IC 1101 is a class S0 supergiant (cD) lenticular galaxy at the center of the Abell 2029galaxy cluster. It has an isophotal diameter at about 123.65 to 169.61 kiloparsecs (400,000 to 550,000 ly). It possesses a diffuse core which is the largest known core of any galaxy to date,[5] and also hosts a supermassive black hole that is one of the largest black holes known.[5] The galaxy is located at 354.0 megaparsecs (1.15 billion light-years) from Earth. The galaxy was discovered on 19 June 1790, by the British astronomer William Herschel.[6]
The galaxy is classified as a supergiant elliptical (E) to lenticular (S0)[7] and is the brightest galaxy in A2029 (hence its other designation A2029-BCG; BCG meaning brightest cluster galaxy).[8][9] The galaxy's morphological type is debated due to it possibly being shaped like a flat disc but only visible from Earth at its broadest dimensions. A morphology of S0- (Hubble stage -2; see Hubble stage for details) has been given by the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) in 1991.[3]
Size
IC 1101 is considered a large galaxy characterized by an extensive, diffuse halo. Defining the size of a galaxy varies according to the method used in the astronomical literature. Photographic plates of blue light from the galaxy (sampling stars excluding the diffuse halo) yield an effective radius (the radius within which half the light is emitted) of 65 ± 12 kpc (212 ± 39 thousand ly) [10] based on an earlier distance measurement. The galaxy has a very large halo of much lower intensity "diffuse light" extending to a radius of 600 kpc (2 million ly).[11][verification needed] The authors of the study identifying the halo conclude that IC 1101 is "possibly one of the largest and most luminous galaxies in the universe",[11] though this figure was based on an earlier assumed distance of 262 megaparsecs (855 million light-years)
More recent measurements, using the 25.0 magnitude/arcsec2 standard (commonly known as D25, a method recommended by R.O. Redman in 1936)[12][b] has been utilized by the RC3 in the B-band, with a measured major axis (log 2a+1) of 1.08 (equivalent to 72.10 arcseconds),[3] translating to a diameter of 123.65 kiloparsecs (403,000 ly).[1] Another calculation by the Two Micron All-Sky Survey using the "total" aperture at the K-band yield a much larger size of 169.61 kiloparsecs (553,000 ly).[4] Both measurements are based on the currently-accepted distance to IC 1101. This would make it one of the largest and most luminous galaxies known, though there are other galaxies with larger isophotal diameter measurements (such as NGC 623, Abell 1413 BCG, and ESO 306-17).
Distance
The distance to IC 1101 has also been uncertain, with different methods across different wavelengths producing varying results. An earlier distance calculation from 1980 using the galaxy's photometric property yield a distance of 262.0 Mpc (855 million ly) and a redshift of z = 0.077, based on a Hubble constant value H0 of 60 km/s/Mpc.[13] The RC3 catalogue gave a nearly similar value of z=0.078, based on optical emission lines,[3] a value conformed to as recently as 2017 based on luminosity, stellar mass, and velocity dispersion functions,[2] all yielding distances of 354.0 megaparsecs (1.2 billion light-years) based on the modern value of the Hubble constant H0 = 67.8 km/s/Mpc; the currently accepted values. Lower redshifts have been calculated for other wavelengths such as the photometric redshift measurement by the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) in 2014, which gave a value of z = 0.045,[14] translating to a distance of 197.1 megaparsecs (643 million light-years). A measurement made in 2005 by the Arecibo Observatory using the 21-cm hydrogen emission line yields a redshift of z = 0.021,[15] and hence a distance of 97.67 ± 6.84 megaparsecs (318.6 ± 22.3 million light-years).
Like most large galaxies, IC 1101 is populated by a number of metal-rich stars, some of which are seven billion years older than the Sun, making it appear golden yellow in color. It has a bright radio source at the center, which is likely associated with an ultramassive black hole in the mass range of 40–100 billion M☉ measured using core dynamical models,[5] or alternatively at 50-70 billion M☉ using gas accretion rate and growth modelling.,[16] which would make IC 1101's black hole one of the most massive known to date. The authors also say that the galaxy is one of the most luminous and largest cD-galaxies.[16]
A 2017 paper suggests that IC 1101 has the largest core size of any galaxy, with a core radius of around 4.2 ± 0.1 kpc (13.70 ± 0.33 thousand ly), making its core larger than the one observed in A2261-BCG. The core is also roughly an order of magnitude larger than the cores of other large elliptical galaxies, such as NGC 4889 and NGC 1600. This massive core is believed to have formed due to black holes scouring the galactic core. This, along with the stellar mass deficit at the core and the somewhat bluer color of IC 1101's halo suggests that IC 1101 underwent a large number of major galaxy mergers.[5] However, when examining large and diffuse galactic cores, caution must be taken, as various estimates may differ between the computer models used. As an example, Holmberg 15A was originally claimed to have the largest galactic core of any galaxy but other studies proved otherwise.[17]
^The diameters given at NED were based on a redshift-independent distance measurement. The diameters given here were based on NED's provided scale "Virgo + GA + Shapley" multiplied with the given angular diameter values of the estimation methods being stated.
