Independence Lake (California)
Independence Lake is a natural glacial lake in the Sierra Nevada of California.[6][7] At an elevation of 6,949 feet (2,118 m)[1] in the upper reaches of the Truckee River basin, it has been less affected by development than most lakes in the area. The Nature Conservancy owns a 2,325 acres (9.41 km2) parcel of land around it, which it manages privately as the Independence Lake Preserve for the purposes of conservation and low-impact recreation.[8]
| Independence Lake | |
|---|---|
The upper end of Independence Lake, as seen from the south slope of Mount Lola | |
Independence Lake | |
| Coordinates | 39°26′33″N 120°18′36″W / 39.44250°N 120.31000°W[1] |
| Part of | Little Truckee River watershed, Truckee River, Great Basin |
| Max. length | 2.4 miles (3.9 km)[2] |
| Max. width | 0.5 miles (0.8 km)[3] |
| Surface area | 700 acres (280 ha)[4] |
| Max. depth | 145 feet (44 m)[5]: 3 |
| Shore length1 | 5.8 miles (9.3 km)[5]: 3 |
| Surface elevation | 6,949 feet (2,118 m)[1] |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Geography edit
Independence Lake is in a narrow glacial valley immediately to the east of the Sierra crest. Mount Lola, the area's highest peak, rises from the valley's northern ridge about a mile west of the lake's west end. Carpenter Ridge rises steeply from the lake's south shore and continues farther to the southwest, where it reaches its highest point. Upper Independence Creek flows into the lake on its west side through a lush subalpine meadow. The lake's outlet on its east end forms Independence Creek, a tributary of the Little Truckee River and thence the Truckee River. The lake is 2.4 miles (3.9 km)[2] long and half a mile (0.8 km) wide.[3]
The nearest major town is Truckee, 20 miles (32 km) to the south by road. The much smaller town of Sierraville is 14 mi (23 km) to the north by road.[citation needed]
Geology edit
Independence Lake lies in a deep glacial valley that was carved by a former glacier on Mount Lola's eastern slope.[5]: 3
Ecology edit
Independence Lake is home to one of only two remaining wild, self-sustaining populations of the Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi), listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act.[9] It has been extirpated from almost the entirety of its historic range.[8] Other fish species include the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni).[10]
Independence Lake is unique among the lakes of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in that it still retains all its native fish species.[2] Its dam keeps out invasive species that might otherwise enter from downstream, protecting its native populations.[5]: 9
A "relatively pristine"[5]: 7 ecosystem surrounds the lake, comprising a number of vegetation types characteristic of the Sierra Nevada upper montane forest. The surrounding forests are dominated by conifers such as the white fir and Jeffrey pine, joined by red fir in the higher elevations. Scattered stands of aspen dot the forest, but are threatened by encroachment from conifers, whose thick foliage impedes on the wide sun exposure the aspens need to thrive. It is thought that the past century of fire suppression has altered these forests' equilibriums, allowing the white fir to proliferate at the expense of the aspen and Jeffrey pine.[5]: 7–8
History edit
Independence Lake sits within the traditional territory of the Washoe people, who believed it to be bottomless.[11] They have used it for approximately 9,000 years.[citation needed]
In the mid-19th century the lake became of interest to Europeans for the first time. Sources disagree on who named it, and when, but agree it was named on Independence Day. It is most commonly believed that Lola Montez named it on a trip there in 1853. Montez, a former mistress of King Ludwig of Bavaria, was forced into exile by the revolutions of 1848 in Europe. She began traveling the world, and became well-known as an actress, dancer and entertainer. Upon arrival in California in early 1853, she made a home in the town of Grass Valley, where she became a local personality. Mount Lola, a mile west of the lake, is named for her.[12] Augustus Moore, who built an early stage station at the lake,[2] is the other claimant; he said that he named the lake in 1862.[12]
In 1879, the lake was dammed for the first time.[13]
A wildfire in 1945 burned much of the forest around the lake. After subsequent logging, a new dam was built, increasing the lake's water capacity. In 1947, Sierra Pacific Power Company[14] (now a subsidiary of NV Energy) bought the land around it and closed the area to most public access.[15]
