Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)
Nerpa (renamed INS Chakra in Indian Navy service) is a 8,140-tonne (8,010-long-ton) Project 971 (or Project 518;[1] NATO: Akula-class) nuclear-powered attack submarine. The construction of the submarine was started in Russia in 1993, but was suspended due to lack of funding. India then sponsored further construction[2] and sea trials of the submarine provided it was leased to the Indian Navy for 10 years. It was launched as K-152 Nerpa in October 2008 and entered service with the Russian Navy in late 2009. The submarine was leased to the Indian Navy in 2011 after extensive trials, and was formally commissioned into service as INS Chakra with the Eastern Naval Command at a ceremony in Visakhapatnam on 4 April 2012.[3] In June 2021 Chakra was spotted on the surface escorted by Indian and Russian warships in the Singapore Strait while presumably heading towards the Russian naval base in Vladivostok; some media speculated that she was returning to Russia before the expiry of the lease term.[4]
INS Chakra | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Russia | |
| Name | K-152 Nerpa |
| Namesake | Baikal seal |
| Builder | Amur Shipbuilding Plant, Komsomolsk-on-Amur |
| Laid down | 1993 |
| Launched | October 2008 |
| Commissioned | 2009 |
| Fate | Leased to the Indian Navy for 10 years in 2012, returned in June 2021 |
| India | |
| Name | Chakra |
| Namesake | Sudarshana Chakra |
| Commissioned | 4 April 2012 |
| Homeport | Visakhapatnam |
| Status | Returned to Russia, June 2021 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Nuclear-powered attack submarine |
| Displacement | 8,140 tonnes (8,010 long tons) surfaced |
| Length | 108.0–111.7 m (354.3–366.5 ft) (sources vary) |
| Beam | 13.5 m (44 ft 3 in) |
| Draught | 9.6 m (31 ft 6 in) |
While Nerpa was undergoing sea trials in the Sea of Japan on 8 November 2008, a fire suppression system was accidentally activated, killing 20 civilian specialists and navy crew members and injuring 41 others.
Construction edit
Nerpa was laid down at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur shipyard in 1993, but its completion was delayed for nearly a decade due to a lack of funds caused by the economic crisis of the early 1990s.[5] The partly constructed vessel was mothballed until 2004, when Rosprom (the Federal Agency for Industry) signed an agreement with the Indian government to complete the submarine and lease it to the Indian Navy. The vessel was intended to be completed by 2007, but underwent further delays. In 2007, it was transferred to the Vostok shipyard in the closed city of Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai, for fitting-out. It was launched in October 2008 for sea trials, following which it was due to be handed over to the Russian Defence Ministry.[6] Reports in the Indian media suggest that the resumption of construction was underwritten with Indian funding.[7]
The standard of the vessel's construction were criticised by several commentators. Aleksandr Golts, defence editor of the Yezhednevny Zhurnal newspaper, said that in the 1980s, the Amur shipyard turned out submarines "one after another, like pancakes,"[8] but from 1993 to 2008 had produced just one. "The old specialists had left, and the new ones lacked professionalism."[8] An unnamed worker at the Amur shipyard told Komsomolskaya Pravda that there were "questions about the quality of the metal that was used in building the nuclear submarine", some of which had been bought from China, and alleged that "when the first trials of the submarine were carried out water was leaking in between the seams! So it is not surprising that the work dragged on."[6]
During May 2009, the repairs were reported to be almost complete and new sea trials were planned for 15–20 June.[citation needed] By October 2009, the work had still not been completed due to the shipyard's electrical supply having been disconnected. Nikolay Povzyk, the head of the shipyard, complained they had not been paid the 1.9 billion roubles (63.8 million dollars) owed for the work carried out on Nerpa.[9]
Lease to India edit
In 2008, Russia had an agreement pending with India worth US$2 billion for the lease of Nerpa and another Project 971 Shchuka-B-class submarine.[10] Of this, K-152 Nerpa would be leased for 10 years to India at an estimated cost of US$670 million. The submarine was handed over to India on 30 December 2011.[11] After being handed over to the Indian Navy, it was commissioned as INS Chakra.[12] Nerpa is the Russian word for the Baikal seal,[13] and Chakra is the weapon of the Hindu god Vishnu.[14]
Indian naval crews earlier trained to operate the submarine near St Petersburg and another group of sailors were expected to arrive in Vladivostok in late 2008 for sea trials.[15] The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine programme, known as the Arihant-class.[16]
