence does not support the claim that consuming royal jelly offers health benefits to humans.[4] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has taken legal action against companies that have marketed royal jelly products using unfounded claims of health benefits.[5][6]

Production edit

Royal jelly is secreted from the glands in the heads of worker bees and is fed to all bee larvae, whether they are destined to become drones (males), workers (sterile females), or queens (fertile females). After three days, the drone and worker larvae are no longer fed with royal jelly, but queen larvae continue to be fed this special substance throughout their development.[citation needed]

Composition edit

Royal jelly is 67% water, 12.5% protein, 11% simple sugars (monosaccharides), 6% fatty acids and 3.5% 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). It also contains trace minerals, antibacterial and antibiotic components, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and trace amounts of vitamin C,[2] but none of the fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E or K.[7]

Proteins edit

Main article: Major royal jelly protein

Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are a family of proteins secreted by honey bees. The family consists of nine proteins, of which MRJP1 (also called royalactin), MRJP2, MRJP3, MRJP4, and MRJP5 are present in the royal jelly secreted by worker bees. MRJP1 is the most abundant, and largest in size. The five proteins constitute 83–90% of the total proteins in royal jelly.[8][9] They are synthesised by a family of nine genes (mrjp genes), which are in turn members of the yellow family of genes such as in the fruitfly (Drosophila) and bacteria. They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae, thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony.[8]

Epigenetic effects edit

The honey bee queens and workers represent one of the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism. Even if two larvae had identical DNA, one raised to be a worker, the other a queen, the two adults would be strongly differentiated across a wide range of characteristics including anatomical and physiological differences, longevity, and reproductive capacity.[10] Queens constitute the female sexual caste and have large active ovaries, whereas female workers have only rudimentary, inactive ovaries and are functionally sterile. The queen–worker developmental divide is controlled epigenetically by differential feeding with royal jelly; this appears to be due specifically to the protein royalactin. A female larva destined to become a queen is fed large quantities of royal jelly; this triggers a cascade of molecular events resulting in development of a queen.[3] It has been shown that this phenomenon is mediated by an epigenetic modification of DNA known as CpG methylation.[11] Silencing the expression of an enzyme that methylates DNA in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly-like effect on the larval developmental trajectory; the majority of individuals with reduced DNA methylation levels emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. This finding suggests that DNA methylation in honey bees allows the expression of epigenetic information to be differentially altered by nutritional input.[12]

Use by humans edit

Cultivation edit

Royal jelly is harvested by stimulating colonies with movable frame hives to produce queen bees. Royal jelly is collected from each individual queen cell (honeycomb) when the queen larvae are about four days old. These are the only cells in which large amounts are deposited. This is because when royal jelly is fed to worker larvae, it is fed directly to them, and they consume it as it is produced, while the cells of queen larvae are "stocked" with royal jelly much faster than the larvae can consume it. Therefore, only in queen cells is the harvest of royal jelly practical.

A well-managed hive during a season of 5–6 months can produce approximately 500 g (18 oz) of royal jelly.[citation needed] Since the product is perishable, producers must have immediate access to proper cold storage (e.g., a household refrigerator or freezer) in which the royal jelly is stored until it is sold or conveyed to a collection center. Sometimes honey or beeswax is added to the royal jelly, which is thought to aid its preservation.[citation needed]

The Vegetarian Society considers royal jelly to be non-vegan.[13]