^ abcdDullo, Bililign T.; Graham, Alister W.; Knapen, Johan H. (October 2017). "A remarkably large depleted core in the Abell 2029 BCG IC 1101". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 471 (2): 2321–2333. arXiv:1707.02277. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.471.2321D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1635. S2CID 119000593.
^"William Herschel's astronomical discoveries". MacTutor. University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^Lewis, Aaron D.; Buote, David A.; Stocke, John T. (March 2003). "Chandra Observations of A2029: The Dark Matter Profile Down to below 0.01rvir in an Unusually Relaxed Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 586 (1): 135–142. arXiv:astro-ph/0209205. Bibcode:2003ApJ...586..135L. doi:10.1086/367556. S2CID 119439086.
^Uson, Juan M.; Boughn, Stephen P.; Kuhn, Jeffrey R. (October 1990). "The central galaxy in Abell 2029 - an old supergiant". Science. 250 (4980): 539–540. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..539U. doi:10.1126/science.250.4980.539. PMID 17751483. S2CID 23362384.
^ abUson, Juan M.; Boughn, Stephen P.; Kuhn, Jeffrey R. (March 1991). "Diffuse light in dense clusters of galaxies. I. R-band observations of Abell 2029". The Astrophysical Journal. 369: 46–53. Bibcode:1991ApJ...369...46U. doi:10.1086/169737.
^"Dimensions of Galaxies". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
^Hoessel, J. G.; Gunn, J. E.; Thuan, T. X. (1980). "The photometry properties of brightest cluster galaxies. I. Absolute magnitudes in 116 nearby Abell clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 241: 486. Bibcode:1980ApJ...241..486H. doi:10.1086/158363.
^Bilicki, Maciej; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Peacock, John A.; Cluver, Michelle E.; Steward, Louise (2014). "Two Micron All Sky Survey Photometric Redshift Catalog: A Comprehensive Three-dimensional Census of the Whole Sky". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 210 (1): 9. arXiv:1311.5246. Bibcode:2014ApJS..210....9B. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/210/1/9. S2CID 118733998.
^Springob, Christopher M.; Haynes, Martha P.; Giovanelli, Riccardo; Kent, Brian R. (2005). "A Digital Archive of H I 21 Centimeter Line Spectra of Optically Targeted Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 160 (1): 149. arXiv:astro-ph/0505025. Bibcode:2005ApJS..160..149S. doi:10.1086/431550. S2CID 14911447.
^ abBrockamp, M.; Baumgardt, H.; Britzen, S.; Zensus, A. (January 2016). "Unveiling Gargantua: A new search strategy for the most massive central cluster black holes". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 585. A153. arXiv:1509.04782. Bibcode:2016A&A...585A.153B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526873. S2CID 54641547.
^Dullo, Bililign T. (December 2019). "The Most Massive Galaxies with Large Depleted Cores: Structural Parameter Relations and Black Hole Masses". The Astrophysical Journal. 886 (2): 80. arXiv:1910.10240. Bibcode:2019ApJ...886...80D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4d4f. S2CID 204838306. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IC 1101.
Wilford, John Noble (26 October 1990). "Sighting of Largest Galaxy Hints Clues on the Clustering of Matter". The New York Times.
