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Infant sleep

January 01, 1970

Infant sleep is an act of sleeping by an infant or a newborn. It differs significantly from sleep during adulthood.[1][2][3] Unlike in adults, sleep early in infancy initially does not follow a circadian rhythm. Infant sleep also appears to have two main modes - active, associated with movement, and quiet, associated with stillness - exhibiting distinct neurological firing patterns.[4] Sleep duration is also shorter. As the infant ages, sleep begins to follow a Circadian rhythm and sleep duration increases. Infants nap frequently. Infants are also particularly vulnerable during sleep; they are prone to suffocation and SIDS. As a result, "safe" sleep techniques have been the subject of several public health campaigns.[5] Infant sleep practices vary widely between cultures and over history; historically infants would sleep on the ground with their parents. In many modern cultures, infants sleep in a variety of types of infant beds or share a bed with parents. Infant sleep disturbance is common,[6] and even normal infant sleep patterns can cause considerable disruption to parents' sleep.[1]

  • Swaddled infant sleeping in a Moses basket. The infant is on his back as per safe sleep recommendations.
  • An infant sleeping in 1940. The use of pillows and blankets is no longer recommended as these can inadvertently cause suffocation.
  • Baby sleeps in a hammock in a hut in Laos.
  • Infants frequently sleep whilst being worn.

Normal infant sleep edit

In the first week of life, infants will sleep during both the day and night and will wake to feed. Sleep cycle duration is usually short, from 2–4 hours.[7] Over the first two weeks, infants average 16–18 hours of sleep daily. Circadian rhythm has not yet been established and infants sleep during the night and day equally.[3] In the first month of life, 95% of infants will wake during the night.[2] At around 2 months, a day-night pattern begins to gradually develop.[8] At around 3 months, sleep cycle may increase to 3–6 hours,[2] and the majority of infants will still wake in the night to feed.[9] By 4 months, the average infant sleeps 14 hours a day (including naps), but this amount can vary considerably.[10] By 8 months, most infants continue to wake during the night, though a majority are able to fall back asleep without parental involvement.[2] At 9 months, only a third of infants sleep through the night without waking.[3] Daytime sleeping (naps) generally doesn't cease until 3 to 5 years of age.

Infant sleep in the first year can be categorised into active sleep (AS) and quiet sleep (QS). Active sleep is similar to the adult REM sleep in that it is characterised by eye and other kinds of movement; however, unlike adults in REM, infants tend to enter AS at the beginning of their sleep cycle, as opposed to the end of it like REM in adults.[2] Infants spend about half their time in AS/REM and half in QS, a much higher proportion than adults, who only spend about a quarter of their time in REM. It's hypothesised this difference in sleep pattern is related to the shorter sleep cycles and more frequent waking of infants. By 3 months infants become more likely to enter quiet sleep (or NREM, not-REM) at the beginning of their sleep cycle. After 3 months, infants tend to alternate between AS/QS for 50 minutes duration, as opposed to the longer cycle in adult sleep (90 minutes). Sleep cycle duration starts to resemble adult sleep more at 6 months, but doesn't fully resemble adult sleep until around 3 years old, which is generally around the time napping ceases as well.[2]

