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Income elasticity of demand

In economics, the income elasticity of demand (YED) is the responsivenesses of the quantity demanded for a good to a change in consumer income. It is measured as the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in income. For example, if in response to a 10% increase in income, quantity demanded for a good or service were to increase by 20%, the income elasticity of demand would be 20%/10% = 2.0.

Mathematical definition edit

 

The point elasticity version, which defines it as an instantaneous rate of change of quantity demanded as income changes, is as follows. For a given Marshallian demand function   with arguments income and a vector of prices of all goods,

 

This can be rewritten in the form

 

For discrete changes the elasticity is (using the arc elasticity)

 

where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to values before and after the change.

Interpretation edit

 
Inferior goods' demand QX falls as consumer income I increases.

The most commonly used elasticity in economics, the price elasticity of demand, is almost always negative, but many goods have positive income elasticities, many have negative.

  • A negative income elasticity of demand is associated with inferior goods; an increase in income will lead to a fall in the quantity demanded.
  • A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal goods; an increase in income will lead to a rise in quantity demanded.
  • A zero income elasticity of demand means that an increase in income does not change the quantity demanded of the good.

Income elasticity of demand can be used as an indicator of future consumption patterns and as a guide to firms' investment decisions. For example, the "selected income elasticities" below suggest that as incomes increase over time, an increasing portion of consumers' budgets will be devoted to purchasing automobiles and restaurant meals and a smaller share to tobacco and margarine.[1]

Selected income elasticities edit

  • Aluminum 1.5[2]
  • A person's own life (also called "value of statistical life") 0.50 to 0.60[3]
  • Automobiles 2.98[4]
  • Base metals 0.9[5]
  • Copper 1.0[2]
  • Books 1.44
  • Energy 0.7[6]
  • Margarine −0.20
  • Public transportation −0.36[7]
  • Restaurant meals 1.40
  • Tobacco 0.42[8]
  • Water demand 0.15 [9]

Income elasticities of demand for gasoline and diesel have been studied extensively, however, elasticities vary widely between studies. Estimates for income elasticities of demand for gasoline in developed economies range from 0.66 to 1.26.[10]

Income elasticities and budget shares edit

Being a normal good (elasticity > 0) means that with higher income, consumption of the good will rise, but it does not mean that the good's share of the consumer's budget will rise with income. That depends on whether the elasticity is below or above +1. If the elasticity is negative, such as margarine's -.20 (from the "Selected income elasticities" section of this article), then it is obvious that margarine's share of the consumer's budget will fall if his income rises 10%. If the elasticity is tobacco's +.42, however, an income increase of 10% generates a spending increase of 4.2%, so tobacco's share of the budget falls. His purchases of books, with an elasticity of +1.44, will rise 14.4%, however, and so will have a higher budget share after his income rises.

In aggregate, food has an income elasticity of demand between zero and one, so expenditure increases with income, but not as fast as income does. This observation is known as Engel's law.

Income elasticities are closely related to the population income distribution and the fraction of the product's sales attributable to buyers from different income brackets. When buyers in a certain income bracket get a pay raise, the income elasticity can be used to predict how much more the market will consume of that product. If the income share elasticity is defined as the negative percentage change in individuals given a percentage increase in income bracken the income-elasticity, after some computation, becomes the expected value of the income-share elasticity with respect to the income distribution of purchasers of the product. When the income distribution is described by a gamma distribution, the income elasticity is proportional to the percentage difference between the average income of the product's buyers and the average income of the population.[11]

Income-varying elasticities of demand edit

Income elasticities can vary as household income changes, particularly in the case of goods and commodities such as food and energy.[6] At low levels of per capita income, elasticities of demand for food, energy, or other products can be high. As per capita income increases, however, income elasticities fall. At high levels, the marginal elasticities may go to zero, or even negative.[12] These differences can be observed by comparing countries at different income levels. For example, estimates of the income elasticity of cereals ranges from 0.62 in Tanzania to 0.47 in Georgia, 0.28 in Slovenia, and 0.05 in the United States.[13]

