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Hottentotta tamulus

January 01, 1970

Hottentotta tamulus, the Indian red scorpion, also known as the eastern Indian scorpion, is a species of scorpion of the family Buthidae. It occurs in most of India,[2] eastern Pakistan[1] and the eastern lowlands of Nepal,[3] and recently from Sri Lanka.[4]

Hottentotta tamulus
Hottentotta tamulus from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Scorpiones
Family: Buthidae
Genus: Hottentotta
Species:
H. tamulus
Binomial name
Hottentotta tamulus
(Fabricius, 1798) NMPC[notes 1] (male, neotype)[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • H. tamulus concanensis (Pocock, 1900)
  • H. tamulus sindicus (Pocock, 1900)
  • H. tamulus gujaratensis (Pocock, 1900)
  • H. tamulus gangeticus (Pocock, 1900)
  • Scorpio tamulus Fabricius, 1787
  • Buthus nigro lineatus Dufour, 1856
  • Buthus grammurus Thorell, 1889
  • Buthus tamulus concanensis Pocock, 1900
  • Buthus tamulus sindicus Pocock, 1900
  • Buthus tamulus gujaratensis Pocock, 1900
  • Buthus tamulus gangeticus Pocock, 1900

Taxonomy edit

This species was named Scorpio tamulus by J.C. Fabricius in 1798.[5] The species name was apparently derived from the occurrence in the state/province of the Tamil people of southeastern India. It was later often referred to the genera Buthus or Mesobuthus, although it was already correctly placed in Hottentotta by A. A. Birula in 1914,[6] a referral that was confirmed again by F. Kovařík in 2007.[1] Nevertheless, the binomen Mesobuthus tamulus is traditionally widespread in the popular and scientific literature. R.I. Pocock (1900)[7] distinguished five subspecies according to coloration and distribution, but these are color-morphs (individuals with varying color) rather than subspecies.[1]

Description edit

 
Hottentotta tamulus from Satara, Maharashtra, India

Total body length is about 50 to 90 mm. Males with flexed proximal margins of pedipalp fingers. Manus of pedipalps is also wider than female. There are 30 to 39 pectinal teeth in males, and 27 to 34 in females. Chelicerae are yellow and reticulated. Pedipalps are densely hirsute, whereas legs and metasoma are sparsely hirsute. Patella of pedipalps covered with short setae. Mesosoma is darker than rest of the body. Ventral carinae on metasomal segments are black. Chela without carinae. Dorsum densely and very finely granulated. Dorsum bears two short, inconspicuous marginal carinae. Telson is granulated.[8]

The walking legs and the tip of the pedipalp pincers are bright orange-yellow to light reddish-brown in color. The mesosomal tergites always bear three distinct carinae. Their habitus is typical of buthid scorpions, with rather small pedipalp pincers, moderately thickened metasomal segments and a rather bulbous telson with large stinger. The base of the pedipalp pincers (manus) is slightly more inflated in males than in females.[1]

Toxicity edit

This species is of great medical significance in densely populated areas of India and Nepal and occasionally causes human fatalities.[3][9][10] Fatality rates of 8–40% have been reported in clinical studies; most victims are children.[9][11]

Symptoms of envenomation by this species include:[3][9][10][12]

The venom mainly affects the cardiovascular and pulmonary system, eventually leading to a pulmonary oedema, which may cause death.[9][10] Scorpion antivenom has little effect in clinical treatment but application of prazosin reduces the mortality rate to less than 4%.[10][13] As in other scorpions, the venom of H. tamulus consists of a complex mixture of proteins. Some major components have been isolated, including the toxin tamapin. Scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive autonomic activity and cardiovascular toxic effects or neuromuscular toxic effects. Antivenin is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects and benzodiazepines when there is neuromuscular involvement. Although rare, severe hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin (SAV) are possible.[14]