Adverse effects edit

Royal jelly may cause allergic reactions in humans, ranging from hives, asthma, to even fatal anaphylaxis.[14][15][16][17][18][19] The incidence of allergic side effects in people who consume royal jelly is unknown. The risk of having an allergy to royal jelly is higher in people who have other allergies.[14]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene". Z Bienenforsch. 8: 296–322.
  2. ^ a b Graham, J. (ed.) (1992) The Hive and the Honey Bee (Revised Edition). Dadant & Sons.[page needed]
  3. ^ a b Maleszka, Ryszard (27 October 2014). "Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees: the critical interplay of nutritional, brain and reproductive networks". Epigenetics. 3 (4): 188–192. doi:10.4161/epi.3.4.6697. PMID 18719401.
  4. ^ "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins (ID 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791); sodium alginate and ulva (ID 1873); vitamins, minerals, trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract (ID". EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 2083. April 2011. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2083.
  5. ^ "Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products". Food and Drug Administration. Apr 5, 2010.
  6. ^ "Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations: Beehive Botanicals, Inc". Food and Drug Administration. March 2, 2007.
  7. ^ "Value-added products from beekeeping. Chapter 6".
  8. ^ a b Buttstedt, Anja; Moritz, Robin F. A.; Erler, Silvio (May 2014). "Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of the yellow gene family". Biological Reviews. 89 (2): 255–269. doi:10.1111/brv.12052. PMID 23855350. S2CID 29361726.
  9. ^ Albert, Stefan; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Klaudiny, Jaroslav; Schmitzová, Jana; Simúth, Jozef (August 1999). "The Family of Major Royal Jelly Proteins and Its Evolution". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (2): 290–297. Bibcode:1999JMolE..49..290A. doi:10.1007/pl00006551. PMID 10441680. S2CID 27316541.
  10. ^ Winston, M, The Biology of the Honey Bee, 1987, Harvard University Press[page needed]
  11. ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (13 March 2008). "Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740.
  12. ^ Kucharski, R.; Maleszka, J.; Foret, S.; Maleszka, R. (2008). "Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation". Science. 319 (5871): 1827–1830. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1827K. doi:10.1126/science.1153069. PMID 18339900. S2CID 955740.
  13. ^ "Trademark Criteria".
  14. ^ a b Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). "Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 27 (3): 333–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x. PMID 9088660. S2CID 19626487.
  15. ^ Takahama H, Shimazu T (2006). "Food-induced anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly". J. Dermatol. 33 (6): 424–426. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00100.x. PMID 16700835. S2CID 37561982.
  16. ^ Lombardi C, Senna GE, Gatti B, Feligioni M, Riva G, Bonadonna P, Dama AR, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G (1998). "Allergic reactions to honey and royal jelly and their relationship with sensitization to compositae". Allergol. Immunopathol. 26 (6): 288–290. PMID 9934408.
  17. ^ Thien FC, Leung R, Baldo BA, Weiner JA, Plomley R, Czarny D (1996). "Asthma and anaphylaxis induced by royal jelly". Clin. Exp. Allergy. 26 (2): 216–222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00082.x. PMID 8835130. S2CID 12422547.
  18. ^ Leung R, Thien FC, Baldo B, Czarny D (1995). "Royal jelly-induced asthma and anaphylaxis: clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96 (6 Pt 1): 1004–1007. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70242-3. PMID 8543734.
  19. ^ Bullock RJ, Rohan A, Straatmans JA (1994). "Fatal royal jelly-induced asthma". Med. J. Aust. 160 (1): 44. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138207.x. PMID 8271989. S2CID 37201999.

