IPS (in-plane switching) is a screen technology for liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). In IPS, a layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two glasssurfaces. The liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to those surfaces in predetermined directions (in-plane). The molecules are reoriented by an applied electric field, whilst remaining essentially parallel to the surfaces to produce an image. It was designed to solve the strong viewing angle dependence and low-quality color reproduction of the twisted nematic field effect (TN) matrix LCDs prevalent in the late 1980s.[1]
The TN method was the only viable technology for active matrixTFT LCDs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Early panels showed grayscale inversion from up to down,[2] and had a high response time (for this kind of transition, 1 ms is visually better than 5 ms). In the mid-1990s new technologies were developed—typically IPS and Vertical Alignment (VA)—that could resolve these weaknesses and were applied to large computer monitor panels.
One approach patented in 1974 was to use inter-digitated electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.[3][4] However, the inventor was not yet able to implement such IPS-LCDs superior to TN displays.
After thorough analysis, details of advantageous molecular arrangements were filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries including the US on 9 January 1990.[5][6] The Fraunhofer Society in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigned these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
Shortly thereafter, Hitachi of Japan filed patents to improve this technology. A leader in this field was Katsumi Kondo, who worked at the Hitachi Research Center.[7] In 1992, engineers at Hitachi worked out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.[8][9] Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi became early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and in-plane switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.[10]
Later, LG Display and other South Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese LCD manufacturers adapted IPS technology.
Most panels also support true 8-bit-per-channel colour. These improvements came at the cost of a lower response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.
Super-IPS
S-IPS
1998
Colour shift free
100/137
IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.[quantify]
Advanced Super-IPS
AS-IPS
2002
High transmittance
130/250
AS-IPS, also developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 2002, improves substantially[quantify] on the contrast ratio of traditional S-IPS panels to the point where they are second only to some S-PVAs.[citation needed]
IPS-Provectus
IPS-Pro
2004
High contrast ratio
137/313
The latest panel from IPS Alpha Technology with a wider colour gamut[quantify] and contrast ratio[quantify] matching PVA and ASV displays without off-angle glowing.[citation needed]
IPS Alpha
IPS-Pro
2008
High contrast ratio
Next generation of IPS-Pro
IPS Alpha Next-Gen
IPS-Pro
2010
High contrast ratio
LG IPS technology development
Name
Nickname
Year
Remarks
Horizontal IPS
H-IPS
2007
Improves[quantify] contrast ratio by twisting electrode plane layout. Also introduces an optional Advanced True White polarizing film from NEC, to make white look more natural[quantify]. This is used in professional/photography LCDs.[citation needed]
Enhanced IPS
E-IPS
2009
Wider[quantify] aperture for light transmission, enabling the use of lower-power, cheaper backlights. Improves[quantify] diagonal viewing angle and further reduce response time to 5 ms.[citation needed]
Professional IPS
P-IPS
2010
Offer 1.07 billion colours (30-bit colour depth).[citation needed] More possible orientations per sub-pixel (1024 as opposed to 256) and produces a better[quantify] true colour depth.
Advanced High Performance IPS
AH-IPS
2011
Improved colour accuracy, increased resolution and PPI, and greater light transmission for lower power consumption.[15]
Technology
Schematic diagram IPS liquid crystal display
Implementation
In this case, both linear polarizing filters P and A have their axes of transmission in the same direction. To obtain the 90 degree twisted nematic structure of the LC layer between the two glass plates without an applied electric field (OFF state), the inner surfaces of the glass plates are treated to align the bordering LC molecules at a right angle. This molecular structure is practically the same as in TN LCDs. However, the arrangement of the electrodes e1 and e2 is different. Because they are in the same plane and on a single glass plate, they generate an electric field essentially parallel to this plate. The diagram is not to scale: the LC layer is only a few micrometers thick and so is very small compared with the distance between the electrodes.
