According to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Michigan's southern boundary should be a line drawn from the southern tip of Lake Michigan east to Lake Erie. Due to errors of cartography, Lake Michigan was charted further north than it really is. This error put Toledo, Ohio and the Maumee River mouth in Ohio. This was one of the bones of contention involved in the “Toledo War”, which was only resolved by Act of Congress, and the related award of the Upper Peninsula to Michigan. All of this had an indirect effect on Indiana's northern border, which now encompassed the southern tip of Lake Michigan.[4]
Indiana Harbor was constructed over several years, beginning in 1901, and this included a breakwater paralleling the east edge of the channel where it enters the lake.[4] In 1914 responsibility for the waterway and its facilities was assumed by the Corps of Engineers, and there is some indication that the Corps erected a lighthouse on the breakwater in 1920; however, information on its construction is lacking.
On 26 March 1901, Inland Steel Company contracted with Lake Michigan Land Company. It accepted fifty acres of dune land near East Chicago and a promise that a harbor and railroad would be built, in consideration of a promise to build a steel plant there that would cost no less than one million dollars. For $500,000, Inland Steel divested itself of Inland Iron and Forge Company, and raised another $500,000 to fund the project.[4][5]
During 1901 and 1902, Indiana Harbor was dredged and a breakwater built. In 1903, work began on a canal that would eventually linking the Indiana Harbor inland to both the Grand Calumet River and Lake George. Over the next several years, many industries were established there.[4]
In 1914, the federal government assumed responsibility for Indiana Harbor and the canal. The first lighthouse was constructed in the harbor in 1920. The current light was erected in 1935, and is identical to the better known Port Washington Breakwater Light in Wisconsin.[6][7] It is an Art Deco steel tower standing on a circular pier at the tip of the breakwater. The original lantern, which housed a fourth order Fresnel lens (1 second flash every 7.5 seconds), has been removed and replaced by a modern beacon with a characteristic of three seconds on followed by three seconds off.[4]
It is one of a dozen past or present lighthouses in Indiana.[7]
The prior square light[8] was decommissioned when it became redundant, as the harbor had grown past it.[7]
A contemporary unmanned light in the Art Deco style is the Gravelly Shoal Light in Michigan.
The industrial area surrounding the breakwater is private and the area closed. It is best seen from the water.[4] Charters, however, are available.[11]
The lighthouse is owned by the Coast Guard and the tower is closed.[4]
^ abcdefg"Anderson, Kraig, Lighthouse friends, Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Lighthouse".
^Perry, W. A., A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works.
^. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2008-11-24. Note that the document has a picture of this light under "Indiana Harbor Light," and that it has the correct history and wrong picture under "Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light,"
Pepper, Terry. . Archived from the original on January 30, 2008.
Perry, W.A (1979) A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works (booklet) Northwest Regional Collection, Calumet Regional Archives 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Indiana University
Rice, Mary J., Chicago: Port to the World (Follet Publishers, 1969).
Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ISBN0-923568-47-6; ISBN978-0-923568-47-4.
Wagner, John L. "Beacons Shining in the Night: The Lighthouses of Michigan". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.
External linksedit
Map, U.S. Beacons, Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light.
indiana, harbor, east, breakwater, light, active, navigation, that, marks, breakwater, east, side, indiana, harbor, ship, canal, where, enters, lake, michigan, locationeast, side, indiana, harbor, ship, canal, entrance, lake, michigancoordinates41, 68083, 4411. The Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light is an active aid to navigation 1 that marks the end of a breakwater on the east side of the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal where it enters Lake Michigan 2 3 Indiana Harbor East Breakwater LightLocationEast side of Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal entrance to Lake MichiganCoordinates41 40 51 N 87 26 28 W 41 68083 N 87 44111 W 41 68083 87 44111TowerConstructionsteelHeight23 m 75 ft Shapesquare towerLightFirst lit1935Focal height78 feet 24 m Lensfourth order Fresnel lensRange12 nautical miles 23 kilometres 14 mi CharacteristicIsophase green 6s Contents 1 History 2 Getting there 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editAccording to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Michigan s southern boundary should be a line drawn from the southern tip of Lake Michigan east to Lake Erie Due to errors of cartography Lake Michigan was charted further north than it really is This error put Toledo Ohio and the Maumee River mouth in Ohio This was one of the bones of contention involved in the Toledo War which was only resolved by Act of Congress and the related award of the Upper Peninsula to Michigan All of this had an indirect effect on Indiana s northern border which now encompassed the southern tip of Lake Michigan 4 Indiana Harbor was constructed over several years beginning in 1901 and this included a breakwater paralleling the east edge of the channel where it enters the lake 4 In 1914 responsibility for the waterway and its