Frequent night waking and the short sleep cycle in infants is thought to be adaptive. Because infants have small stomachs and are undergoing rapid growth, they need to eat very frequently in order to get enough nutrition. Frequent night awakenings are also protective against SIDS. [11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Sadeh, Avi; Tikotzky, Liat; Scher, Anat (2010-04-01). "Parenting and infant sleep". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 14 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.003. ISSN 1087-0792. PMID 19631566.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Middlemiss, Wendy (2004-01-01). "Infant sleep: a review of normative and problematic sleep and interventions". Early Child Development and Care. 174 (1): 99–122. doi:10.1080/0300443032000153516. ISSN 0300-4430. S2CID 218507582.
  3. ^ a b c Rosen, Libby Averill (2008-11-01). "Infant Sleep and Feeding". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 37 (6): 706–714. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00299.x. ISSN 0884-2175. PMID 19012721.
  4. ^ Hamzelou, Jessica (9 December 2022). "Babies spend most of their time asleep. New technologies are beginning to reveal why". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  5. ^ Y. Moon, Rachel; R. Hauck, Fern; R. Colson, Eve (2016-02-01). "Safe Infant Sleep Interventions: What is the Evidence for Successful Behavior Change?". Current Pediatric Reviews. 12 (1): 67–75. doi:10.2174/1573396311666151026110148. PMC 4997961. PMID 26496723.
  6. ^ France, Karyn G.; Hudson, Stephen M. (1993-01-01). "Management of infant sleep disturbance: A review". Clinical Psychology Review. 13 (7): 635–647. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90030-P. ISSN 0272-7358.
  7. ^ "Your newborn's first week: what to expect". Raising Children Network. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  8. ^ Rivkees, Scott A. (2003-08-01). "Developing Circadian Rhythmicity in Infants". Pediatrics. 112 (2): 373–381. doi:10.1542/peds.112.2.373. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 12897290.
  9. ^ "Newborn sleep: what to expect". Raising Children Network. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  10. ^ Iglowstein, Ivo; Jenni, Oskar G.; Molinari, Luciano; Largo, Remo H. (2003-02-01). "Sleep Duration From Infancy to Adolescence: Reference Values and Generational Trends". Pediatrics. 111 (2): 302–307. doi:10.1542/peds.111.2.302. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 12563055.
  11. ^ Ramirez, Jan-Marino; Ramirez, Sanja C.; Anderson, Tatiana M. (2018), Duncan, Jhodie R.; Byard, Roger W. (eds.), "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Sleep, and the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Respiratory Network", SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death: The Past, the Present and the Future, Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press, ISBN 978-1-925261-67-7, PMID 30035952, retrieved 2023-12-22