References edit

  • Balch, Phyllis A.; Balch, James F. (2000). Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Third Edition. New York: Avery. ISBN 978-1-58333-077-7.
  • Ammon, R.; Zoch, E. (1957). "Zur Biochemie des Futtersaftes der Bienenkoenigin". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 7: 699–702.
  • Blum, M.S.; Novak, A.F.; Taber, S. (1959). "10-Hydroxydecenoic Acid, an antibiotic found in royal jelly". Science. 130 (3373): 452–453. doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.452. PMID 13675771. S2CID 83635354.
  • Bonomi, A (1983). "Acquisizioni in tema di composizione chimica e di attivita' biologica della pappa reale". Apitalia. 10 (15): 7–13.
  • Braines, L.N. (1959). Royal jelly I. Inform. Bull. Inst. Pchelovodstva, 31 pp (with various articles)
  • Braines, L.N. (1960). Royal jelly II. Inform. Bull. Inst. Pchelovodstva, 40 pp.
  • Braines, L.N. (1962). Royal jelly III. Inform. Bull. Inst. Pchelovodstva, 40
  • Chauvin, R. and Louveaux, 1. (1956) Etdue macroscopique et microscopique de lagelee royale. L'apiculteur.
  • Cho, Y.T. (1977). "Studies on royal jelly and abnormal cholesterol and triglycerides". Amer. Bee. 117: 36–38.
  • De Belfever, B. (1958) La gelee royale des abeilles. Maloine, Paris.
  • Destrem, H. (1956) Experimentation de la gelee royale d'abeille en pratique geriatrique (134 cas). Rev. Franc. Geront, 3.
  • Giordani, G (1961). "[Effect of royal jelly on chickens.]". Avicoltura. 30 (6): 114–120.
  • Hattori N, Nomoto H, Fukumitsu H, Mishima S, Furukawa S. [Royal jelly and its unique fatty acid, 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, promote neurogenesis by neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro.] Biomed Res. 2007 Oct;28(5):261-6.
  • Hashimoto, M; Kanda, M; Ikeno, K; Hayashi, Y; Nakamura, T; Ogawa, Y; Fukumitsu, H; Nomoto, H; Furukawa, S (Apr 2005). "Oral administration of royal jelly facilitates mRNA expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament H in the hippocampus of the adult mouse brain". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69 (4): 800–5. doi:10.1271/bbb.69.800. PMID 15849420. S2CID 14746946.
  • Inoue, T. (1986). The use and utilization of royal jelly and the evaluation of the medical efficacy of royal jelly in Japan. Proceedings of the XXXth International Congress of Apiculture, Nagoya, 1985, Apimondia, 444-447
  • Jean, E (1956). "A process of royal jelly absorption for its incorporation into assimilable substances". Fr. Pat. 1 (118): 123.
  • Jacoli, G (1956). "Ricerche sperimentali su alcune proprieta' biologiche della gelatina reale". Apicoltore d'Italia. 23 (9–10): 211–214.
  • Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene". Z. Bienenforsch. 8: 296–322.
  • Karaali, A.; Meydanoglu, F.; Eke, D. (1988). "Studies on composition, freeze drying and storage of Turkish royal jelly". J. Apic. Res. 27 (3): 182–185. Bibcode:1988JApiR..27..182K. doi:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100799.
  • Kucharski R, Maleszka, J, Foret, S, Maleszka, R, Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation. Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1827-3
  • Lercker, G.; Capella, P.; Conte, L.S.; Ruini, F.; Giordani, G. (1982). "Components of royal jelly: II. The lipid fraction, hydrocarbons and sterols". J. Apic. Res. 21 (3): 178–184. Bibcode:1982JApiR..21..178L. doi:10.1080/00218839.1982.11100538.
  • Lercker, G.; Vecchi, M.A.; Sabatini, A.G.; Nanetti, A. (1984). "Controllo chimicoanalitico della gelatina reale". Riv. Merceol. 23 (1): 83–94.
  • Lercker, G.; Savioli, S.; Vecchi, M.A.; Sabatini, A.G.; Nanetti, A.; Piana, L. (1986). "Carbohydrate Determination of Royal Jelly by Gas-liquid chromatography–High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC)". Food Chemistry. 19 (4): 255–264. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(86)90049-x.
  • Lercker, G.; Caboni, M.F.; Vecchi, M.A.; Sabatini, A.G.; Nanetti, A. (1992). "Caratterizzazione dei principali costituenti della gelatina reale". Apicoltura. 8: 11–21.
  • Maleszka, R (2008). "Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees: the critical interplay of nutritional, brain and reproductive networks". Epigenetics. 3 (4): 188–192. doi:10.4161/epi.3.4.6697. PMID 18719401.
  • Nakamura, T. (1986) Quality standards of royal jelly for medical use. proceedings of the XXXth International Congress of Apiculture, Nagoya, 1985 Apimondia (1986) 462–464.
  • Rembold, H (1965). Biologically active substances in royal jelly. Vitamins & Hormones. Vol. 23. pp. 359–382. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60385-4. ISBN 9780127098234. PMID 5326344.
  • Salama, A.; Mogawer, H.H.; El-Tohamy, M. (1977). "Royal jelly a revelation or a fable". Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science. 14 (2): 95–102.
  • Takenaka, T. Nitrogen components and carboxylic acids of royal jelly. In Chemistry and biology of social insects (edited by Eder, J., Rembold, H.). Munich, German Federal Republic, Verlag J. Papemy (1987): 162–163.
  • Wagner, H.; Dobler, I.; Thiem, I. (1970). "Effect of royal jelly on the peirpheral blood and survival rate of mice after irradiation of the entire body with X-rays". Radiobiologia Radiotherapia. 11 (3): 323–328.
  • Winston, M, The Biology of the Honey Bee, 1987, Harvard University Press