facilities was assumed by the Corps of Engineers and there is some indication that the Corps erected a lighthouse on the breakwater in 1920 however information on its construction is lacking On 26 March 1901 Inland Steel Company contracted with Lake Michigan Land Company It accepted fifty acres of dune land near East Chicago and a promise that a harbor and railroad would be built in consideration of a promise to build a steel plant there that would cost no less than one million dollars For 500 000 Inland Steel divested itself of Inland Iron and Forge Company and raised another 500 000 to fund the project 4 5 During 1901 and 1902 Indiana Harbor was dredged and a breakwater built In 1903 work began on a canal that would eventually linking the Indiana Harbor inland to both the Grand Calumet River and Lake George Over the next several years many industries were established there 4 In 1914 the federal government assumed responsibility for Indiana Harbor and the canal The first lighthouse was constructed in the harbor in 1920 The current light was erected in 1935 and is identical to the better known Port Washington Breakwater Light in Wisconsin 6 7 It is an Art Deco steel tower standing on a circular pier at the tip of the breakwater The original lantern which housed a fourth order Fresnel lens 1 second flash every 7 5 seconds has been removed and replaced by a modern beacon with a characteristic of three seconds on followed by three seconds off 4 It is one of a dozen past or present lighthouses in Indiana 7 The prior square light 8 was decommissioned when it became redundant as the harbor had grown past it 7 A contemporary unmanned light in the Art Deco style is the Gravelly Shoal Light in Michigan Although it never had a resident lighthouse keeper this light is a recognized significant light by the National Park Service National Maritime Initiative 9 In June 2009 the Coast Guard proposed changing the light to a green Light emitting diode 10 Getting there editThe industrial area surrounding the breakwater is private and the area closed It is best seen from the water 4 Charters however are available 11 The lighthouse is owned by the Coast Guard and the tower is closed 4 See also editLighthouses in the United States National Historic Lighthouse Preservation ActNotes edit Lighthouse Depot Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light Archived from the original on 2011 06 14 Retrieved 2009 10 18 Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Lake Michigan Light ARLHS USA 401 Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society World List of Lights Archived from the original on April 21 2009 a b c d e f g Anderson Kraig Lighthouse friends Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Lighthouse Perry W A A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works Historic Light Station Information and Photography Indiana United States Coast Guard Historian s Office Archived from the original on 2017 05 01 Retrieved 2008 11 24 Note that the document has a picture of this light under Indiana Harbor Light and that it has the correct history and wrong picture under Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light a b c Rowlett Russ Lighthouses of the United States Indiana The Lighthouse Directory University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Undated U S Coast Guard Photo of prior Indiana Harobr Light National Park Service Maritime History Project Inventory of Historic Light Stations Significant Unmanned Aids Archived 2013 09 01 at the Wayback Machine Archive of LNM announcements District 9 week 6 2009 file lnm09062009 pdf Archived 2010 06 01 at the Wayback Machine Coho Magic Charters out of Robert A Pastrick Marina in East Chicago Indiana References edit Indiana Harbor East Breakwater IN lighthousefriends com Retrieved 2008 11 24 Chart 14929 Calumet Indiana and Buffington Harbors and Lake Calumet Map NOAA 2003 Retrieved 2008 11 24 Further reading editAndreas A T 1884 History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time Chicago s Front Door Chicago Public Library Digital Collection website Chicago Scribner s Monthly September 1875 Vol X No 5 Hyde Charles K and Ann and John Mahan 1995 The Northern Lights Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes Detroit Wayne State University Press p 132 ISBN 0 8143 2554 8 ISBN 9780814325544 Havighurst Walter 1943 The Long Ships Passing The Story of the Great Lakes Macmillan Publishers Karamanski T Ed Historic Lighthouses and Navigational Aids of the Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan Loyola University amp Illinois Historic Preservation Agency 1989 Longstreet Stephen 1973 Chicago 1860 1919 New York McKay Lopez Victor This Old Lighthouse Chicago Harbor Beacon Gets a Facelift Coast Guard September 1997 pp 24 25 Mayer Harold M 1957 The Port of Chicago University of Chicago Press Pepper Terry Seeing the Light Lighthouses on the western Great Lakes Archived from the original on January 30 2008 Perry W A 1979 A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works booklet Northwest Regional Collection Calumet Regional Archives Archived 2010 05 28 at the Wayback Machine Indiana University Rice Mary J Chicago Port to the World Follet Publishers 1969 Sapulski Wayne S 2001 Lighthouses of Lake Michigan Past and Present Paperback Fowlerville Wilderness Adventure Books ISBN 0 923568 47 6 ISBN 978 0 923568 47 4 Wagner John L Beacons Shining in the Night The Lighthouses of Michigan Clarke Historical Library Central Michigan University External links editMap U S Beacons Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light Satellite view at Google Maps Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light amp oldid 1147209692, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
