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Material efficiency

January 04, 2024

Material efficiency is a description or metric ((Mp) (the ratio of material used to the supplied material)) which refers to decreasing the amount of a particular material needed to produce a specific product.[1] Making a usable item out of thinner stock than a prior version increases the material efficiency of the manufacturing process. Material efficiency is associated with Green building and Energy conservation, as well as other ways of incorporating Renewable resources in the building process from start to finish.

Building construction often is resource-intensive.

The impacts can include material efficiency include reducing energy demand, reducing Greenhouse gas emissions, and other environmental impacts such as land use, water scarcity, air pollution, water pollution, and waste management.[2] A growing population with increasing wealth can increase demand for material extraction ,and therefore processing may double in the next 40 years.[3]

Increasing Material efficiency can reduce the impacts of material consumption.[4] Some forms of Material Efficiency include increasing the life of existing products, using them more in entirety, re-using components to avoid waste, or reducing the amount of material through a lightweight product design.[3]

Manufacturing edit

 
Minimizing waste is a factor in material resource efficiency.

Material efficiency in manufacturing refers to Increasing the efficiency of raw materials to manufactured product, generating less waste per product, and improving waste management.[5] Using building materials such as steel, reinforced concrete, and aluminum release CO2 during production.[6] In 2015, materials manufacturing for building construction were responsible for 11% of global energy-related CO2 emissions.[7] The largest market for aluminum is the transportation sector, smaller applications of aluminum include building, construction, and packaging.[8]

The potential in manufacturing can also refer to improving waste segregation (e.g., separating plastics from combustibles). Recycling and reusing components allow for remanufacturing during the process improvement in creating the product, increasing the material's durability, technology development, and correct component/material purchasing.[9]

Material efficiency can contribute to a circular economy and capturing value in the industry.[10] Some companies have applied the circular economy theory to design strategies and business models to close material loops.[11]

Building process edit

Since 1971, global steel demand has increased by three times, cement by slightly under seven times, primary aluminum by almost six times, and plastics by over ten times.[12] Significant materials, such as iron and steel, aluminum, cement, chemical products, and pulp and paper, impact the building process. However, employing more efficient strategies to produce these materials will reduce energy and cost without ignoring the reduction of carbon emissions.[13]

One process is using recycled steel saves room in landfills that the steel would otherwise occupy, saves 75% of the energy required to produce steel in the production process, and saves trees from being cut down to build structures. The recycled steel can be fashioned in the exact dimensions needed for the building and can be made into "customized steel beams and panels to fit each specific design."[14]

Strategies edit

During the manufacturing process, each stage can increase material efficiency, from design and fabrication, through use, and finally to the end of life.[12]

Some strategies are:

  • Reduction: Strategies that may reduce the use of material while providing the same effect. Designing for durability could also result in a resilient material.[1] Modular design can facilitate material efficiency by reusing components and minimizing components needed in the production process.[15]
  • Durability: Extending product life through redesign or repair. More intensive use and extending products or buildings' lifetimes through repair and refurbishment can reduce the need for materials to produce new products.[1]
  • Lightweight products: The reduction of material used for service; Some examples are: Universal beams, food cans, reinforcing bars, and commercial steel-framed buildings.[1]
  • Reuse: The primary purpose is to re-use components for remanufacturing/refurbishing.[1] Reusing current materials uses even less energy than recycling.

Recycling edit

Main article: Recycling

Recycling can allow for lower-emission second purposes to new materials like steel, aluminum, and other metals.[12] Incorporating recycled materials into the manufacturing process of new goods is a necessary change. Recycling is standard for most materials and is found in every country and economy.[1] Some materials that can be recycled are:

 
Compressed aluminum-cans for recycling.

Aluminum cans from recycled material requiring as little as 4% of the energy needed to make the same cans from bauxite ore. Metals don't degrade as they're recycled in the same way plastics and paper do, fibers shortening every cycle, so many metals are prime candidates for recycling, especially considering their value per ton compared to other recyclables.[16] Aluminum is a highly desirable metal for recycling because it retains the same properties and quality, no matter how many times the aluminum can be recycled. After all, once it's melted, the structure doesn't change.[8]

  • Plastics

Approximately 36% of all plastic produced is used to create packaging, 85% of which ends up in landfills.[17] Plastic waste is a mixture of different types of plastics.[18] Plastic recycling has several challenges. Plastic cannot be recycled several times without quickly degrading in quality; The total bottle recycling rate for 2020 was 27.2%, down from 28.7% in 2019. Every hour, 2.5 million plastic bottles are thrown away in the U.S. Currently, around 75 and 199 million tons of plastic are in our oceans, without considering microplastics.[17]