After the 2008 accident, there were conflicting reports over the status of the lease. A Russian defence industry official denied that talks had been held with India on the delivery of the nuclear submarine.[citation needed] General of the Army Nikolay Makarov stated that Russia would commission Nerpa and that it would join seven other Akula-class submarines with Russia's Pacific Fleet.[citation needed]
In May 2009, both Russian and Indian defence officials confirmed that Nerpa would be joining the Indian Navy by the end of 2009, after Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the yard and announced an immediate release of 1.2 billion roubles for the submarine's construction.[17]
On 28 December 2009, Nerpa was commissioned and joined the Russian Navy. The submarine underwent further adjustments in February 2010.[citation needed] By August 2010, Russia was training a crew from the Indian Navy to sail the boat to India in fulfilment of the lease agreement.[2] INS Chakra was expected to be commissioned into the Indian Navy before October 2011.[18] On 1 July 2011, Russian Navy chief Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky was quoted as holding that the Indian crew is now absolutely prepared for operating the submarine, which will be on a 10-year lease.[19]
On 23 January 2012, the ship was commissioned at Bolshoy Kamen under the command of Captain P. Ashokan.[20] She commenced her home voyage under Indian control from the Russian port of Vladivostok to its Indian base at Visakhapatnam.[21] An official Russian announcement of the transfer was still pending at that time. INS Chakra was inducted into the Indian Navy on 4 April 2012.[22][23]
The Nerpa was returned to Russia in June 2021, ahead of the expiry of the 10 year lease, due to "increasingly unreliable powerplant and maintenance issues" besides the overall condition of the vessel which was extensively used by the Indian Navy to train crews on advanced nuclear submarines.[4] According to other sources, the main reason for the early return was an explosion of a high-pressure air cylinder in the spring of 2020. The cylinder was located between the two hulls and its explosion killed a crew member and damaged electronic weapons, hydro-acoustic equipment and the hulls.[24]
The similarly named Chakra was a Charlie I-class submarine leased by India from Russia from 1988 to 1992.
2008 accident edit
| Date | 8 November 2008 |
|---|---|
| Location | Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, off the coast of Vladivostok[25] |
| Casualties | |
| 20 killed | |
| 21 injured | |
| Accident occurred on board the Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa | |
An accident occurred aboard K-152 Nerpa at 8:30 PM local time on 8 November 2008,[26] during an underwater test run in the Pacific Ocean.[27] A total of 208 people – 81 military personnel and 127 civilians – were on board at the time of the accident.[5] At least 20 people were killed by asphyxiation[28] and at least 21 more were injured,[29] making it the worst Russian submarine disaster since Kursk sank in 2000.[30][31] Three of the dead were military personnel and the rest were civilians from the Vostok, Zvezda, Era and Amur shipbuilding yards who were members of the acceptance team.[32]
The incident involved the accidental triggering of a fire extinguishing system which sealed two forward compartments and released Halon 2402 (Freon R-114B2), dibromotetrafluoroethane[33] gas into them.[5] According to survivors, those affected by the gas release were caught off guard and may not have been alerted in time due to warning sirens sounding only after the gas had already begun pouring in. Some of the victims were reported to have been unable to turn on breathing kits before they suffocated.[34]
On 10 November, a Russian Navy statement blamed the disaster on an "unsanctioned operation" of the fire suppression system aboard Nerpa.[5] Preliminary investigations concluded that the system had triggered automatically without human intervention. On 13 November, naval investigators announced that a crewman had turned on the system "without permission or any particular grounds".[35][36]
2017 accident edit
Indian media aired public reports in early October 2017 that indicated that INS Chakra had suffered damage while entering Visakhapatnam harbor, including a large hole in the sonar dome in the bow.[37] A Russian team visited India for a joint investigation, which led to the submarine being dry docked for repairs at a cost of ₹125 crore ($20 million) to fix the damage.[38]
2019 edit
After the 2019 Balakot airstrike that was conducted by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Navy sent INS Chakra along with INS Kalvari to search for the Pakistani submarine PNS Saad which was believed to be deployed to sea.[39][40]
References edit
- ^ "Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has a working meeting with Roman Trotsenko, President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC)". The Russian Government. 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.