Habitat and ecology edit

Despite its medical importance, little is known about the ecology and habitat preferences of this species.[10] It is widespread across vegetated lowlands with subtropical to tropical, humid climate and often lives close to or in human settlements, especially in rural areas. A study[15] from Saswad-Jejuri, Pune (western India) has found H. tamulus in a wide range of microhabitats, including scrubland and veld with stones, red and black soil in cropland, loamy, grassy and stony hillslopes and -tops, black soil in mango orchards, Eucalyptus plantations, and under tree bark. With an abundance of 48.43% it was by far the most abundant of the six scorpion species recorded in this study. It occurs rather seldom under tree bark, a habitat dominated by its sister species Hottentotta pachyurus (8.9% versus 91.1% abundance). As all other scorpions, H. tamulus is nocturnal, preying upon small invertebrates and even small vertebrates like lizards.[16] Encounters with humans mainly occur during the night or early morning, when the scorpions accidentally crawl into beds or fall from ceilings.[10]

In Sri Lanka edit

Originally, H. tamulus was not found in Sri Lanka. But from 2010 to 2013, experiments and other medical reports suggest that the species is also present in Sri Lanka.[4] Few deaths were recorded from Jaffna peninsula in recent times. After observing medical reports and patients, a research team found three dead scorpion specimens and five live specimens as well. After series of observations from research team and other international scientists, it was revealed that the scorpion specimens belong to the species H. tamulus.

Deaths from H. tamulus were recorded in 2006, 2007 and 2009 as one patient per year. No cases were recorded in 2010. In 2011, 12 children in Jaffna died due to H. tamulus stings. In 2012, 80 patients were recorded. Out of them, 52% were female, 48% were male. 30% from them were children between the age 3 and 12.[4]

In 2013, many H. tamulus stings were recorded, as many as four each week, again mostly in women and children. Usually, the drug Prazosin is recommended for H. tamulus stings. The drug can reduce the increasing blood pressure.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ No specimen number specified.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Kovařík, F. (2007). "A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species" (PDF). Euscorpius. 58: 1–105. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  2. ^ Bastawade, D.B.; S.S. Jadhav & R.M. Sharma (2012). (PDF). Zoological Survey of India. pp. 1–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Bhadani, U.K.; M. Tripathi; S. Sharma & R. Pandey (2006). "Scorpion sting envenomation presenting with pulmonary edema in adults: a report of seven cases from Nepal". Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 60 (1): 19–23. doi:10.4103/0019-5359.19672. PMID 16444084.
  4. ^ a b c Kularatne, Senanayake A.M.; Dinamithra, Nandana P.; Sivansuthan, Sivapalan; Weerakoon, Kosala G.A.D.; Thillaimpalam, Bhanu; Kalyanasundram, Vithiya; Ranawana, Kithsiri B. (January 2015). "Clinico-epidemiology of stings and envenoming of Hottentotta tamulus (Scorpiones: Buthidae), the Indian red scorpion from Jaffna Peninsula in northern Sri Lanka". Toxicon. 93: 85–89. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.225. PMID 25450799.
  5. ^ Fabricius, F. C. (1798). Entomologiae Systematicae, Supplementum (in Latin). Vol. 5. Hafniae: Proft & Storck. p. 572. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  6. ^ Birula, A. A. (1914). "Ergebnisse einer von Prof. Franz Werner im Sommer 1910 mit Unterstützung aus dem Legate Wedl ausgeführten zoologischen Forschungsreise nach Algerien. VI. Skorpione und Solifugen" [Results of a zoological expedition to Algeria carried out by Prof. Franz Werner in the summer of 1910 with support from Legate Wedl. VI. Scorpions and solifuge]. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlich-königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien (in German). 123 (1): 633–668.
  7. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1900). Arachnida. The Fauna of India, including Ceylon and Burma. London: W.T. Blandford. pp. xii+279.
  8. ^ Charles University; Kovařík, František; Lowe, Graeme; Monell Chemical Senses Center; Ranawana, Kithsiri B.; University of Peradeniya; Hoferek, David; Jayarathne, V. A. Sanjeewa; University of Peradeniya (2016). "Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat. n". Euscorpius. 2016 (220): 1–133. doi:10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d Bawaskar, H.S.; P.H. Bawaskar (1998). "Indian red scorpion envenoming". Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 65 (3): 383–391. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00005-7. PMID 10771989.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Bawaskar, H.S.; P.H. Bawaskar (2008). "Scorpion sting: A study of clinical manifestations and treatment regimes" (PDF). Current Science. 95 (9): 1337–1341.
  11. ^ Bawaskar, H.S. (1977). "Scorpion sting and cardiovascular complications". Indian Heart Journal. 29 (4): 228. PMID 562842.
  12. ^ Kanoo, S.; M. B. Mandal; A. B. Alex & S. B. Deshpande (2009). "Cardiac dysrhythmia produced by Mesobuthus tamulus venom involves NO-dependent G-Cyclase signaling pathway". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 379 (5): 525–532. doi:10.1007/s00210-008-0375-7. PMID 19037630. S2CID 23872549.
  13. ^ Bawaskar, H.S.; P.H. Bawaskar (2007). (PDF). Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 55: 14–21. PMID 17444339. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  14. ^ Bhoite RR, Bhoite GR, Bagdure DN, Bawaskar HS (2015). "Anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin and its management following envenomation by Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus". Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 19 (9): 547–549. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.164807. PMC 4578200. PMID 26430342.
  15. ^ Pande, S.; D. Bastawade; A. Padhye & A. Pawashe (2012). "Diversity of scorpion fauna of Saswad-Jejuri, Pune district, Maharashtra, western India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 4 (2): 2381–2389. doi:10.11609/jott.o2910.2381-9.
  16. ^ Ythier, E. (2007). "Pictures of the previous months". The Scorpion Fauna. Retrieved 14 April 2010.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hottentotta tamulus.