  • Paper

Paper (particularly newspaper) have lower energy savings than other materials, with recycled products costing 45% and 21% less energy, respectively. Recycled paper has a large market in China. However, work still needs to be done to facilitate mixed paper recycling instead of newspaper.[16] Utilizing these recycling methods would permit spending less energy and resources on extracting new resources to use in manufacturing. Despite significant progress in recycling over the last decades, the paper sector is a substantial contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions.[19] The pulp and paper industries produce 50% of their energy from biomass, which still requires vast energy.[8]

Policy edit

Public policies help to discuss and provide a market incentive for more efficient use of materials. Impediments to material efficiency improvement include hesitation to invest, a lack of available and accessible information, and economic disincentives.[20] However, a wide range of policy strategies and innovations have been created in some countries to achieve the mentioned goals.[20] These include regulation and guidelines; economic incentives; voluntary agreements and actions; information, education, and training; and funding for research, development, and demonstration.[21]

In 2022, the United States released the "The Critical Material Innovation, Efficiency, And Alternatives" program. It will be to study, develop, demonstrate, and trade with the primary goal of creating new alternatives to critical material, promoting efficient manufacturing and use.[22] In addition, The U.S. Department of Energy released a new "Energy Efficiency Materials Pilot Program for Nonprofits" program to provide nonprofit organizations with funding to upgrade building materials to improve energy efficiency, lower utility costs, and reduce carbon emissions.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Worrell, Ernst; Allwood, Julian; Gutowski, Timothy (2016-11-01). "The Role of Material Efficiency in Environmental Stewardship". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 41 (1): 575–598. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085737. ISSN 1543-5938.
  2. ^ Allwood, Julian M.; Ashby, Michael F.; Gutowski, Timothy G.; Worrell, Ernst (2011-01-01). "Material efficiency: A white paper". Resources, Conservation, and Recycling. 55 (3): 362–381. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.11.002. ISSN 0921-3449.
  3. ^ a b Allwood, Julian M.; Ashby, Michael F.; Gutowski, Timothy G.; Worrell, Ernst (2013-03-13). "Material efficiency: providing material services with less material production". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 371 (1986): 20120496. Bibcode:2013RSPTA.37120496A. doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0496. PMC 3575569. PMID 23359746.
  4. ^ Lifset, Reid; Eckelman, Matthew (2013-03-13). "Material efficiency in a multi-material world". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 371 (1986): 20120002. Bibcode:2013RSPTA.37120002L. doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0002. PMID 23359743. S2CID 6072153.
  5. ^ Shahbazi, Sasha (2018). Sustainable Manufacturing through Material Efficiency Management (PhD dissertation). Mälardalen University.
  6. ^ Öztaş, Saniye Karaman (2015). "Sustainable Manufacturing Processes of Building Materials: Energy Efficiency". Applied Mechanics and Materials. 789–790: 1145–1149. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.789-790.1145. ISSN 1662-7482. S2CID 112786900.
  7. ^ Orr, John; Drewniok, Michał P.; Walker, Ian; Ibell, Tim; Copping, Alexander; Emmitt, Stephen (2019-01-01). "Minimising energy in construction: Practitioners' views on material efficiency". Resources, Conservation, and Recycling. 140: 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.015. ISSN 0921-3449. S2CID 115514523.
  8. ^ a b c OECD (2015-02-12). "The material basis of the global economy". Material Resources, Productivity and the Environment. OECD Green Growth Studies. pp. 61–68. doi:10.1787/9789264190504-8-en. ISBN 9789264190498.
  9. ^ Shahbazi, Sasha; Wiktorsson, Magnus; Kurdve, Martin; Jönsson, Christina; Bjelkemyr, Marcus (2016). "Material efficiency in manufacturing: Swedish evidence on potential, barriers, and strategies". Journal of Cleaner Production. 127: 438–450. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.143. Retrieved 31 Aug 2021.
  10. ^ Pauliuk, Stefan; Heeren, Niko (2021). "Material efficiency and its contribution to climate change mitigation in Germany: A deep decarbonization scenario analysis until 2060". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 25 (2): 479–493. doi:10.1111/jiec.13091. ISSN 1088-1980. S2CID 234421904.
  11. ^ Brändström, Johan; Eriksson, Ola (2022-03-15). "How circular is a value chain? Proposing a Material Efficiency Metric to evaluate business models". Journal of Cleaner Production. 342: 130973. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130973. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 246909298.
  12. ^ a b c "Material efficiency in clean energy transitions – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  13. ^ Hertwich, Edgar G; Ali, Saleem; Ciacci, Luca; Fishman, Tomer; Heeren, Niko; Masanet, Eric; Asghari, Farnaz Nojavan; Olivetti, Elsa; Pauliuk, Stefan; Tu, Qingshi; Wolfram, Paul (2019-04-16). "Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review". Environmental Research Letters. 14 (4): 043004. Bibcode:2019ERL....14d3004H. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab0fe3. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 159348076.
  14. ^ Raney, Rebecca Fairly (8 February 2011). "10 Cutting-edge, Energy-efficient Building Materials". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  15. ^ Ji, Yangjian; Jiao, Roger J.; Chen, Liang; Wu, Chunlong (2013-02-01). "Green modular design for material efficiency: a leader–follower joint optimization model". Journal of Cleaner Production. 41: 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.022. ISSN 0959-6526.
  16. ^ a b "The Costs of Recycling". large.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  17. ^ a b "Top 25 recycling facts and statistics for 2022". World Economic Forum. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  18. ^ Lim, Jonghun; Ahn, Yuchan; Cho, Hyungtae; Kim, Junghwan (2022-09-01). "Optimal strategy to sort plastic waste considering economic feasibility to increase recycling efficiency". Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 165: 420–430. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.07.022. ISSN 0957-5820. S2CID 250475041.
  19. ^ Van Ewijk, Stijn; Stegemann, Julia A.; Ekins, Paul (August 2018). "Global Life Cycle Paper Flows, Recycling Metrics, and Material Efficiency: Global Paper Flows, Recycling, Material Efficiency". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 22 (4): 686–693. doi:10.1111/jiec.12613. S2CID 38565989.
  20. ^ a b Söderholm, Patrik; Tilton, John E. (2012-04-01). "Material efficiency: An economic perspective". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 61: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.003. ISSN 0921-3449.
  21. ^ Worrell, Ernst; Levine, Mark; Price, Lynn; Martin, Nathan; van den Broek, Richard; Block, Kornelis (1997). "Potentials and policy implications of energy and material efficiency improvement". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ "Critical Material Innovation, Efficiency, And Alternatives". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-16.