The decline in elasticities as income increases is a form of Kuznet's curve. As economies industrialize and get wealthier, consumer demand changes. At low levels of income, demand for energy or other goods increases very rapidly. However, as income rises further, consumption requirements (e.g. for food or energy) are increasingly satisfied. In addition, consumption patterns shift toward services rather than goods, which require fewer commodities to produce.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Frank, Robert (2008). p. 125
  2. ^ a b Stuermer, Martin (2017). "Industrialization and the Demand for Mineral Commodities". Journal of International Money and Finance. 76: 16–27. doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.04.006. hdl:10419/92982.
  3. ^ WK Viscusi (2003). "The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world". Journal of Risk and Uncertainty.
  4. ^ Samuelson; Nordhaus (2001). p.94.
  5. ^ Baffes, John; Kabundi, Alain; Nagle, Peter (2022). "The role of income and substitution in commodity demand". Oxford Economic Papers. 74 (2): 498–522. doi:10.1093/oep/gpab029. hdl:10986/33257. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Baffes, John; Kabundi, Alain; Nagle, Peter (2022). "The role of income and substitution in commodity demand". Oxford Economic Papers. 74 (2): 498–522. doi:10.1093/oep/gpab029. hdl:10986/33257. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  7. ^ Frank (2008) 125.
  8. ^ see Gallet 2003, Health Econ.12, p.822
  9. ^ Havranek, Tomas; Irsova, Zuzana; Vlach, Tomas (2018). "Measuring the Income Elasticity of Water Demand: The Importance of Publication and Endogeneity Biases". Land Economics. 94 (2): 259–283. doi:10.3368/le.94.2.259. hdl:10419/174195. S2CID 157363525.
  10. ^ Dahl, Carol A. (February 1, 2012). "Measuring global gasoline and diesel price and income elasticities". Energy Policy. Modeling Transport (Energy) Demand and Policies. 41: 2–13. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.055. ISSN 0301-4215.
  11. ^ Bordley and McDonald.
  12. ^ "Commodity Markets: Evolution, Challenges, and Policies" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
  13. ^ Muhammad, rew; Seale, James L. Jr.; Meade, Birgit; Regmi, Anita. "International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns: An Update Using 2005 International Comparison Program Data". www.ers.usda.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2022.

References edit

  • Bordley; McDonald (1993). "Estimating Aggregate Automotive Income Elasticities From the Population Income-Share Elasticity". Journal of Business and Economic Statistics.
  • Perloff, J. (2008). Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-27794-7.
  • Samuelson; Nordhaus (2001). Microeconomics (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Frank, Robert (2008). Microeconomics and Behavior (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-126349-8.