The LC molecules have a positive dielectric anisotropy and align themselves with their long axis parallel to an applied electrical field. In the OFF state (shown on the left), entering light L1 becomes linearly polarized by polarizer P. The twisted nematic LC layer rotates the polarization axis of the passing light by 90 degrees, so that ideally no light passes through polarizer A. In the ON state, a sufficient voltage is applied between electrodes and a corresponding electrical field E is generated that realigns the LC molecules as shown on the right of the diagram. Here, light L2 can pass through polarizer A.
In practice, other schemes of implementation exist with a different structure of the LC molecules – for example without any twist in the OFF state. As both electrodes are on the same substrate, they take more space than TN matrix electrodes. This also reduces contrast and brightness.[16]
Super-IPS was later introduced with better response times and colour reproduction.[17][unreliable source?]
This pixel layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone.
Advantages
IPS panels display consistent, accurate color from all viewing angles.[18] A state-of-the-art (2014) comparison of IPS vs. TN panels concerning colour consistency under different viewing angles can be seen on the website of Japan Display Inc.[19]
Unlike TN LCDs, IPS panels do not lighten or show tailing when touched. This is important for touch-screen devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers.[20]
IPS panels are sometimes vulnerable to a defect called backlight bleeding.
Alternative technologies
Plane to Line Switching (PLS)
Toward the end of 2010 Samsung Electronics introduced Super PLS (Plane-to-Line Switching) with the intent of providing an alternative to the popular IPS technology which is primarily manufactured by LG Display. It is an "IPS-type" panel technology, and is very similar in performance features, specs and characteristics to LG Display's offering. Samsung adopted PLS panels instead of AMOLED panels, because in the past AMOLED panels had difficulties in realizing full HD resolution on mobile devices. PLS technology was Samsung's wide-viewing angle LCD technology, similar to LG Display's IPS technology.[24]
Samsung asserted the following benefits of Super PLS (commonly referred to as just "PLS") over IPS:[25]
Further improvement in viewing angle
10 percent increase in brightness
Up to 15 percent decrease in production costs
Increased image quality
Flexible panel
Advanced Hyper-Viewing Angle (AHVA)
In 2012 AU Optronics began investment in their own IPS-type technology, dubbed AHVA. This should not be confused with their long standing AMVA technology (which is a VA-type technology). Performance and specs remained very similar to LG Display's IPS and Samsung's PLS offerings. The first 144 Hz compatible IPS-type panels were produced in late 2014 (used first in early 2015) by AUO, beating Samsung and LG Display to providing high refresh rate IPS-type panels.[26][27]
^ abCross, Jason (18 March 2012). "Digital Displays Explained". TechHive. PC World. p. 4. from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
^. Riverdi (TFT Module Manufacturer). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016. However, [twisted nematic] suffers from the phenomenon called gray scale inversion. This means that the display has one viewing side in which the image colors suddenly change after exceeding the specified viewing angle. (see image Inversion Effect){{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
^. SID informationdisplay.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
^"Espacenet – Bibliographic data". Worldwide.espacenet.com. 28 January 1997. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
^U.S. Patent 5,598,285: K. Kondo, H. Terao, H. Abe, M. Ohta, K. Suzuki, T. Sasaki, G. Kawachi, J. Ohwada, Liquid crystal display device, filed Sep 18, 1992 and Jan 20, 1993.
