The Indian spot-billed duck (Anas poecilorhyncha) is a species of large dabbling duck that is a non-migratory breeding duck throughout freshwater wetlands in the Indian subcontinent. The name is derived from the red spot at the base of the bill that is found in the mainland Indian population. When in water it can be recognized from a long distance by the white tertials that form a stripe on the side, and in flight it is distinguished by the green speculum with a broad white band at the base. This species and the eastern spot-billed duck (A. zonorhyncha) were formerly considered conspecific, together called the spot-billed duck (A. poecilorhyncha).
Indian Spot-billed Duck in flight.White tertials are distinctive at a distance
The Indian spot-billed duck was described by the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781 under its current binomial nameAnas poecilorhyncha.[2][3] The name of the genus Anas is the Latin word for a duck. The specific epithet poecilorhyncha combines the classical Greek words poikilos meaning "pied" or "spotted" and rhunkhos meaning a "bill".[4]
A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2009 that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family Anatidae found that the Indian spot-billed duck was a sister species to a clade containing the Mexican duck, the American black duck, the mottled duck and the mallard.[5] A 2014 study, however, shows that there is discordance between the phylogenies obtained using nuclear DNA sequences; the Indian spot-bill appears to be closer to the Laysan and Hawaiian ducks and forming a sister clade to the New World and Old World mallards and the Mexican, American black and mottled ducks. There is significant hybridization between Old World mallards and eastern spot-billed ducks, leading to a closeness in their mitochondrial DNA that alters the apparent phylogenies.[6]
Two subspecies are recognised although intergradation is possible (intermediates between haringtoni and eastern spot-billed duck have been recorded[7]):[8]
A. p. poecilorhyncha Forster, 1781 – India and Sri Lanka
A. p. haringtoni (Oates, 1907) – Myanmar to southern China and Laos (named after Herbert Hastings Harington (1868–1916)[9])
The eastern spot-billed duck was formerly considered as a third subspecies. Fieldwork carried out at Hong Kong in southern China and published in 2006 found that although both the eastern spot-billed duck and the Indian spot-billed duck (subspecies A. p. haringtoni) bred in the region at the same time, mixed pairs were only very rarely observed.[10] Based on this observation most taxonomists now treat the eastern spot-billed duck as a separate species.[8][11][12]
DescriptionEdit
Characteristic green speculum with white base and white tertials
This duck is around the same size as a mallard and has a scaly patterned body with a green speculum bordered by white. At rest the white stripe stands out and the long neck and the bill with yellow tip and orange red spots at the base are distinctive in the nominate subspecies. The red spots at the base of the bills are absent in haringtoni. It measures 55–63 cm (22–25 in) in length and 83–95 cm (33–37 in) across the wings, with a body mass of 790–1,500 g (1.74–3.31 lb).[13][14] These are mainly grey ducks with a paler head and neck and a black bill tipped bright yellow. The wings are whitish with black flight feathers below, and from above show a white-bordered green The male has a red spot on the base of the bill, which is absent or inconspicuous in the smaller but otherwise similar female. The male does not have an eclipse plumage. The legs and feet are bright orange to coral red. Juveniles are browner and duller than adults.[15]
The eastern spot-billed duck is darker and browner; its body plumage is more similar to the Pacific black duck. It lacks the red bill spot, and has a blue speculum.[15][16]
Both males and females undergo a complete post-breeding moult, dropping all their wing feathers simultaneously.[15]
This duck is a resident throughout Pakistan and India in freshwater wetlands. They tend to avoid very large patches of open water and prefer medium-sized wetlands with vegetation cover. Some individuals may however migrate as a bird ringed at Bharatpur in Rajasthan on 5 December 1969 was recovered near Novosibirsk in August 1970.[15][17] It is quite gregarious outside the breeding season and forms small flocks. The northernmost populations have expanded their range northwards by more than 500 km since the early 20th century, possibly in reaction to global warming.[18]
BiologyEdit
In flight
It is a bird of freshwater lakes and marshes in fairly open country and feeds by dabbling for plant food mainly in the evening or at night. The breeding season varies with rainfall and water condition but is July to September in northern India and November to December in southern India. Multiple broods may be raised.[19] It nests on the ground hidden within in vegetation near water, and lays 8-14 eggs. Nests have sometimes been seen on tree branches covered by creepers.[20] Incubation begins after the last egg is laid (allowing the chicks to hatch simultaneously) and the young hatch after about 24 days. The chicks are black with a yellow back and resemble those of mallards but with a wider eyestripe.[15]