1101, class, supergiant, lenticular, galaxy, center, abell, 2029, galaxy, cluster, isophotal, diameter, about, kiloparsecs, possesses, diffuse, core, which, largest, known, core, galaxy, date, also, hosts, supermassive, black, hole, that, largest, black, holes. IC 1101 is a class S0 supergiant cD lenticular galaxy at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster It has an isophotal diameter at about 123 65 to 169 61 kiloparsecs 400 000 to 550 000 ly It possesses a diffuse core which is the largest known core of any galaxy to date 5 and also hosts a supermassive black hole that is one of the largest black holes known 5 The galaxy is located at 354 0 megaparsecs 1 15 billion light years from Earth The galaxy was discovered on 19 June 1790 by the British astronomer William Herschel 6 IC 1101June 1995 image of IC 1101 taken by the Hubble Space TelescopeObservation data J2000 epoch ConstellationVirgoRight ascension15h 10m 56 1s 1 Declination 05 44 41 1 Redshift0 078054 0 000027 1 2 Helio radial velocity22 419 km s 13 931 mi s 1 Distance354 0 24 8 Mpc 1 154 6 80 9 million ly h 10 67 1 Group or clusterAbell 2029Apparent magnitude V 13 22 1 CharacteristicsTypecD S0 1 Size123 65 to 169 61 kpc 403 300 to 553 200 ly D25 B band and total K band isophotes 3 4 a Apparent size V 1 2 0 6 1 Other designationsUGC 9752 1 PGC 54167 1 A2029 BCG 1 Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Morphology 1 2 Size 1 3 Distance 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksCharacteristics EditMorphology Edit IC 1101 imaged by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey The galaxy is classified as a supergiant elliptical E to lenticular S0 7 and is the brightest galaxy in A2029 hence its other designation A2029 BCG BCG meaning brightest cluster galaxy 8 9 The galaxy s morphological type is debated due to it possibly being shaped like a flat disc but only visible from Earth at its broadest dimensions A morphology of S0 Hubble stage 2 see Hubble stage for details has been given by the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies RC3 in 1991 3 Size Edit IC 1101 is considered a large galaxy characterized by an extensive diffuse halo Defining the size of a galaxy varies according to the method used in the astronomical literature Photographic plates of blue light from the galaxy sampling stars excluding the diffuse halo yield an effective radius the radius within which half the light is emitted of 65 12 kpc 212 39 thousand ly 10 based on an earlier distance measurement The galaxy has a very large halo of much lower intensity diffuse light extending to a radius of 600 kpc 2 million ly 11 verification needed The authors of the study identifying the halo conclude that IC 1101 is possibly one of the largest and most luminous galaxies in the universe 11 though this figure was based on an earlier assumed distance of 262 megaparsecs 855 million light years More recent measurements using the 25 0 magnitude arcsec2 standard commonly known as D25 a method recommended by R O Redman in 1936 12 b has been utilized by the RC3 in the B band with a measured major axis log 2a 1 of 1 08 equivalent to 72 10 arcseconds 3 translating to a diameter of 123 65 kiloparsecs 403 000 ly 1 Another calculation by the Two Micron All Sky Survey using the total aperture at the K band yield a much larger size of 169 61 kiloparsecs 553 000 ly 4 Both measurements are based on the currently accepted distance to IC 1101 This would make it one of the largest and most luminous galaxies known though there are other galaxies with larger isophotal diameter measurements such as NGC 623 Abell 1413 BCG and ESO 306 17 Distance Edit The distance to IC 1101 has also been uncertain with different methods across different wavelengths producing varying results An earlier distance calculation from 1980 using the galaxy s photometric property yield a distance of 262 0 Mpc 855 million ly and a redshift of z 0 077 based on a Hubble constant value H0 of 60 km s Mpc 13 The RC3 catalogue gave a nearly similar value of z 0 078 based on optical emission lines 3 a value conformed to as recently as 2017 based on luminosity stellar mass and velocity dispersion functions 2 all yielding distances of 354 0 megaparsecs 1 2 billion light years based on the modern value of the Hubble constant H0 67 8 km s Mpc the currently accepted values Lower redshifts have been calculated for other wavelengths such as the photometric redshift measurement by the Two Micron All Sky Survey 2MASS in 2014 which gave a value of z 0 045 14 translating to a distance of 197 1 megaparsecs 643 million light years A measurement made in 2005 by the Arecibo Observatory using the 21 cm hydrogen emission line yields a redshift of z 0 021 15 and hence a distance of 97 67 6 84 megaparsecs 318 6 22 3 million light years Like most large galaxies IC 1101 is populated by a number of metal rich stars some of which are seven billion years older than the Sun making it appear golden yellow in color It has a bright radio source at the center which is likely associated with an ultramassive black hole in the mass range of 40 100 billion M measured using core dynamical models 5 or alternatively at 50 70 billion M using gas accretion rate and growth modelling 16 which would make IC 1101 s black hole one of the most massive known