^"Optical Patterning" (PDF). Nature. 22 August 1996. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
^Technical specifications iPhone 5c 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^Comparison of iPad models 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^IPS-Pro (Evolving IPS technology) 29 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^tech2 News Staff (19 May 2011). "LG Announces Super High Resolution AH-IPS Displays". Firstpost.com. from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
^ abBaker, Simon (30 April 2011). "Panel Technologies: TN Film, MVA, PVA and IPS Explained". Tftcentral.co.uk. from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^. PChardwarehelp.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^Comparisons done by LG Display 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^Visual comparison of IPS and TN done by Japan Display Inc. 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^Mark, Winston (30 June 2021). "IPS or TN panel?". EsportSource.net. Retrieved 7 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^Ivankov, Alex (1 September 2016). . Version Daily. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
^"Display and Graphics Guide". The University of Pennsylvania. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
^"Samsung Adopts IPS instead of AMOLED: Why?". seoul.co.kr. from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^"Samsung PLS improves on IPS displays like iPad's, costs less". electronista.com. from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
^"AU Optronics develops 144Hz refresh IPS-type display panels". 8 September 2014. from the original on 17 May 2015.
^"144Hz IPS-type Panels Developed – 1440p as Well". from the original on 18 May 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IPS panel.
Panel Technologies
IPS vs. VA Panel
Full Form of IPS Display 4 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
March 10, 2023
panel, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citation. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources IPS panel news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed October 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message IPS in plane switching is a screen technology for liquid crystal displays LCDs In IPS a layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two glass surfaces The liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to those surfaces in predetermined directions in plane The molecules are reoriented by an applied electric field whilst remaining essentially parallel to the surfaces to produce an image It was designed to solve the strong viewing angle dependence and low quality color reproduction of the twisted nematic field effect TN matrix LCDs prevalent in the late 1980s 1 Contents 1 History 2 Technology 2 1 Implementation 2 2 Advantages 2 3 Disadvantages 3 Alternative technologies 3 1 Plane to Line Switching PLS 3 2 Advanced Hyper Viewing Angle AHVA 4 Manufacturers 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditThe TN method was the only viable technology for active matrix TFT LCDs in the late 1980s and early 1990s Early panels showed grayscale inversion from up to down 2 and had a high response time for this kind of transition 1 ms is visually better than 5 ms In the mid 1990s new technologies were developed typically IPS and Vertical Alignment VA that could resolve these weaknesses and were applied to large computer monitor panels One approach patented in 1974 was to use inter digitated electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates 3 4 However the inventor was not yet able to implement such IPS LCDs superior to TN displays After thorough analysis details of advantageous molecular arrangements were filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al and patented in various countries including the US on 9 January 1990 5 6 The Fraunhofer Society in Freiburg where the inventors worked assigned these patents to Merck KGaA Darmstadt Germany Shortly thereafter Hitachi of Japan filed patents to improve this technology A leader in this field was Katsumi Kondo who worked at the Hitachi Research Center 7 In 1992 engineers at Hitachi worked out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels 8 9 Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes Super IPS NEC and Hitachi became early manufacturers of active matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology This is a milestone for implementing large screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat panel computer monitors and television screens In 1996 Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi domain LCD Multi domain and in plane switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006 10 Later LG Display and other South Korean Japanese and Taiwanese LCD manufacturers adapted IPS technology IPS technology is widely used in panels for TVs tablet computers and smartphones In particular most IBM products was marketed as Flexview from 2004 to 2008 has an IPS LCDs with CCFL backlighting and all Apple Inc