In the 1970s, Independence Lake became the latest focus of Disney's long-held aspirations of building a family-oriented ski resort and mountain village in the Sierra Nevada. For years they had worked on a proposal to develop the Mineral King valley in the southern Sierra, but it faced increasingly long odds due to legal issues and environmentalist opposition. In 1971 the Forest Service recommended Independence Lake as a potentially promising alternative location for such a development. In 1974, Disney partnered with Sierra Pacific to plan and develop a resort at Independence Lake,[16] and in 1975 they began working with the Forest Service on a land-swap plan. The project received a mixed reception from local residents. At a public meeting where Disney was to present its plans, protesters picketed the entrance with signs bearing slogans such as "Don't Mickey Mouse Sierra County".[17] Later that year, with local opposition growing, the county's Conservation Club, which had previously taken a neutral stance on the project, appealed to the Sierra Club for assistance. Opponents of the project cited environmental concerns and fears that the remote rural area's limited facilities would be overwhelmed by the sudden population boom they anticipated. They also cited the impact such a population increase would have on the area's rural, small-town character. In 1978, citizens of Nevada County, Placer County and Sierra County formed a joint environmental organization to monitor the project. Later in 1978, amidst mounting opposition from local residents and environmental groups, Disney withdrew its applications and abandoned its aspirations.[18]
The United States Congress passed a bill in 2008 directing the Secretary of the Interior to allocate $9 million for "acquisition of the land surrounding Independence Lake" and "protection of the native fishery and water quality of Independence Lake as determined by [a nonprofit conservation organization acting in consultation with the Truckee Meadows Water Authority]".[5]: 1 In April 2010, The Nature Conservancy purchased the 2,325 acres (941 ha) property from Sierra Pacific to establish the Independence Lake Preserve.[3][14][19]
Conservation and management edit
The Nature Conservancy permits year-round, walk-in day access to the lake and its surrounding preserve.[20] However, the road to the lake is not plowed, and due to the area's prodigious winter snowfall it is impassable for much of the winter and spring.[citation needed]
To protect the lake from invasive species, all outside boats and watercraft are prohibited, even non-motorized watercraft such as kayaks and canoes. During the summer season, free kayaks, pontoon float tubes, and small motorboats are available to the public; the motorboats are available only in alternate weeks.[2]
The Truckee Meadows Water Authority holds the rights to the lake's surface water, managing the uppermost 28 feet (8.5 m), controlled by the dam, as part of the Truckee River Project, which supplies municipal water to the Reno–Sparks area.[5]: 5–6
Legends edit
Many visitors to the lake have claimed to see a ghost, wearing a plaid shirt, in the window of a long abandoned boarded-up lakefront resort building. Caretakers say they take the reports seriously due to the number of people who have reported such sightings. There are two common theories for the "ghost's" identity: In the 1940s, a photographer drowned in the lake; and in 1950, a pilot crashed in the steep valley. Neither body was found.[21]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Independence Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Independence Lake Preserve". Truckee Donner Land Trust. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Independence Lake: Preserving an Iconic River and Meadow System" (PDF). Northern Sierra Partnership. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ "Docent Manual Chapter 5" (PDF). University of California, Davis. p. 29. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Independence Lake Land Acquisition: Environmental Assessment". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. May 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ W. Turrentine Jackson; Rand F. Herbert; Stephen R. Wee (1982). History of Tahoe National Forest: 1840–1940. Nevada City, California: Tahoe National Forest. p. 15.
- ^ "Open Space Conservation". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ a b "Independence Lake". Tahoe National Forest. U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ "Lahontan Cutthroat Trout". California Department of Fish and Wildlife. State of California. April 11, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ "Independence Lake Angling Regulations" (PDF). The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Cumming, Al; Dunn, Allan (1911). California for the Sportsman. San Francisco: Southern Pacific Company. p. 37.
- ^ a b Erwin Gustav Gudde (1960). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. p. 151.
- ^ Truckee River Operating Agreement: Cultural Resources Appendix (Report). U.S. Department of the Interior. August 2004. p. 37.
- ^ a b "Independence Lake Acquisition (SNC 080001)". CEQAnet. State of California. January 7, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Tom Stienstra (June 19, 2011). "Independence Lake to be opened soon for recreation". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ USDA-Forest Service Environmental Statement: Land Use Plan, Truckee-Little Truckee Rivers Planning Unit (Report). U.S. Forest Service. 1976. p. 17.
- ^ Jim Korkis (November 13, 2019). "The Independence Lake Ski Resort". MousePlanet. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ Douglas H. Strong (July 1, 1982). "Disney's Independence Lake Project: A Case Study of California's Environmental Review Process". California History: 100–119. doi:10.2307/25158097.
- ^ Tom Stienstra (July 14, 2019). "A ghost, loaner kayaks and beauty set Sierra lake apart". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ "Independence Lake Preserve". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
- ^ Tom Stienstra (May 28, 2014). "Rare chance to see bears hunt trout at Independence Lake". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 13, 2020.