income, elasticity, demand, redirects, here, edmonton, namao, heliport, iata, edmonton, economics, income, elasticity, demand, responsivenesses, quantity, demanded, good, change, consumer, income, measured, ratio, percentage, change, quantity, demanded, percen. YED redirects here For Edmonton Namao Heliport IATA YED see CFB Edmonton In economics the income elasticity of demand YED is the responsivenesses of the quantity demanded for a good to a change in consumer income It is measured as the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in income For example if in response to a 10 increase in income quantity demanded for a good or service were to increase by 20 the income elasticity of demand would be 20 10 2 0 Contents 1 Mathematical definition 2 Interpretation 2 1 Selected income elasticities 3 Income elasticities and budget shares 4 Income varying elasticities of demand 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesMathematical definition editϵ d change in quantity demanded change in income displaystyle epsilon d frac mbox change in quantity demanded mbox change in income nbsp The point elasticity version which defines it as an instantaneous rate of change of quantity demanded as income changes is as follows For a given Marshallian demand function Q I P displaystyle Q I vec P nbsp with arguments income and a vector of prices of all goods ϵ d Q I I Q displaystyle epsilon d frac partial Q partial I frac I Q nbsp This can be rewritten in the form ϵ d ln Q ln I displaystyle epsilon d frac partial ln Q partial ln I nbsp For discrete changes the elasticity is using the arc elasticity ϵ d D Q D I I 1 I 2 2 Q 1 Q 2 2 D Q D I I 1 I 2 Q 1 Q 2 displaystyle epsilon d Delta Q over Delta I times I 1 I 2 2 over Q 1 Q 2 2 Delta Q over Delta I times I 1 I 2 over Q 1 Q 2 nbsp where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to values before and after the change Interpretation edit nbsp Inferior goods demand QX falls as consumer income I increases The most commonly used elasticity in economics the price elasticity of demand is almost always negative but many goods have positive income elasticities many have negative A negative income elasticity of demand is associated with inferior goods an increase in income will lead to a fall in the quantity demanded A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal goods an increase in income will lead to a rise in quantity demanded If income elasticity of demand of a commodity is less than 1 it is a necessity good If the elasticity of demand is greater than 1 it is a luxury good or a superior good A zero income elasticity of demand means that an increase in income does not change the quantity demanded of the good Income elasticity of demand can be used as an indicator of future consumption patterns and as a guide to firms investment decisions For example the selected income elasticities below suggest that as incomes increase over time an increasing portion of consumers budgets will be devoted to purchasing automobiles and restaurant meals and a smaller share to tobacco and margarine 1 Selected income elasticities edit Aluminum 1 5 2 A person s own life also called value of statistical life 0 50 to 0 60 3 Automobiles 2 98 4 Base metals 0 9 5 Copper 1 0 2 Books 1 44 Energy 0 7 6 Margarine 0 20 Public transportation 0 36 7 Restaurant meals 1 40 Tobacco 0 42 8 Water demand 0 15 9 Income elasticities of demand for gasoline and diesel have been studied extensively however elasticities vary widely between studies Estimates for income elasticities of demand for gasoline in developed economies range from 0 66 to 1 26 10 Income elasticities and budget shares editBeing a normal good elasticity gt 0 means that with higher income consumption of the good will rise but it does not mean that the good s share of the consumer s budget will rise with income That depends on whether the elasticity is below or above 1 If the elasticity is negative such as margarine s 20 from the Selected income elasticities section of this article then it is obvious that margarine s share of the consumer s budget will fall if his income rises 10 If the elasticity is tobacco s 42 however an income increase of 10 generates a spending increase of 4 2 so tobacco s share of the budget falls His purchases of books with an elasticity of 1 44 will rise 14 4 however and so will have a higher budget share after his income rises In aggregate food has an income elasticity of demand between zero and one so expenditure increases with income but not as fast as income does This observation is known as Engel s law Income elasticities are closely related to the population income distribution and the fraction of the product s sales attributable to buyers from different income brackets When buyers in a certain income bracket get a pay raise the income elasticity can be used to predict how much more the market will consume of that product If the income share elasticity is defined as the negative percentage change in individuals given a percentage increase in income bracken the income elasticity after some computation becomes the expected value of the income share elasticity with respect to the income distribution of purchasers of the product When the income distribution is described by a gamma distribution the income elasticity is proportional to the percentage difference between the average income of the product s buyers and the average income of the population 11 Income varying elasticities of demand editIncome elasticities can vary as household income changes particularly in the case of goods and commodities such as food and energy 6 At low levels of per capita income elasticities of demand for food energy or other products can be high As per capita income increases however income elasticities fall At high levels the marginal elasticities may go to zero or even negative 12 These differences can be observed by comparing countries at different income levels For example estimates of the income elasticity of cereals ranges from 0 62 in Tanzania to 0 47 in Georgia 0 28 in Slovenia and 0 05 in the United States 13 The decline in elasticities as income increases is a form of Kuznet s curve As economies industrialize and get wealthier consumer demand changes At low levels of income demand for energy or other goods increases very rapidly However as income rises further consumption requirements e g for food or energy are increasingly satisfied In addition consumption patterns shift toward services rather than goods which require fewer commodities to produce See also editcross elasticity of demand XED price elasticity of demand PED price elasticity of supply PES Notes edit Frank Robert 2008 p 125 a b Stuermer Martin 2017 Industrialization and the Demand for Mineral Commodities Journal of International Money and Finance 76 16 27 doi 10 1016 j jimonfin 2017 04 006 hdl 10419 92982 WK Viscusi 2003 The value of a statistical life a critical review of market estimates throughout the world Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Samuelson Nordhaus 2001 p 94 Baffes John Kabundi Alain Nagle Peter 2022 The role of income and substitution in commodity demand Oxford Economic Papers 74 2 498 522 doi 10 1093 oep gpab029 hdl 10986 33257 Retrieved May 13 2022 a b Baffes John Kabundi Alain Nagle Peter 2022 The role of income and substitution in commodity demand Oxford Economic Papers 74 2 498 522 doi 10 1093 oep gpab029 hdl 10986 33257 Retrieved May 13 2022 Frank 2008 125 see Gallet 2003 Health Econ 12 p 822 Havranek Tomas Irsova Zuzana Vlach Tomas 2018 Measuring the Income Elasticity of Water Demand The Importance of Publication and Endogeneity Biases Land Economics 94 2 259 283 doi 10 3368 le 94 2 259 hdl 10419 174195 S2CID 157363525 Dahl Carol A February 1 2012 Measuring global gasoline and diesel price and income elasticities Energy Policy Modeling Transport Energy Demand and Policies 41 2 13 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2010 11 055 ISSN 0301 4215 Bordley and McDonald Commodity Markets Evolution Challenges and Policies PDF World Bank Retrieved May 13 2022 Muhammad rew Seale James L Jr Meade Birgit Regmi Anita International Evidence on Food Consumption Patterns An Update Using 2005 International Comparison Program Data www ers usda gov Retrieved May 13 2022 References editBordley McDonald 1993 Estimating Aggregate Automotive Income Elasticities From the Population Income Share Elasticity Journal of Business and Economic Statistics Perloff J 2008 Microeconomics Theory amp Applications with Calculus Pearson ISBN 978 0 321 27794 7 Samuelson Nordhaus 2001 Microeconomics 17th ed McGraw Hill Frank Robert 2008 Microeconomics and Behavior 7th ed McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0 07 126349 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Income elasticity of demand amp oldid 1193741118, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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