January 01, 1970
infant, sleep, sleeping, infant, newborn, differs, significantly, from, sleep, during, adulthood, unlike, adults, sleep, early, infancy, initially, does, follow, circadian, rhythm, also, appears, have, main, modes, active, associated, with, movement, quiet, as. Infant sleep is an act of sleeping by an infant or a newborn It differs significantly from sleep during adulthood 1 2 3 Unlike in adults sleep early in infancy initially does not follow a circadian rhythm Infant sleep also appears to have two main modes active associated with movement and quiet associated with stillness exhibiting distinct neurological firing patterns 4 Sleep duration is also shorter As the infant ages sleep begins to follow a Circadian rhythm and sleep duration increases Infants nap frequently Infants are also particularly vulnerable during sleep they are prone to suffocation and SIDS As a result safe sleep techniques have been the subject of several public health campaigns 5 Infant sleep practices vary widely between cultures and over history historically infants would sleep on the ground with their parents In many modern cultures infants sleep in a variety of types of infant beds or share a bed with parents Infant sleep disturbance is common 6 and even normal infant sleep patterns can cause considerable disruption to parents sleep 1 Swaddled infant sleeping in a Moses basket The infant is on his back as per safe sleep recommendations An infant sleeping in 1940 The use of pillows and blankets is no longer recommended as these can inadvertently cause suffocation Baby sleeps in a hammock in a hut in Laos Infants frequently sleep whilst being worn Normal infant sleep editIn the first week of life infants will sleep during both the day and night and will wake to feed Sleep cycle duration is usually short from 2 4 hours 7 Over the first two weeks infants average 16 18 hours of sleep daily Circadian rhythm has not yet been established and infants sleep during the night and day equally 3 In the first month of life 95 of infants will wake during the night 2 At around 2 months a day night pattern begins to gradually develop 8 At around 3 months sleep cycle may increase to 3 6 hours 2 and the majority of infants will still wake in the night to feed 9 By 4 months the average infant sleeps 14 hours a day including naps but this amount can vary considerably 10 By 8 months most infants continue to wake during the night though a majority are able to fall back asleep without parental involvement 2 At 9 months only a third of infants sleep through the night without waking 3 Daytime sleeping naps generally doesn t cease until 3 to 5 years of age Infant sleep in the first year can be categorised into active sleep AS and quiet sleep QS Active sleep is similar to the adult REM sleep in that it is characterised by eye and other kinds of movement however unlike adults in REM infants tend to enter AS at the beginning of their sleep cycle as opposed to the end of it like REM in adults 2 Infants spend about half their time in AS REM and half in QS a much higher proportion than adults who only spend about a quarter of their time in REM It s hypothesised this difference in sleep pattern is related to the shorter sleep cycles and more frequent waking of infants By 3 months infants become more likely to enter quiet sleep or NREM not REM at the beginning of their sleep cycle After 3 months infants tend to alternate between AS QS for 50 minutes duration as opposed to the longer cycle in adult sleep 90 minutes Sleep cycle duration starts to resemble adult sleep more at 6 months but doesn t fully resemble adult sleep until around 3 years old which is generally around the time napping ceases as well 2 Frequent night waking and the short sleep cycle in infants is thought to be adaptive Because infants have small stomachs and are undergoing rapid growth they need to eat very frequently in order to get enough nutrition Frequent night awakenings are also protective against SIDS 11 References edit a b Sadeh Avi Tikotzky Liat Scher Anat 2010 04 01 Parenting and infant sleep Sleep Medicine Reviews 14 2 89 96 doi 10 1016 j smrv 2009 05 003 ISSN 1087 0792 PMID 19631566 a b c d e f Middlemiss Wendy 2004 01 01 Infant sleep a review of normative and problematic sleep and interventions Early Child Development and Care 174 1 99 122 doi 10 1080 0300443032000153516 ISSN 0300 4430 S2CID 218507582 a b c Rosen Libby Averill 2008 11 01 Infant Sleep and Feeding Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic amp Neonatal Nursing 37 6 706 714 doi 10 1111 j 1552 6909 2008 00299 x ISSN 0884 2175 PMID 19012721 Hamzelou Jessica 9 December 2022 Babies spend most of their time asleep New technologies are beginning to reveal why MIT Technology Review Retrieved 10 December 2022 Y Moon Rachel R Hauck Fern R Colson Eve 2016 02 01 Safe Infant Sleep Interventions What is the Evidence for Successful Behavior Change Current Pediatric Reviews 12 1 67 75 doi 10 2174 1573396311666151026110148 PMC 4997961 PMID 26496723 France Karyn G Hudson Stephen M 1993 01 01 Management of infant sleep disturbance A review Clinical Psychology Review 13 7 635 647 doi 10 1016 0272 7358 93 90030 P ISSN 0272 7358 Your newborn s first week what to expect Raising Children Network Retrieved 2022 12 12 Rivkees Scott A 2003 08 01 Developing Circadian Rhythmicity in Infants Pediatrics 112 2 373 381 doi 10 1542 peds 112 2 373 ISSN 0031 4005 PMID 12897290 Newborn sleep what to expect Raising Children Network Retrieved 2022 12 12 Iglowstein Ivo Jenni Oskar G Molinari Luciano Largo Remo H 2003 02 01 Sleep Duration From Infancy to Adolescence Reference Values and Generational Trends Pediatrics 111 2 302 307 doi 10 1542 peds 111 2 302 ISSN 0031 4005 PMID 12563055 Ramirez Jan Marino Ramirez Sanja C Anderson Tatiana M 2018 Duncan Jhodie R Byard Roger W eds Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sleep and the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Respiratory Network SIDS Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death The Past the Present and the Future Adelaide AU University of Adelaide Press ISBN 978 1 925261 67 7 PMID 30035952 retrieved 2023 12 22 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Infant sleep amp oldid 1194338677, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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