products marketed with the label Retina Display 11 12 feature IPS LCDs with LED backlighting since 2010 Hitachi IPS technology development 13 14 Name Nickname Year Advantage Transmittance contrast ratio RemarksSuper TFT IPS 1996 Wide viewing angle 100 100Base level Most panels also support true 8 bit per channel colour These improvements came at the cost of a lower response time initially about 50 ms IPS panels were also extremely expensive Super IPS S IPS 1998 Colour shift free 100 137 IPS has since been superseded by S IPS Super IPS Hitachi Ltd in 1998 which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing quantify Advanced Super IPS AS IPS 2002 High transmittance 130 250 AS IPS also developed by Hitachi Ltd in 2002 improves substantially quantify on the contrast ratio of traditional S IPS panels to the point where they are second only to some S PVAs citation needed IPS Provectus IPS Pro 2004 High contrast ratio 137 313 The latest panel from IPS Alpha Technology with a wider colour gamut quantify and contrast ratio quantify matching PVA and ASV displays without off angle glowing citation needed IPS Alpha IPS Pro 2008 High contrast ratio Next generation of IPS ProIPS Alpha Next Gen IPS Pro 2010 High contrast ratioLG IPS technology development Name Nickname Year RemarksHorizontal IPS H IPS 2007 Improves quantify contrast ratio by twisting electrode plane layout Also introduces an optional Advanced True White polarizing film from NEC to make white look more natural quantify This is used in professional photography LCDs citation needed Enhanced IPS E IPS 2009 Wider quantify aperture for light transmission enabling the use of lower power cheaper backlights Improves quantify diagonal viewing angle and further reduce response time to 5 ms citation needed Professional IPS P IPS 2010 Offer 1 07 billion colours 30 bit colour depth citation needed More possible orientations per sub pixel 1024 as opposed to 256 and produces a better quantify true colour depth Advanced High Performance IPS AH IPS 2011 Improved colour accuracy increased resolution and PPI and greater light transmission for lower power consumption 15 Technology Edit Schematic diagram IPS liquid crystal display Implementation Edit In this case both linear polarizing filters P and A have their axes of transmission in the same direction To obtain the 90 degree twisted nematic structure of the LC layer between the two glass plates without an applied electric field OFF state the inner surfaces of the glass plates are treated to align the bordering LC molecules at a right angle This molecular structure is practically the same as in TN LCDs However the arrangement of the electrodes e1 and e2 is different Because they are in the same plane and on a single glass plate they generate an electric field essentially parallel to this plate The diagram is not to scale the LC layer is only a few micrometers thick and so is very small compared with the distance between the electrodes The LC molecules have a positive dielectric anisotropy and align themselves with their long axis parallel to an applied electrical field In the OFF state shown on the left entering light L1 becomes linearly polarized by polarizer P The twisted nematic LC layer rotates the polarization axis of the passing light by 90 degrees so that ideally no light passes through polarizer A In the ON state a sufficient voltage is applied between electrodes and a corresponding electrical field E is generated that realigns the LC molecules as shown on the right of the diagram Here light L2 can pass through polarizer A In practice other schemes of implementation exist with a different structure of the LC molecules for example without any twist in the OFF state As both electrodes are on the same substrate they take more space than TN matrix electrodes This also reduces contrast and brightness 16 Super IPS was later introduced with better response times and colour reproduction 17 unreliable source This pixel layout is found in S IPS LCDs A chevron shape is used to widen the viewing cone Advantages Edit IPS panels display consistent accurate color from all viewing angles 18 A state of the art 2014 comparison of IPS vs TN panels concerning colour consistency under different viewing angles can be seen on the website of Japan Display Inc 19 Unlike TN LCDs IPS panels do not lighten or show tailing when touched This is important for touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablet computers 20 IPS panels offer clear images stable response time and better coloring 16 unreliable source 21 Disadvantages Edit IPS panels require up to 15 more power than TN panels 22 IPS panels are more expensive to produce than TN panels IPS panels have slower longer response times than TN panels 23 IPS panels are sometimes vulnerable to a defect called backlight bleeding Alternative technologies EditPlane to Line Switching PLS Edit Toward the end of 2010 Samsung Electronics introduced Super PLS Plane to Line Switching with the intent of providing an alternative to the popular IPS technology which is primarily manufactured by LG