External links edit

  •   Media related to Royal jelly at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
royal, jelly, other, uses, disambiguation, honey, secretion, that, used, nutrition, larvae, adult, queens, secreted, from, glands, hypopharynx, nurse, bees, larvae, colony, regardless, caste, developing, queen, larvae, surrounded, royal, jelly, queen, larva, c. For other uses see Royal jelly disambiguation Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens 1 It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees and fed to all larvae in the colony regardless of sex or caste 2 Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jelly Queen larva in a cell on a frame with bees During the process of creating new queens the workers construct special queen cells The larvae in these cells are fed with copious amounts of royal jelly This type of feeding triggers the development of queen morphology including the fully developed ovaries needed to lay eggs 3 Royal jelly is sometimes used in alternative medicine under the category apitherapy It is often sold as a dietary supplement for humans but the European Food Safety Authority has concluded that current evidence does not support the claim that consuming royal jelly offers health benefits to humans 4 In the United States the Food and Drug Administration has taken legal action against companies that have marketed royal jelly products using unfounded claims of health benefits 5 6 Contents 1 Production 2 Composition 2 1 Proteins 3 Epigenetic effects 4 Use by humans 4 1 Cultivation 4 2 Adverse effects 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksProduction editRoyal jelly is secreted from the glands in the heads of worker bees and is fed to all bee larvae whether they are destined to become drones males workers sterile females or queens fertile females After three days the drone and worker larvae are no longer fed with royal jelly but queen larvae continue to be fed this special substance throughout their development citation needed Composition editRoyal jelly is 67 water 12 5 protein 11 simple sugars monosaccharides 6 fatty acids and 3 5 10 hydroxy 2 decenoic acid 10 HDA It also contains trace minerals antibacterial and antibiotic components pantothenic acid vitamin B5 pyridoxine vitamin B6 and trace amounts of vitamin C 2 but none of the fat soluble vitamins A D E or K 7 Proteins edit Main article Major royal jelly protein Major royal jelly proteins MRJPs are a family of proteins secreted by honey bees The family consists of nine proteins of which MRJP1 also called royalactin MRJP2 MRJP3 MRJP4 and MRJP5 are present in the royal jelly secreted by worker bees MRJP1 is the most abundant and largest in size The five proteins constitute 83 90 of the total proteins in royal jelly 8 9 They are synthesised by a family of nine genes mrjp genes which are in turn members of the yellow family of genes such as in the fruitfly Drosophila and bacteria They are attributed to be involved in differential development of queen larva and worker larvae thus establishing division of labour in the bee colony 8 Epigenetic effects editThe honey bee queens and workers represent one of the most striking examples of environmentally controlled phenotypic polymorphism Even if two larvae had identical DNA one raised to be a worker the other a queen the two adults would be strongly differentiated across a wide range of characteristics including anatomical and physiological differences longevity and reproductive capacity 10 Queens constitute the female sexual caste and have large active ovaries whereas female workers have only rudimentary inactive ovaries and are functionally sterile The queen worker developmental divide is controlled epigenetically by differential feeding with royal jelly this appears to be due specifically to the protein royalactin A female larva destined to become a queen is fed large quantities of royal jelly this triggers a cascade of molecular events resulting in development of a queen 3 It has been shown that this phenomenon is mediated by an epigenetic modification of DNA known as CpG methylation 11 Silencing the expression of an enzyme that methylates DNA in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly like effect on the larval developmental trajectory the majority of individuals with reduced DNA methylation levels emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries This finding suggests that DNA methylation in honey bees allows the expression of epigenetic information to be differentially altered by nutritional input 12 Use by humans editCultivation edit Royal jelly is harvested by stimulating colonies with movable frame hives to produce queen bees Royal jelly is collected from each individual queen cell honeycomb when the queen larvae are about four