With ducklings
Both the male and female have calls similar to that of the mallard. Mallards and eastern spot-billed ducks have been known to hybridize in the wild in eastern Russia and their genetic closeness has been examined in many studies.[21][22] Indian spot-billed ducks feed on plants, including crops such as rice, as well as invertebrates including snails. Through snails such as Lymnaea luteola, they also get infected by cercarian trematodes such as Echinoparyphium bagulai. Adult trematodes emerge from the duck after about 21 days.[23] Other trematodes recorded in the species include Psilochasmus oxyurus[24] while helminths include Opisthorchis obsequens, Notocotylus babai, N. linearis, Echinoparyphium clerci, Amidostomum skrjabini, and Hymenolepis wardlei.[25][26]
Pair up-ending to feed
They are seen isolated from other species and usually in pairs or small groups and when disturbed they can take off easily and nearly vertically from the water. They were hunted extensively in British India, noted for their excellent taste. When shot at, especially when in moult, they are known to dive and remain underwater to evade capture. A local name for it was "gheret-pai"[27] or "garam-pai".[28] In southern India, a method of hunting involved using floating bundles of rushes on which the hunters lay in wait.[29] Natural predators of the ducks include birds of prey and terrestrial predators including pythons and otters.[30][31]
^BirdLife International (2016). "Anas poecilorhyncha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22736541A95137190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22736541A95137190.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^Forster, Johann Reinhold (1781). Indische Zoologie oder systematische Beschreibungen seltener und unbekannter Thiere aus Indien (in Latin and German). Halle, Germany: Johann Jacob Gebauer. p. 23.
^Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 471.
^Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 46, 311. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Gonzalez, J.; Düttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae". Journal of Zoology. 279 (3): 310–318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x.
^Lavretsky, Philip; McCracken, Kevin G.; Peters, Jeffrey L. (2014). "Phylogenetics of a recent radiation in the mallards and allies (Aves: Anas): Inferences from a genomic transect and the multispecies coalescent" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 70: 402–411. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.008. PMID 23994490.
^Parson, R.E. (1937). "Intergradation of the races of the Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha (Forster)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 39 (3): 638–639.
^ abGill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^Oates, Eugene W (1907). "On a new species of Grey Duck (Polionetta haringtoni) from Burma". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (3): 558–559.
^Leader, P.J. (2006). "Sympatric breeding of two Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha taxa in southern China". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 126 (4): 248–252.
^del Hoyo, P.F.; Collar, N.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Chinese Spot-billed Duck (Anas zonorhyncha)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.spbduc.01. S2CID 242623661. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
^Lepage, Denis. "Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha Swinhoe, 1866". Avibase. Bird Studies Canada. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^Dunning Jr., John B. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN978-0-8493-4258-5.
^Madge, Steve (2010). Wildfowl. A&C Black. pp. 219–220.
^ abcdeAli, Salim & S. Dillon Ripley (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 157–160.
^Baker, E. C. S. (1914). "A note on the sub-species of the Spot-bill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 22 (4): 805–807.
^Somane, Shailaja S (1971). "Recovery of a Spotbill Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha) in U.S.S.R." J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68 (1): 244–246.
^Kulikova, Irina V.; Yury N. Zhuravlev; Kevin G. McCracken (2004). "Asymmetric hybridization and sex-biased gene flow between eastern Spot-billed Ducks (Anas zonorhyncha) and Mallards (A. platyrhynchos) in the Russian far east". The Auk. 121 (3): 930. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0930:AHASGF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 17470882.
^Trench,C.G.C. (1927). "The breeding of the Spotbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1): 221.
^Dharmakumarsinhji, R.S. (1977). "Spotbill Duck (Anas p. poecilorhyncha) Forster nesting in a tree". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 74 (2): 354–355.
^Kulikova, I. V.; Chelomina, G. N.; Zhuravlev, Yu N. (2003-10-01). "Low Genetic Differentiation of and Close Evolutionary Relationships between Anas platyrhynchos and Anas poecilorhyncha: RAPD–PCR Evidence". Russian Journal of Genetics. 39 (10): 1143–1151. doi:10.1023/a:1026174910872. ISSN 1022-7954. S2CID 23832801.