Display It is an IPS type panel technology and is very similar in performance features specs and characteristics to LG Display s offering Samsung adopted PLS panels instead of AMOLED panels because in the past AMOLED panels had difficulties in realizing full HD resolution on mobile devices PLS technology was Samsung s wide viewing angle LCD technology similar to LG Display s IPS technology 24 Samsung asserted the following benefits of Super PLS commonly referred to as just PLS over IPS 25 Further improvement in viewing angle 10 percent increase in brightness Up to 15 percent decrease in production costs Increased image quality Flexible panelAdvanced Hyper Viewing Angle AHVA Edit In 2012 AU Optronics began investment in their own IPS type technology dubbed AHVA This should not be confused with their long standing AMVA technology which is a VA type technology Performance and specs remained very similar to LG Display s IPS and Samsung s PLS offerings The first 144 Hz compatible IPS type panels were produced in late 2014 used first in early 2015 by AUO beating Samsung and LG Display to providing high refresh rate IPS type panels 26 27 Manufacturers EditAU Optronics Acer BOE Chi Mei Optoelectronics Japan Display Inc LG Display mentioned as largest supplier of IPS LCDs in 2012 1 Newhaven Display Panasonic Liquid Crystal Display Co Ltd Samsung Display Sony Professional DisplaySee also EditComputer monitor e paper LCD TV Liquid crystal display Smart watch TFT LCDReferences Edit a b Cross Jason 18 March 2012 Digital Displays Explained TechHive PC World p 4 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 19 March 2015 TFT Technology Enhancing the viewing angle Riverdi TFT Module Manufacturer Archived from the original on 23 April 2016 Retrieved 5 November 2016 However twisted nematic suffers from the phenomenon called gray scale inversion This means that the display has one viewing side in which the image colors suddenly change after exceeding the specified viewing angle see image Inversion Effect a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code quote code help Bibliographic data US3834794 A 1974 09 10 Espacenet com Retrieved 9 October 2013 U S Patent 3 834 794 R Soref Liquid crystal electric field sensing measurement and display device filed 28 June 1973 Bibliographic data US5576867 A 1996 11 19 Espacenet com Retrieved 9 October 2013 US 5576867 patent 2014 SID Honors and Awards SID informationdisplay org Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 Retrieved 4 July 2014 Espacenet Bibliographic data Worldwide espacenet com 28 January 1997 Retrieved 15 August 2014 U S Patent 5 598 285 K Kondo H Terao H Abe M Ohta K Suzuki T Sasaki G Kawachi J Ohwada Liquid crystal display device filed Sep 18 1992 and Jan 20 1993 Optical Patterning PDF Nature 22 August 1996 Retrieved 13 June 2008 Technical specifications iPhone 5c Archived 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Comparison of iPad models Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine IPS Pro Evolving IPS technology Archived 29 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 November 2012 Retrieved 24 November 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link tech2 News Staff 19 May 2011 LG Announces Super High Resolution AH IPS Displays Firstpost com Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 Retrieved 10 December 2015 a b Baker Simon 30 April 2011 Panel Technologies TN Film MVA PVA and IPS Explained Tftcentral co uk Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 Retrieved 13 January 2012 LCD Panel Technology Explained PChardwarehelp com Archived from the original on 14 January 2012 Retrieved 13 January 2012 Comparisons done by LG Display Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Visual comparison of IPS and TN done by Japan Display Inc Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine IPS Stable Panel Archived 2 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Mark Winston 30 June 2021 IPS or TN panel EsportSource net Retrieved 7 February 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Ivankov Alex 1 September 2016 Advantages and disadvantages of IPS screen technology Version Daily Archived from the original on 26 September 2017 Retrieved 25 September 2017 Display and Graphics Guide The University of Pennsylvania 3 May 2017 Retrieved 14 February 2019 Samsung Adopts IPS instead of AMOLED Why seoul co kr Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 Retrieved 9 November 2012 Samsung PLS improves on IPS displays like iPad s costs less electronista com Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 Retrieved 30 October 2012 AU Optronics develops 144Hz refresh IPS type display panels 8 September 2014 Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 144Hz IPS type Panels Developed 1440p as Well Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to IPS panel Panel Technologies IPS vs VA Panel Full Form of IPS Display Archived 4 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title IPS panel amp oldid 1142087255, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