January 04, 2024
material, efficiency, description, metric, ratio, material, used, supplied, material, which, refers, decreasing, amount, particular, material, needed, produce, specific, product, making, usable, item, thinner, stock, than, prior, version, increases, material, . Material efficiency is a description or metric Mp the ratio of material used to the supplied material which refers to decreasing the amount of a particular material needed to produce a specific product 1 Making a usable item out of thinner stock than a prior version increases the material efficiency of the manufacturing process Material efficiency is associated with Green building and Energy conservation as well as other ways of incorporating Renewable resources in the building process from start to finish Building construction often is resource intensive The impacts can include material efficiency include reducing energy demand reducing Greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts such as land use water scarcity air pollution water pollution and waste management 2 A growing population with increasing wealth can increase demand for material extraction and therefore processing may double in the next 40 years 3 Increasing Material efficiency can reduce the impacts of material consumption 4 Some forms of Material Efficiency include increasing the life of existing products using them more in entirety re using components to avoid waste or reducing the amount of material through a lightweight product design 3 Contents 1 Manufacturing 2 Building process 3 Strategies 4 Recycling 5 Policy 6 See also 7 ReferencesManufacturing edit nbsp Minimizing waste is a factor in material resource efficiency Material efficiency in manufacturing refers to Increasing the efficiency of raw materials to manufactured product generating less waste per product and improving waste management 5 Using building materials such as steel reinforced concrete and aluminum release CO2 during production 6 In 2015 materials manufacturing for building construction were responsible for 11 of global energy related CO2 emissions 7 The largest market for aluminum is the transportation sector smaller applications of aluminum include building construction and packaging 8 The potential in manufacturing can also refer to improving waste segregation e g separating plastics from combustibles Recycling and reusing components allow for remanufacturing during the process improvement in creating the product increasing the material s durability technology development and correct component material purchasing 9 Material efficiency can contribute to a circular economy and capturing value in the industry 10 Some companies have applied the circular economy theory to design strategies and business models to close material loops 11 Building process editSince 1971 global steel demand has increased by three times cement by slightly under seven times primary aluminum by almost six times and plastics by over ten times 12 Significant materials such as iron and steel aluminum cement chemical products and pulp and paper impact the building process However employing more efficient strategies to produce these materials will reduce energy and cost without ignoring the reduction of carbon emissions 13 One process is using recycled steel saves room in landfills that the steel would otherwise occupy saves 75 of the energy required to produce steel in the production process and saves trees from being cut down to build structures The recycled steel can be fashioned in the exact dimensions needed for the building and can be made into customized steel beams and panels to fit each specific design 14 Strategies editDuring the manufacturing process each stage can increase material efficiency from design and fabrication through use and finally to the end of life 12 Some strategies are Reduction Strategies that may reduce the use of material while providing the same effect Designing for durability could also result in a resilient material 1 Modular design can facilitate material efficiency by reusing components and minimizing components needed in the production process 15 Durability Extending product life through redesign or repair More intensive use and extending products or buildings lifetimes through repair and refurbishment can reduce the need for materials to produce new products 1 Lightweight products The reduction of material