days old These are the only cells in which large amounts are deposited This is because when royal jelly is fed to worker larvae it is fed directly to them and they consume it as it is produced while the cells of queen larvae are stocked with royal jelly much faster than the larvae can consume it Therefore only in queen cells is the harvest of royal jelly practical A well managed hive during a season of 5 6 months can produce approximately 500 g 18 oz of royal jelly citation needed Since the product is perishable producers must have immediate access to proper cold storage e g a household refrigerator or freezer in which the royal jelly is stored until it is sold or conveyed to a collection center Sometimes honey or beeswax is added to the royal jelly which is thought to aid its preservation citation needed The Vegetarian Society considers royal jelly to be non vegan 13 Adverse effects edit Royal jelly may cause allergic reactions in humans ranging from hives asthma to even fatal anaphylaxis 14 15 16 17 18 19 The incidence of allergic side effects in people who consume royal jelly is unknown The risk of having an allergy to royal jelly is higher in people who have other allergies 14 See also edit3 Hydroxydecanoic acid 3 10 Dihydroxydecanoic acid 3 11 Dihydroxydodecanoic acid Apifresh Bee propolis Queen bee acidNotes edit Jung Hoffmann L 1966 Die Determination von Konigin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene Z Bienenforsch 8 296 322 a b Graham J ed 1992 The Hive and the Honey Bee Revised Edition Dadant amp Sons page needed a b Maleszka Ryszard 27 October 2014 Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees the critical interplay of nutritional brain and reproductive networks Epigenetics 3 4 188 192 doi 10 4161 epi 3 4 6697 PMID 18719401 Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to anthocyanidins and proanthocyanidins ID 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 sodium alginate and ulva ID 1873 vitamins minerals trace elements and standardised ginseng G115 extract ID EFSA Journal 9 4 2083 April 2011 doi 10 2903 j efsa 2011 2083 Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee derived products Food and Drug Administration Apr 5 2010 Inspections Compliance Enforcement and Criminal Investigations Beehive Botanicals Inc Food and Drug Administration March 2 2007 Value added products from beekeeping Chapter 6 a b Buttstedt Anja Moritz Robin F A Erler Silvio May 2014 Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee Apis mellifera as members of the yellow gene family Biological Reviews 89 2 255 269 doi 10 1111 brv 12052 PMID 23855350 S2CID 29361726 Albert Stefan Bhattacharya Debashish Klaudiny Jaroslav Schmitzova Jana Simuth Jozef August 1999 The Family of Major Royal Jelly Proteins and Its Evolution Journal of Molecular Evolution 49 2 290 297 Bibcode 1999JMolE 49 290A doi 10 1007 pl00006551 PMID 10441680 S2CID 27316541 Winston M The Biology of the Honey Bee 1987 Harvard University Press page needed Kucharski R Maleszka J Foret S Maleszka R 13 March 2008 Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation Science 319 5871 1827 1830 Bibcode 2008Sci 319 1827K doi 10 1126 science 1153069 PMID 18339900 S2CID 955740 Kucharski R Maleszka J Foret S Maleszka R 2008 Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation Science 319 5871 1827 1830 Bibcode 2008Sci 319 1827K doi 10 1126 science 1153069 PMID 18339900 S2CID 955740 Trademark Criteria a b Leung R Ho A Chan J Choy D Lai CK March 1997 Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community Clin Exp Allergy 27 3 333 6 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2222 1997 tb00712 x PMID 9088660 S2CID 19626487 Takahama H Shimazu T 2006 Food induced anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of royal jelly J Dermatol 33 6 424 426 doi 10 1111 j 1346 8138 2006 00100 x PMID 16700835 S2CID 37561982 Lombardi C Senna GE Gatti B Feligioni M Riva G Bonadonna P Dama AR Canonica GW Passalacqua G 1998 Allergic reactions to honey and royal jelly and their relationship with sensitization to compositae Allergol Immunopathol 26 6 288 290 PMID 9934408 Thien FC Leung R Baldo BA Weiner JA Plomley R Czarny D 1996 Asthma and anaphylaxis induced by royal jelly Clin Exp Allergy 26 2 216 222 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2222 1996 tb00082 x PMID 8835130 S2CID 12422547 Leung R Thien FC Baldo B Czarny D 1995 Royal jelly induced asthma and anaphylaxis clinical characteristics and immunologic correlations J Allergy Clin Immunol 96 6 Pt 1 1004 1007 doi 10 1016 S0091 6749 95 70242 3 PMID 8543734 Bullock RJ Rohan A Straatmans JA 1994 Fatal royal jelly induced asthma Med J Aust 160 1 44 doi 10 5694 j 1326 5377 1994 tb138207 x PMID 8271989 S2CID 37201999 References editBalch Phyllis A Balch James F 2000 