^Jain, G. P. (1961). "On a new trematode Echinoparyphium bagulai sp.nov., (Echinostomatidae) from Anas poecilorhyncha". Parasitology. 51 (1–2): 123–126. doi:10.1017/s0031182000068542. ISSN 1469-8161. PMID 13789208. S2CID 6430830.
^Singh, Kunwar Suresh (1954). "Some Trematodes Collected in India". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 73 (2): 202–210. doi:10.2307/3223758. JSTOR 3223758.
^Dubey, J.P.; Pande, B.P. (1964). "A note on some helminths of the wild duck (Anas poecilorhyncha)". Indian Journal of Helminthology. 16 (1): 27–32.
^Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian Birds (4 ed.). Gurney and Jackson. pp. 527–528.
^Beveridge, A.S. (1922). The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur). Volume II. London, Luzac. p. 500.
^Ali, Salim (1927). "The Moghul Emperors of India as Naturalists and Sportsmen. Part II". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (1): 34–63.
^Baker, E.C. Stuart (1908). Indian Ducks and their Allies. Bombay Natural History Society. pp. 133–139.
^Sridharan, U.; Manohar, B.R. (1985). "A note on the Asiatic Rock Python Python molurus feeding on the Spotbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81: 710–711.
^Phillips, John C. (1923). A natural history of the ducks. Volume II. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 90–96.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anas poecilorhyncha.
Wikispecies has information related to Anas poecilorhyncha.
Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the Indian spot-billed duck
August 31, 2023
indian, spot, billed, duck, anas, poecilorhyncha, species, large, dabbling, duck, that, migratory, breeding, duck, throughout, freshwater, wetlands, indian, subcontinent, name, derived, from, spot, base, bill, that, found, mainland, indian, population, when, w. The Indian spot billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha is a species of large dabbling duck that is a non migratory breeding duck throughout freshwater wetlands in the Indian subcontinent The name is derived from the red spot at the base of the bill that is found in the mainland Indian population When in water it can be recognized from a long distance by the white tertials that form a stripe on the side and in flight it is distinguished by the green speculum with a broad white band at the base This species and the eastern spot billed duck A zonorhyncha were formerly considered conspecific together called the spot billed duck A poecilorhyncha Indian spot billed duckIndian spot billed duck A poecilorhyncha source source CallsConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder AnseriformesFamily AnatidaeGenus AnasSpecies A poecilorhynchaBinomial nameAnas poecilorhynchaForster 1781SubspeciesA p poecilorhyncha Forster 1781Indian Spot billed Duck A p haringtoni Oates 1907 Burmese Spot billed DuckApproximate breeding rangesSynonymsAnas poikilorhynchus Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution 4 Biology 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy Edit Indian Spot billed Duck in flight White tertials are distinctive at a distanceThe Indian spot billed duck was described by the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781 under its current binomial name Anas poecilorhyncha 2 3 The name of the genus Anas is the Latin word for a duck The specific epithet poecilorhyncha combines the classical Greek words poikilos meaning pied or spotted and rhunkhos meaning a bill 4 A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2009 that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks geese and swans in the family Anatidae found that the Indian spot billed duck was a sister species to a clade containing the Mexican duck the American black duck the mottled duck and the mallard 5 A 2014 study however shows that there is discordance between the phylogenies obtained using nuclear DNA sequences the Indian spot bill appears to be closer to the Laysan and Hawaiian ducks and forming a sister clade to the New World and Old World mallards and the Mexican American black and mottled ducks There is significant hybridization between Old World mallards and eastern spot billed ducks leading to a closeness in their mitochondrial DNA that alters the apparent phylogenies 6 Two subspecies are recognised although intergradation is possible intermediates between haringtoni and eastern spot billed duck have been recorded 7 8 A p poecilorhyncha Forster 1781 India and Sri Lanka A p haringtoni Oates 1907 Myanmar to southern China and Laos named after Herbert Hastings Harington 1868 1916 9 The eastern spot billed duck was formerly considered as a third subspecies Fieldwork carried out at Hong Kong in southern China and published in 2006 found that although both the eastern spot billed duck and the Indian spot billed duck subspecies A p haringtoni bred in the region at the same time mixed pairs were only very rarely observed 10 Based on this observation most taxonomists now treat