used for service Some examples are Universal beams food cans reinforcing bars and commercial steel framed buildings 1 Reuse The primary purpose is to re use components for remanufacturing refurbishing 1 Reusing current materials uses even less energy than recycling Recycling editMain article RecyclingRecycling can allow for lower emission second purposes to new materials like steel aluminum and other metals 12 Incorporating recycled materials into the manufacturing process of new goods is a necessary change Recycling is standard for most materials and is found in every country and economy 1 Some materials that can be recycled are Aluminum nbsp Compressed aluminum cans for recycling Aluminum cans from recycled material requiring as little as 4 of the energy needed to make the same cans from bauxite ore Metals don t degrade as they re recycled in the same way plastics and paper do fibers shortening every cycle so many metals are prime candidates for recycling especially considering their value per ton compared to other recyclables 16 Aluminum is a highly desirable metal for recycling because it retains the same properties and quality no matter how many times the aluminum can be recycled After all once it s melted the structure doesn t change 8 PlasticsApproximately 36 of all plastic produced is used to create packaging 85 of which ends up in landfills 17 Plastic waste is a mixture of different types of plastics 18 Plastic recycling has several challenges Plastic cannot be recycled several times without quickly degrading in quality The total bottle recycling rate for 2020 was 27 2 down from 28 7 in 2019 Every hour 2 5 million plastic bottles are thrown away in the U S Currently around 75 and 199 million tons of plastic are in our oceans without considering microplastics 17 PaperPaper particularly newspaper have lower energy savings than other materials with recycled products costing 45 and 21 less energy respectively Recycled paper has a large market in China However work still needs to be done to facilitate mixed paper recycling instead of newspaper 16 Utilizing these recycling methods would permit spending less energy and resources on extracting new resources to use in manufacturing Despite significant progress in recycling over the last decades the paper sector is a substantial contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions 19 The pulp and paper industries produce 50 of their energy from biomass which still requires vast energy 8 Policy editPublic policies help to discuss and provide a market incentive for more efficient use of materials Impediments to material efficiency improvement include hesitation to invest a lack of available and accessible information and economic disincentives 20 However a wide range of policy strategies and innovations have been created in some countries to achieve the mentioned goals 20 These include regulation and guidelines economic incentives voluntary agreements and actions information education and training and funding for research development and demonstration 21 In 2022 the United States released the The Critical Material Innovation Efficiency And Alternatives program It will be to study develop demonstrate and trade with the primary goal of creating new alternatives to critical material promoting efficient manufacturing and use 22 In addition The U S Department of Energy released a new Energy Efficiency Materials Pilot Program for Nonprofits program to provide nonprofit organizations with funding to upgrade building materials to improve energy efficiency lower utility costs and reduce carbon emissions See also edit nbsp Environment portal nbsp Energy portalCircular economy Conservation ethic Conservation movement Ecological deficit Energy conservation Environmental protection Renewable energy Sustainable architectureReferences edit a b c d e f Worrell Ernst Allwood Julian Gutowski Timothy 2016 11 01 The Role of Material Efficiency in Environmental Stewardship Annual Review of Environment and Resources 41 1 575 598 doi 10 1146 annurev environ 110615 085737 ISSN 1543 5938 Allwood Julian M Ashby Michael F Gutowski Timothy G Worrell Ernst 2011 01 01 Material efficiency A white paper Resources Conservation and Recycling 55 3 362 381 doi 10 1016 j resconrec 2010 11 002 ISSN 0921 3449 a b Allwood Julian M Ashby Michael F Gutowski Timothy G Worrell Ernst 2013 03 13 Material efficiency providing