Prescription for Nutritional Healing Third Edition New York Avery ISBN 978 1 58333 077 7 Ammon R Zoch E 1957 Zur Biochemie des Futtersaftes der Bienenkoenigin Arzneimittel Forschung 7 699 702 Blum M S Novak A F Taber S 1959 10 Hydroxydecenoic Acid an antibiotic found in royal jelly Science 130 3373 452 453 doi 10 1126 science 130 3373 452 PMID 13675771 S2CID 83635354 Bonomi A 1983 Acquisizioni in tema di composizione chimica e di attivita biologica della pappa reale Apitalia 10 15 7 13 Braines L N 1959 Royal jelly I Inform Bull Inst Pchelovodstva 31 pp with various articles Braines L N 1960 Royal jelly II Inform Bull Inst Pchelovodstva 40 pp Braines L N 1962 Royal jelly III Inform Bull Inst Pchelovodstva 40 Chauvin R and Louveaux 1 1956 Etdue macroscopique et microscopique de lagelee royale L apiculteur Cho Y T 1977 Studies on royal jelly and abnormal cholesterol and triglycerides Amer Bee 117 36 38 De Belfever B 1958 La gelee royale des abeilles Maloine Paris Destrem H 1956 Experimentation de la gelee royale d abeille en pratique geriatrique 134 cas Rev Franc Geront 3 Giordani G 1961 Effect of royal jelly on chickens Avicoltura 30 6 114 120 Hattori N Nomoto H Fukumitsu H Mishima S Furukawa S Royal jelly and its unique fatty acid 10 hydroxy trans 2 decenoic acid promote neurogenesis by neural stem progenitor cells in vitro Biomed Res 2007 Oct 28 5 261 6 Hashimoto M Kanda M Ikeno K Hayashi Y Nakamura T Ogawa Y Fukumitsu H Nomoto H Furukawa S Apr 2005 Oral administration of royal jelly facilitates mRNA expression of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament H in the hippocampus of the adult mouse brain Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69 4 800 5 doi 10 1271 bbb 69 800 PMID 15849420 S2CID 14746946 Inoue T 1986 The use and utilization of royal jelly and the evaluation of the medical efficacy of royal jelly in Japan Proceedings of the XXXth International Congress of Apiculture Nagoya 1985 Apimondia 444 447 Jean E 1956 A process of royal jelly absorption for its incorporation into assimilable substances Fr Pat 1 118 123 Jacoli G 1956 Ricerche sperimentali su alcune proprieta biologiche della gelatina reale Apicoltore d Italia 23 9 10 211 214 Jung Hoffmann L 1966 Die Determination von Konigin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene Z Bienenforsch 8 296 322 Karaali A Meydanoglu F Eke D 1988 Studies on composition freeze drying and storage of Turkish royal jelly J Apic Res 27 3 182 185 Bibcode 1988JApiR 27 182K doi 10 1080 00218839 1988 11100799 Kucharski R Maleszka J Foret S Maleszka R Nutritional Control of Reproductive Status in Honeybees via DNA Methylation Science 2008 Mar 28 319 5871 1827 3 Lercker G Capella P Conte L S Ruini F Giordani G 1982 Components of royal jelly II The lipid fraction hydrocarbons and sterols J Apic Res 21 3 178 184 Bibcode 1982JApiR 21 178L doi 10 1080 00218839 1982 11100538 Lercker G Vecchi M A Sabatini A G Nanetti A 1984 Controllo chimicoanalitico della gelatina reale Riv Merceol 23 1 83 94 Lercker G Savioli S Vecchi M A Sabatini A G Nanetti A Piana L 1986 Carbohydrate Determination of Royal Jelly by Gas liquid chromatography High Resolution Gas Chromatography HRGC Food Chemistry 19 4 255 264 doi 10 1016 0308 8146 86 90049 x Lercker G Caboni M F Vecchi M A Sabatini A G Nanetti A 1992 Caratterizzazione dei principali costituenti della gelatina reale Apicoltura 8 11 21 Maleszka R 2008 Epigenetic integration of environmental and genomic signals in honey bees the critical interplay of nutritional brain and reproductive networks Epigenetics 3 4 188 192 doi 10 4161 epi 3 4 6697 PMID 18719401 Nakamura T 1986 Quality standards of royal jelly for medical use proceedings of the XXXth International Congress of Apiculture Nagoya 1985 Apimondia 1986 462 464 Rembold H 1965 Biologically active substances in royal jelly Vitamins amp Hormones Vol 23 pp 359 382 doi 10 1016 S0083 6729 08 60385 4 ISBN 9780127098234 PMID 5326344 Salama A Mogawer H H El Tohamy M 1977 Royal jelly a revelation or a fable Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science 14 2 95 102 Takenaka T Nitrogen components and carboxylic acids of royal jelly In Chemistry and biology of social insects edited by Eder J Rembold H Munich German Federal Republic Verlag J Papemy 1987 162 163 Wagner H Dobler I Thiem I 1970 Effect of royal jelly on the peirpheral blood and survival rate of mice after irradiation of the entire body with X rays Radiobiologia Radiotherapia 11 3 323 328 Winston M The Biology of the Honey Bee 1987 Harvard University PressExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Royal jelly at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Royal jelly amp oldid 1219904792, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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