January 01, 1970
hottentotta, tamulus, indian, scorpion, also, known, eastern, indian, scorpion, species, scorpion, family, buthidae, occurs, most, india, eastern, pakistan, eastern, lowlands, nepal, recently, from, lanka, from, mangaon, maharashtra, india, scientific, classif. Hottentotta tamulus the Indian red scorpion also known as the eastern Indian scorpion is a species of scorpion of the family Buthidae It occurs in most of India 2 eastern Pakistan 1 and the eastern lowlands of Nepal 3 and recently from Sri Lanka 4 Hottentotta tamulus Hottentotta tamulus from Mangaon Maharashtra India Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Order Scorpiones Family Buthidae Genus Hottentotta Species H tamulus Binomial name Hottentotta tamulus Fabricius 1798 NMPC notes 1 male neotype 1 Synonyms 1 H tamulus concanensis Pocock 1900 H tamulus sindicus Pocock 1900 H tamulus gujaratensis Pocock 1900 H tamulus gangeticus Pocock 1900 Scorpio tamulus Fabricius 1787 Buthus nigro lineatus Dufour 1856 Buthus grammurus Thorell 1889 Buthus tamulus concanensis Pocock 1900 Buthus tamulus sindicus Pocock 1900 Buthus tamulus gujaratensis Pocock 1900 Buthus tamulus gangeticus Pocock 1900 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 2 1 Toxicity 3 Habitat and ecology 4 In Sri Lanka 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy editThis species was named Scorpio tamulus by J C Fabricius in 1798 5 The species name was apparently derived from the occurrence in the state province of the Tamil people of southeastern India It was later often referred to the genera Buthus or Mesobuthus although it was already correctly placed in Hottentotta by A A Birula in 1914 6 a referral that was confirmed again by F Kovarik in 2007 1 Nevertheless the binomen Mesobuthus tamulus is traditionally widespread in the popular and scientific literature R I Pocock 1900 7 distinguished five subspecies according to coloration and distribution but these are color morphs individuals with varying color rather than subspecies 1 Description edit nbsp Hottentotta tamulus from Satara Maharashtra India Total body length is about 50 to 90 mm Males with flexed proximal margins of pedipalp fingers Manus of pedipalps is also wider than female There are 30 to 39 pectinal teeth in males and 27 to 34 in females Chelicerae are yellow and reticulated Pedipalps are densely hirsute whereas legs and metasoma are sparsely hirsute Patella of pedipalps covered with short setae Mesosoma is darker than rest of the body Ventral carinae on metasomal segments are black Chela without carinae Dorsum densely and very finely granulated Dorsum bears two short inconspicuous marginal carinae Telson is granulated 8 The walking legs and the tip of the pedipalp pincers are bright orange yellow to light reddish brown in color The mesosomal tergites always bear three distinct carinae Their habitus is typical of buthid scorpions with rather small pedipalp pincers moderately thickened metasomal segments and a rather bulbous telson with large stinger The base of the pedipalp pincers manus is slightly more inflated in males than in females 1 Toxicity edit This species is of great medical significance in densely populated areas of India and Nepal and occasionally causes human fatalities 3 9 10 Fatality rates of 8 40 have been reported in clinical studies most victims are children 9 11 Symptoms of envenomation by this species include 3 9 10 12 Severe local pain Vomiting Sweating Priapism Cyanosis Unconsciousness Muscular convulsions Breathlessness Pink frothy sputum Abnormal heart rhythms A fast or slow heart rate Low or high blood pressure Acute myocarditis Shock Death The venom mainly affects the cardiovascular