- ^ a b Sen, Sudhi Ranjan (6 April 2012). "INS Chakra: Top 10 must-know facts". NDTV.com.
- ^ "Russian-built nuclear submarine joins Indian Navy". BBC News. 4 April 2012. from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b Som, Vishnu (4 June 2021). "Navy's Only Nuclear Attack Submarine Returns To Russia Before Lease Expires". NDTV.com.
- ^ a b c d "Twenty Persons Perished Aboard a Submarine Due to a Defective Fire-Extinguishing System". Komsomolskaya Pravda. 9 November 2008.
- ^ a b "In Its First Trials the Submarine Nerpa Leaked at the Seams". Komsomolskaya Pravda. 9 November 2008.
- ^ . Marine Log. 9 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ a b "Behind the Russian Sub Disaster". Newsweek. 9 November 2008. from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Repairs of India-bound Russian sub hit by lack of funds: report". Space War. AFP. 8 October 2009. from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ . AFP. 9 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ "Russia hands over Nerpa attack submarine to India". NDTV.com. 30 December 2011. from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ Abdullaev, Nabi (10 November 2008). . The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ . Seal Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ Cross, John; Charman, Robert (2006). Healing with the Chakra Energy System. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN 1-55643-625-4.
- ^ . The Times of India. 10 November 2008. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
- ^ "Accident on Russian submarine meant for India kills 20". The Economic Times. 9 November 2008. from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ . Xinhua News Agency. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009.
- ^ . RIA Novosti. 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011.
- ^ . The Times of India. 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.
- ^ SpokespersonNavy [@indiannavy] (22 May 2017). "INS Chakra - Akula class SSN" (Tweet). from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2017 – via Twitter.
- ^ . Yahoo! News. AFP (Agence France-Presse). 23 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "INS Chakra: Govt inducts Russian-origin Akula II class Nerpa into Navy". The Economic Times. 4 April 2012. from the original on 7 April 2012.
- ^ "INS Chakra formally inducted into Indian Navy". India Today. P.T.I. 4 April 2012. from the original on 19 September 2012.
- ^ "nuclear submarine INS Chakra aka Nerpa sent back to Russia for conventional reasons". frontierindia.com. 9 June 2021.
- ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (9 November 2008). "Freak accident on Russian N-submarine kills 21". India Today. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ Loiko, Sergei L. (8 November 2008). . The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ . CNN. Moscow. Associated Press. 9 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ Gutterman, Steve (8 November 2008). "Russian navy: sub accident kills more than 20". 6ABC. Moscow. Associated Press. from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ^ "Twenty die on Russian submarine". BBC News. 9 November 2008. from the original on 9 November 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ Syal, Rajeev (9 November 2008). "Twenty die in nuclear submarine accident". The Guardian. London. from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ Maltsev, Yuri (8 November 2008). "At least 20 die in accident on Russian nuclear sub". Reuters. from the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ REN TV, Moscow, 2030 GMT 10 November 2008
- ^ Eshel, David (11 November 2008). . Defense Update. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^ "The Akula class nuclear attack submarine - India set to lease 3rd from Russia". DefenceZealer.com. Associated Press. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2019.[dead link]
- ^ Матрос запустил смертельный газ на глазах у своего командира? [A sailor fired a lethal gas in front of his commander?]. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). 15 November 2008. from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ Матрос включил систему пожаротушения на "Нерпе" от скуки [The sailor turned on the fire extinguishing system on the Nerpa out of boredom]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 15 November 2008. from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ "Accident on board INS Chakra?". The Hindu. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Russia seeks ₹125 crore to carry out repairs on INS Chakra". The Hindu. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Som, Vishnu (18 March 2019). "India Deployed Nuclear Missile-Armed Submarine During Standoff With Pak". NDTV.com.
- ^ "Post Balakot strike, Indian Navy hunted for Pakistani submarine for 21 days". India Today. Asian News International. 23 June 2019.