the eastern spot billed duck as a separate species 8 11 12 Description Edit Characteristic green speculum with white base and white tertialsThis duck is around the same size as a mallard and has a scaly patterned body with a green speculum bordered by white At rest the white stripe stands out and the long neck and the bill with yellow tip and orange red spots at the base are distinctive in the nominate subspecies The red spots at the base of the bills are absent in haringtoni It measures 55 63 cm 22 25 in in length and 83 95 cm 33 37 in across the wings with a body mass of 790 1 500 g 1 74 3 31 lb 13 14 These are mainly grey ducks with a paler head and neck and a black bill tipped bright yellow The wings are whitish with black flight feathers below and from above show a white bordered green The male has a red spot on the base of the bill which is absent or inconspicuous in the smaller but otherwise similar female The male does not have an eclipse plumage The legs and feet are bright orange to coral red Juveniles are browner and duller than adults 15 The eastern spot billed duck is darker and browner its body plumage is more similar to the Pacific black duck It lacks the red bill spot and has a blue speculum 15 16 Both males and females undergo a complete post breeding moult dropping all their wing feathers simultaneously 15 Distribution Edit Indian Spotbilled duck in Kaziranga National ParkThis duck is a resident throughout Pakistan and India in freshwater wetlands They tend to avoid very large patches of open water and prefer medium sized wetlands with vegetation cover Some individuals may however migrate as a bird ringed at Bharatpur in Rajasthan on 5 December 1969 was recovered near Novosibirsk in August 1970 15 17 It is quite gregarious outside the breeding season and forms small flocks The northernmost populations have expanded their range northwards by more than 500 km since the early 20th century possibly in reaction to global warming 18 Biology Edit In flightIt is a bird of freshwater lakes and marshes in fairly open country and feeds by dabbling for plant food mainly in the evening or at night The breeding season varies with rainfall and water condition but is July to September in northern India and November to December in southern India Multiple broods may be raised 19 It nests on the ground hidden within in vegetation near water and lays 8 14 eggs Nests have sometimes been seen on tree branches covered by creepers 20 Incubation begins after the last egg is laid allowing the chicks to hatch simultaneously and the young hatch after about 24 days The chicks are black with a yellow back and resemble those of mallards but with a wider eyestripe 15 With ducklingsBoth the male and female have calls similar to that of the mallard Mallards and eastern spot billed ducks have been known to hybridize in the wild in eastern Russia and their genetic closeness has been examined in many studies 21 22 Indian spot billed ducks feed on plants including crops such as rice as well as invertebrates including snails Through snails such as Lymnaea luteola they also get infected by cercarian trematodes such as Echinoparyphium bagulai Adult trematodes emerge from the duck after about 21 days 23 Other trematodes recorded in the species include Psilochasmus oxyurus 24 while helminths include Opisthorchis obsequens Notocotylus babai N linearis Echinoparyphium clerci Amidostomum skrjabini and Hymenolepis wardlei 25 26 Pair up ending to feedThey are seen isolated from other species and usually in pairs or small groups and when disturbed they can take off easily and nearly vertically from the water They were hunted extensively in British India noted for their excellent taste When shot at especially when in moult they are known to dive and remain underwater to evade capture A local name for it was gheret pai 27 or garam pai 28 In southern India a method of hunting involved using floating bundles of rushes on which the hunters lay in wait 29 Natural predators of the ducks include birds of prey and terrestrial predators including pythons and otters 30 31 Gallery Edit Duck showing spot on bill At Jamnagar India At Jamnagar IndiaReferences Edit BirdLife International 2016 Anas poecilorhyncha IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22736541A95137190 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22736541A95137190 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Forster Johann Reinhold 1781 Indische Zoologie oder systematische Beschreibungen seltener und unbekannter Thiere aus Indien in Latin and German Halle Germany Johann Jacob Gebauer p 23 Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1979 Check list of Birds of the World Vol 1 2nd ed Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 471 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 46 311 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Gonzalez J Duttmann H Wink M 2009 Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae Journal of Zoology 279 3 310 318 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 2009 00622 x Lavretsky Philip McCracken Kevin G Peters Jeffrey L 2014 Phylogenetics of a recent radiation in the mallards and allies Aves Anas Inferences from a genomic transect and the multispecies coalescent PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70 402 411 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2013 08 008 PMID 23994490 Parson R E 1937 Intergradation of the races of the Spot billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha Forster J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 39 3 638 639 a b Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2017 Screamers ducks geese amp swans World Bird List Version 7 3 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 23 July 2017 Oates Eugene W 1907 On a new species of Grey Duck Polionetta haringtoni from Burma J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 17 3 558 559 Leader P J 2006 Sympatric breeding of two Spot billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha taxa in southern China Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club 126 4 248 252 del Hoyo P F Collar N Kirwan G M 2017 del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J Christie D A de Juana E eds Chinese Spot billed Duck Anas zonorhyncha Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive Lynx Edicions doi 10 2173 bow spbduc 01 S2CID 242623661 Retrieved 25 July 2017 Lepage Denis Eastern Spot billed Duck Anas zonorhyncha Swinhoe 1866 Avibase Bird Studies Canada Retrieved 26 July 2017 Dunning Jr John B 1992 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses CRC Press ISBN 978 0 8493 4258 5 Madge Steve 2010 Wildfowl A amp C Black pp 219 220 a b c d e Ali Salim amp S Dillon Ripley 1978 Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan Volume 1 2nd ed New Delhi Oxford University Press pp 157 160 Baker E C S 1914 A note on the sub species of the Spot bill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 22 4 805 807 Somane Shailaja S 1971 Recovery of a Spotbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha in U S S R J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 68 1 244 246 Kulikova Irina V Yury N Zhuravlev Kevin G McCracken 2004 Asymmetric hybridization and sex biased gene flow between eastern Spot billed Ducks Anas zonorhyncha and Mallards A platyrhynchos in the Russian far east The Auk 121 3 930 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2004 121 0930 AHASGF 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0004 8038 S2CID 17470882 Trench C G C 1927 The breeding of the Spotbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 32 1 221 Dharmakumarsinhji R S 1977 Spotbill Duck Anas p poecilorhyncha Forster nesting in a tree J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 74 2 354 355 Kulikova I V Chelomina G N Zhuravlev Yu N 2003 10 01 Low Genetic Differentiation of and Close Evolutionary Relationships between Anas platyrhynchos and Anas poecilorhyncha RAPD PCR Evidence Russian Journal of Genetics 39 10 1143 1151 doi 10 1023 a 1026174910872 ISSN 1022 7954 S2CID 23832801 Zhou Wenliang Zhang Chenling Pan Tao Yan Liangheng Hu Chaochao Xue Chun Chang Qing Zhang Baowei 2015 03 04 The complete mitochondrial genome of Anas poecilorhyncha Anatidae Anas Mitochondrial DNA 26 2 265 266 doi 10 3109 19401736 2013 823191 ISSN 1940 1736 PMID 24021013 S2CID 37147471 Jain G P 1961 On a new trematode Echinoparyphium bagulai sp nov Echinostomatidae from Anas poecilorhyncha Parasitology 51 1 2 123 126 doi 10 1017 s0031182000068542 ISSN 1469 8161 PMID 13789208 S2CID 6430830 Singh Kunwar Suresh 1954 Some Trematodes Collected in India Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 73 2 202 210 doi 10 2307 3223758 JSTOR 3223758 Dubey J P Pande B P 1964 A note on some helminths of the wild duck Anas poecilorhyncha Indian Journal of Helminthology 16 1 27 32 Whistler Hugh 1949 Popular handbook of Indian Birds 4 ed Gurney and Jackson pp 527 528 Beveridge A S 1922 The Babur nama in English Memoirs of Babur Volume II London Luzac p 500 Ali Salim 1927 The Moghul Emperors of India as Naturalists and Sportsmen Part II J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 32 1 34 63 Baker E C Stuart 1908 Indian Ducks and their Allies Bombay Natural History Society pp 133 139 Sridharan U Manohar B R 1985 A note on the Asiatic Rock Python Python molurus feeding on the Spotbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 81 710 711 Phillips John C 1923 A natural history of the ducks Volume II Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin pp 90 96 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anas poecilorhyncha Wikispecies has information related to Anas poecilorhyncha Xeno canto audio recordings of the Indian spot billed duck Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indian spot billed duck amp oldid 1170363646, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