to date The authors also say that the galaxy is one of the most luminous and largest cD galaxies 16 A 2017 paper suggests that IC 1101 has the largest core size of any galaxy with a core radius of around 4 2 0 1 kpc 13 70 0 33 thousand ly making its core larger than the one observed in A2261 BCG The core is also roughly an order of magnitude larger than the cores of other large elliptical galaxies such as NGC 4889 and NGC 1600 This massive core is believed to have formed due to black holes scouring the galactic core This along with the stellar mass deficit at the core and the somewhat bluer color of IC 1101 s halo suggests that IC 1101 underwent a large number of major galaxy mergers 5 However when examining large and diffuse galactic cores caution must be taken as various estimates may differ between the computer models used As an example Holmberg 15A was originally claimed to have the largest galactic core of any galaxy but other studies proved otherwise 17 See also EditList of galaxies List of largest galaxies List of most massive black holesNotes Edit The diameters given at NED were based on a redshift independent distance measurement The diameters given here were based on NED s provided scale Virgo GA Shapley multiplied with the given angular diameter values of the estimation methods being stated Date mistakenly stated as 1963 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l NED results for object IC 1101 NASA IPAC Extragalactic Database Retrieved 28 August 2022 a b Reference Lookup NASA IPAC Extragalactic Database ned ipac caltech edu Retrieved 9 December 2022 a b c d De Vaucouleurs Gerard De Vaucouleurs Antoinette Corwin Herold G Buta Ronald J Paturel Georges Fouque Pascal 1991 Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies Bibcode 1991rc3 book D a b NASA IPAC Extragalactic Database dead link a b c d Dullo Bililign T Graham Alister W Knapen Johan H October 2017 A remarkably large depleted core in the Abell 2029 BCG IC 1101 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 2 2321 2333 arXiv 1707 02277 Bibcode 2017MNRAS 471 2321D doi 10 1093 mnras stx1635 S2CID 119000593 William Herschel s astronomical discoveries MacTutor University of St Andrews Scotland Retrieved 4 April 2020 IC 1101 SIMBAD Centre de donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved 21 December 2014 Lewis Aaron D Buote David A Stocke John T March 2003 Chandra Observations of A2029 The Dark Matter Profile Down to below 0 01rvir in an Unusually Relaxed Cluster The Astrophysical Journal 586 1 135 142 arXiv astro ph 0209205 Bibcode 2003ApJ 586 135L doi 10 1086 367556 S2CID 119439086 Uson Juan M Boughn Stephen P Kuhn Jeffrey R October 1990 The central galaxy in Abell 2029 an old supergiant Science 250 4980 539 540 Bibcode 1990Sci 250 539U doi 10 1126 science 250 4980 539 PMID 17751483 S2CID 23362384 Fisher David Illingworth Garth Franx Marijn January 1995 Kinematics of 13 brightest cluster galaxies The Astrophysical Journal 438 2 539 562 Bibcode 1995ApJ 438 539F doi 10 1086 175100 a b Uson Juan M Boughn Stephen P Kuhn Jeffrey R March 1991 Diffuse light in dense clusters of galaxies I R band observations of Abell 2029 The Astrophysical Journal 369 46 53 Bibcode 1991ApJ 369 46U doi 10 1086 169737 Dimensions of Galaxies ned ipac caltech edu Retrieved 9 December 2022 Hoessel J G Gunn J E Thuan T X 1980 The photometry properties of brightest cluster galaxies I Absolute magnitudes in 116 nearby Abell clusters The Astrophysical Journal 241 486 Bibcode 1980ApJ 241 486H doi 10 1086 158363 Bilicki Maciej Jarrett Thomas H Peacock John A Cluver Michelle E Steward Louise 2014 Two Micron All Sky Survey Photometric Redshift Catalog A Comprehensive Three dimensional Census of the Whole Sky The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 210 1 9 arXiv 1311 5246 Bibcode 2014ApJS 210 9B doi 10 1088 0067 0049 210 1 9 S2CID 118733998 Springob Christopher M Haynes Martha P Giovanelli Riccardo Kent Brian R 2005 A Digital Archive of H I 21 Centimeter Line Spectra of Optically Targeted Galaxies The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 160 1 149 arXiv astro ph 0505025 Bibcode 2005ApJS 160 149S doi 10 1086 431550 S2CID 14911447 a b Brockamp M Baumgardt H Britzen S Zensus A January 2016 Unveiling Gargantua A new search strategy for the most massive central cluster black holes Astronomy amp Astrophysics 585 A153 arXiv 1509 04782 Bibcode 2016A amp A 585A 153B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201526873 S2CID 54641547 Dullo Bililign T December 2019 The Most Massive Galaxies with Large Depleted Cores Structural Parameter Relations and Black Hole Masses The Astrophysical Journal 886 2 80 arXiv 1910 10240 Bibcode 2019ApJ 886 80D doi 10 3847 1538 4357 ab4d4f S2CID 204838306 Retrieved 12 March 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to IC 1101 Wilford John Noble 26 October 1990 Sighting of Largest Galaxy Hints Clues on the Clustering of Matter The New York Times Nemiroff R Bonnell J eds 12 March 2012 The Scale of the Universe Interactive Astronomy Picture of the Day NASA IC 1101 on WikiSky DSS2 SDSS GALEX IRAS Hydrogen a X Ray Astrophoto Sky Map Articles and images Portals Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title IC 1101 amp oldid 1131579794, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