and pulmonary system eventually leading to a pulmonary oedema which may cause death 9 10 Scorpion antivenom has little effect in clinical treatment but application of prazosin reduces the mortality rate to less than 4 10 13 As in other scorpions the venom of H tamulus consists of a complex mixture of proteins Some major components have been isolated including the toxin tamapin Scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive autonomic activity and cardiovascular toxic effects or neuromuscular toxic effects Antivenin is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects and benzodiazepines when there is neuromuscular involvement Although rare severe hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin SAV are possible 14 Habitat and ecology editDespite its medical importance little is known about the ecology and habitat preferences of this species 10 It is widespread across vegetated lowlands with subtropical to tropical humid climate and often lives close to or in human settlements especially in rural areas A study 15 from Saswad Jejuri Pune western India has found H tamulus in a wide range of microhabitats including scrubland and veld with stones red and black soil in cropland loamy grassy and stony hillslopes and tops black soil in mango orchards Eucalyptus plantations and under tree bark With an abundance of 48 43 it was by far the most abundant of the six scorpion species recorded in this study It occurs rather seldom under tree bark a habitat dominated by its sister species Hottentotta pachyurus 8 9 versus 91 1 abundance As all other scorpions H tamulus is nocturnal preying upon small invertebrates and even small vertebrates like lizards 16 Encounters with humans mainly occur during the night or early morning when the scorpions accidentally crawl into beds or fall from ceilings 10 In Sri Lanka editOriginally H tamulus was not found in Sri Lanka But from 2010 to 2013 experiments and other medical reports suggest that the species is also present in Sri Lanka 4 Few deaths were recorded from Jaffna peninsula in recent times After observing medical reports and patients a research team found three dead scorpion specimens and five live specimens as well After series of observations from research team and other international scientists it was revealed that the scorpion specimens belong to the species H tamulus Deaths from H tamulus were recorded in 2006 2007 and 2009 as one patient per year No cases were recorded in 2010 In 2011 12 children in Jaffna died due to H tamulus stings In 2012 80 patients were recorded Out of them 52 were female 48 were male 30 from them were children between the age 3 and 12 4 In 2013 many H tamulus stings were recorded as many as four each week again mostly in women and children Usually the drug Prazosin is recommended for H tamulus stings The drug can reduce the increasing blood pressure See also editTamapin Tamulotoxin IberiotoxinNotes edit No specimen number specified References edit a b c d e f Kovarik F 2007 A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula 1908 with descriptions of four new species PDF Euscorpius 58 1 105 Retrieved 14 April 2010 Bastawade D B S S Jadhav amp R M Sharma 2012 Scorpionida PDF Zoological Survey of India pp 1 16 Archived from the original PDF on 17 September 2013 Retrieved 10 June 2019 a b c Bhadani U K M Tripathi S Sharma amp R Pandey 2006 Scorpion sting envenomation presenting with pulmonary edema in adults a report of seven cases from Nepal Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 60 1 19 23 doi 10 4103 0019 5359 19672 PMID 16444084 a b c Kularatne Senanayake A M Dinamithra Nandana P Sivansuthan Sivapalan Weerakoon Kosala G A D