material services with less material production Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 371 1986 20120496 Bibcode 2013RSPTA 37120496A doi 10 1098 rsta 2012 0496 PMC 3575569 PMID 23359746 Lifset Reid Eckelman Matthew 2013 03 13 Material efficiency in a multi material world Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 371 1986 20120002 Bibcode 2013RSPTA 37120002L doi 10 1098 rsta 2012 0002 PMID 23359743 S2CID 6072153 Shahbazi Sasha 2018 Sustainable Manufacturing through Material Efficiency Management PhD dissertation Malardalen University Oztas Saniye Karaman 2015 Sustainable Manufacturing Processes of Building Materials Energy Efficiency Applied Mechanics and Materials 789 790 1145 1149 doi 10 4028 www scientific net AMM 789 790 1145 ISSN 1662 7482 S2CID 112786900 Orr John Drewniok Michal P Walker Ian Ibell Tim Copping Alexander Emmitt Stephen 2019 01 01 Minimising energy in construction Practitioners views on material efficiency Resources Conservation and Recycling 140 125 136 doi 10 1016 j resconrec 2018 09 015 ISSN 0921 3449 S2CID 115514523 a b c OECD 2015 02 12 The material basis of the global economy Material Resources Productivity and the Environment OECD Green Growth Studies pp 61 68 doi 10 1787 9789264190504 8 en ISBN 9789264190498 Shahbazi Sasha Wiktorsson Magnus Kurdve Martin Jonsson Christina Bjelkemyr Marcus 2016 Material efficiency in manufacturing Swedish evidence on potential barriers and strategies Journal of Cleaner Production 127 438 450 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2016 03 143 Retrieved 31 Aug 2021 Pauliuk Stefan Heeren Niko 2021 Material efficiency and its contribution to climate change mitigation in Germany A deep decarbonization scenario analysis until 2060 Journal of Industrial Ecology 25 2 479 493 doi 10 1111 jiec 13091 ISSN 1088 1980 S2CID 234421904 Brandstrom Johan Eriksson Ola 2022 03 15 How circular is a value chain Proposing a Material Efficiency Metric to evaluate business models Journal of Cleaner Production 342 130973 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2022 130973 ISSN 0959 6526 S2CID 246909298 a b c Material efficiency in clean energy transitions Analysis IEA Retrieved 2022 12 15 Hertwich Edgar G Ali Saleem Ciacci Luca Fishman Tomer Heeren Niko Masanet Eric Asghari Farnaz Nojavan Olivetti Elsa Pauliuk Stefan Tu Qingshi Wolfram Paul 2019 04 16 Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings vehicles and electronics a review Environmental Research Letters 14 4 043004 Bibcode 2019ERL 14d3004H doi 10 1088 1748 9326 ab0fe3 ISSN 1748 9326 S2CID 159348076 Raney Rebecca Fairly 8 February 2011 10 Cutting edge Energy efficient Building Materials How Stuff Works Retrieved 23 October 2015 Ji Yangjian Jiao Roger J Chen Liang Wu Chunlong 2013 02 01 Green modular design for material efficiency a leader follower joint optimization model Journal of Cleaner Production 41 187 201 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2012 09 022 ISSN 0959 6526 a b The Costs of Recycling large stanford edu Retrieved 2022 12 15 a b Top 25 recycling facts and statistics for 2022 World Economic Forum 22 June 2022 Retrieved 2022 12 16 Lim Jonghun Ahn Yuchan Cho Hyungtae Kim Junghwan 2022 09 01 Optimal strategy to sort plastic waste considering economic feasibility to increase recycling efficiency Process Safety and Environmental Protection 165 420 430 doi 10 1016 j psep 2022 07 022 ISSN 0957 5820 S2CID 250475041 Van Ewijk Stijn Stegemann Julia A Ekins Paul August 2018 Global Life Cycle Paper Flows Recycling Metrics and Material Efficiency Global Paper Flows Recycling Material Efficiency Journal of Industrial Ecology 22 4 686 693 doi 10 1111 jiec 12613 S2CID 38565989 a b Soderholm Patrik Tilton John E 2012 04 01 Material efficiency An economic perspective Resources Conservation and Recycling 61 75 82 doi 10 1016 j resconrec 2012 01 003 ISSN 0921 3449 Worrell Ernst Levine Mark Price Lynn Martin Nathan van den Broek Richard Block Kornelis 1997 Potentials and policy implications of energy and material efficiency improvement a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Critical Material Innovation Efficiency And Alternatives Energy gov Retrieved 2022 12 16 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Material efficiency amp oldid 1192935009, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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