Thillaimpalam Bhanu Kalyanasundram Vithiya Ranawana Kithsiri B January 2015 Clinico epidemiology of stings and envenoming of Hottentotta tamulus Scorpiones Buthidae the Indian red scorpion from Jaffna Peninsula in northern Sri Lanka Toxicon 93 85 89 doi 10 1016 j toxicon 2014 11 225 PMID 25450799 Fabricius F C 1798 Entomologiae Systematicae Supplementum in Latin Vol 5 Hafniae Proft amp Storck p 572 Retrieved 14 April 2010 Birula A A 1914 Ergebnisse einer von Prof Franz Werner im Sommer 1910 mit Unterstutzung aus dem Legate Wedl ausgefuhrten zoologischen Forschungsreise nach Algerien VI Skorpione und Solifugen Results of a zoological expedition to Algeria carried out by Prof Franz Werner in the summer of 1910 with support from Legate Wedl VI Scorpions and solifuge Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlich koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien in German 123 1 633 668 Pocock R I 1900 Arachnida The Fauna of India including Ceylon and Burma London W T Blandford pp xii 279 Charles University Kovarik Frantisek Lowe Graeme Monell Chemical Senses Center Ranawana Kithsiri B University of Peradeniya Hoferek David Jayarathne V A Sanjeewa University of Peradeniya 2016 Scorpions of Sri Lanka Scorpiones Buthidae Chaerilidae Scorpionidae with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon 1972 stat n Euscorpius 2016 220 1 133 doi 10 18590 euscorpius 2016 vol2016 iss220 1 Retrieved 29 August 2021 a b c d Bawaskar H S P H Bawaskar 1998 Indian red scorpion envenoming Indian Journal of Pediatrics 65 3 383 391 doi 10 1016 0041 0101 95 00005 7 PMID 10771989 a b c d e f Bawaskar H S P H Bawaskar 2008 Scorpion sting A study of clinical manifestations and treatment regimes PDF Current Science 95 9 1337 1341 Bawaskar H S 1977 Scorpion sting and cardiovascular complications Indian Heart Journal 29 4 228 PMID 562842 Kanoo S M B Mandal A B Alex amp S B Deshpande 2009 Cardiac dysrhythmia produced by Mesobuthus tamulus venom involves NO dependent G Cyclase signaling pathway Naunyn Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology 379 5 525 532 doi 10 1007 s00210 008 0375 7 PMID 19037630 S2CID 23872549 Bawaskar H S P H Bawaskar 2007 Utility of scorpion anti venin vs prazosin in the management of severe Mesobuthus tamulus Indian red scorpion envenoming at rural settings PDF Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 55 14 21 PMID 17444339 Archived from the original PDF on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 14 April 2010 Bhoite RR Bhoite GR Bagdure DN Bawaskar HS 2015 Anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin and its management following envenomation by Indian red scorpion Mesobuthus tamulus Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 19 9 547 549 doi 10 4103 0972 5229 164807 PMC 4578200 PMID 26430342 Pande S D Bastawade A Padhye amp A Pawashe 2012 Diversity of scorpion fauna of Saswad Jejuri Pune district Maharashtra western India Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 2 2381 2389 doi 10 11609 jott o2910 2381 9 Ythier E 2007 Pictures of the previous months The Scorpion Fauna Retrieved 14 April 2010 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hottentotta tamulus Images of various Hottentotta species including H tamulus Hottentotta com Video World s Deadliest Scorpion Nationalgeographic com http scorpion files blogspot com 2013 03 first report of medical important html https web archive org web 20130529041204 http www newsfirst lk english node 22258 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hottentotta tamulus amp oldid 1186636173, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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