The hypolimnion or under lake is the dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake.[1] The word "hypolimnion" is derived from Ancient Greek: λιμνίον, romanized: limníon, lit. 'lake'.[2] It is the layer that lies below the thermocline.
Lakes are stratified into three separate sections: I. The Epilimnion II. The Metalimnion III. The Hypolimnion The scales are used to associate each section of the stratification to their corresponding depths and temperatures. The arrow is used to show the movement of wind over the surface of the water which initiates the turnover in the epilimnion and the hypolimnion.
Typically the hypolimnion is the coldest layer of a lake in summer, and the warmest layer during winter.[1] In deep, temperate lakes, the bottom-most waters of the hypolimnion are typically close to 4 °C throughout the year. The hypolimnion may be much warmer in lakes at warmer latitudes. Being at depth, it is isolated from surface wind-mixing during summer,[3] and usually receives insufficient irradiance (light) for photosynthesis to occur.
The deepest portions of the hypolimnion have low oxygen concentrations.[4] In eutrophic lakes, the hypolimnion is often anoxic.[5] Deep mixing of lakes during the fall and early winter[6] allows oxygen to be transported from the epilimnion to the hypolimnion.[7] The cooling of the epilimnion during the fall reduces lake stratification and allows for mixing to occur.[1] The hypolimnion can be anoxic for up to half the year.[6] Anoxia is more common in the hypolimnion during the summer when mixing does not occur.[1] In the absence of oxygen from the epilimnion, decomposition can cause hypoxia in the hypolimnion.[8]
Hypolimnetic aerationEdit
In eutrophic lakes where the hypolimnion is anoxic, hypolimnetic aeration may be used to add oxygen to the hypolimnion.[1] Adding oxygen to the system through aeration can be costly because it requires significant amounts of energy.[1]
^ abcdefDodds, Walter K. (Walter Kennedy), 1958- (2010). Freshwater ecology : concepts and environmental applications of limnology. Whiles, Matt R. (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-374724-2. OCLC 784140625.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Sadchikov, A. P.; Ostroumov, S. A. (October 2019). "Epilimnion, Metalimnion, and Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Aquatic Ecosystem: Functional Role of the Vertical Structure of the Reservoir Ecosystem in Terms of Hydrochemical and Biological Parameters". Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 89 (13): 2860–2864. doi:10.1134/S107036321913019X. ISSN 1070-3632. S2CID 211138964.
^Weinke, Anthony D.; Biddanda, Bopaiah A. (2019-12-01). "Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 45 (6): 1103–1112. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.025. ISSN 0380-1330. S2CID 209571196.
^Sadchikov, A. P.; Ostroumov, S. A. (October 2019). "Epilimnion, Metalimnion, and Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Aquatic Ecosystem: Functional Role of the Vertical Structure of the Reservoir Ecosystem in Terms of Hydrochemical and Biological Parameters". Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 89 (13): 2860–2864. doi:10.1134/S107036321913019X. ISSN 1070-3632. S2CID 211138964.
^Su, Xiaoxuan; He, Qiang; Mao, Yufeng; Chen, Yi; Hu, Zhi (2019-01-01). "Dissolved oxygen stratification changes nitrogen speciation and transformation in a stratified lake". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (3): 2898–2907. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3716-1. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 30499088. S2CID 54168543.
^ abSánchez-España, Javier; Mata, M. Pilar; Vegas, Juana; Morellón, Mario; Rodríguez, Juan Antonio; Salazar, Ángel; Yusta, Iñaki; Chaos, Aida; Pérez-Martínez, Carmen; Navas, Ana (2017-12-01). "Anthropogenic and climatic factors enhancing hypolimnetic anoxia in a temperate mountain lake". Journal of Hydrology. 555: 832–850. Bibcode:2017JHyd..555..832S. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.049. ISSN 0022-1694.
^Sahoo, G. B.; Schladow, S. G.; Reuter, J. E.; Coats, R. (2010-07-09). "Effects of climate change on thermal properties of lakes and reservoirs, and possible implications". Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 25 (4): 445–456. doi:10.1007/s00477-010-0414-z. ISSN 1436-3240.
^Weinke, Anthony D.; Biddanda, Bopaiah A. (2019-12-01). "Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 45 (6): 1103–1112. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.025. ISSN 0380-1330. S2CID 209571196.
hypolimnion, hypolimnion, under, lake, dense, bottom, layer, water, thermally, stratified, lake, word, hypolimnion, derived, from, ancient, greek, λιμνίον, romanized, limníon, lake, layer, that, lies, below, thermocline, lakes, stratified, into, three, separat. The hypolimnion or under lake is the dense bottom layer of water in a thermally stratified lake 1 The word hypolimnion is derived from Ancient Greek limnion romanized limnion lit lake 2 It is the layer that lies below the thermocline Lakes are stratified into three separate sections I The Epilimnion II The Metalimnion III The Hypolimnion The scales are used to associate each section of the stratification to their corresponding depths and temperatures The arrow is used to show the movement of wind over the surface of the water which initiates the turnover in the epilimnion and the hypolimnion Typically the hypolimnion is the coldest layer of a lake in summer and the warmest layer during winter 1 In deep temperate lakes the bottom most waters of the hypolimnion are typically close to 4 C throughout the year The hypolimnion may be much warmer in lakes at warmer latitudes Being at depth it is isolated from surface wind mixing during summer 3 and usually receives insufficient irradiance light for photosynthesis to occur Contents 1 Oxygen dynamics 1 1 Hypolimnetic aeration 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksOxygen dynamics EditThe deepest portions of the hypolimnion have low oxygen concentrations 4 In eutrophic lakes the hypolimnion is often anoxic 5 Deep mixing of lakes during the fall and early winter 6 allows oxygen to be transported from the epilimnion to the hypolimnion 7 The cooling of the epilimnion during the fall reduces lake stratification and allows for mixing to occur 1 The hypolimnion can be anoxic for up to half the year 6 Anoxia is more common in the hypolimnion during the summer when mixing does not occur 1 In the absence of oxygen from the epilimnion decomposition can cause hypoxia in the hypolimnion 8 Hypolimnetic aeration Edit In eutrophic lakes where the hypolimnion is anoxic hypolimnetic aeration may be used to add oxygen to the hypolimnion 1 Adding oxygen to the system through aeration can be costly because it requires significant amounts of energy 1 See also EditMetalimnionReferences Edit a b c d e f Dodds Walter K Walter Kennedy 1958 2010 Freshwater ecology concepts and environmental applications of limnology Whiles Matt R 2nd ed Burlington MA Academic Press ISBN 978 0 12 374724 2 OCLC 784140625 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sadchikov A P Ostroumov S A October 2019 Epilimnion Metalimnion and Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Aquatic Ecosystem Functional Role of the Vertical Structure of the Reservoir Ecosystem in Terms of Hydrochemical and Biological Parameters Russian Journal of General Chemistry 89 13 2860 2864 doi 10 1134 S107036321913019X ISSN 1070 3632 S2CID 211138964 Weinke Anthony D Biddanda Bopaiah A 2019 12 01 Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary Journal of Great Lakes Research 45 6 1103 1112 doi 10 1016 j jglr 2019 09 025 ISSN 0380 1330 S2CID 209571196 Sadchikov A P Ostroumov S A October 2019 Epilimnion Metalimnion and Hypolimnion of a Mesotrophic Aquatic Ecosystem Functional Role of the Vertical Structure of the Reservoir Ecosystem in Terms of Hydrochemical and Biological Parameters Russian Journal of General Chemistry 89 13 2860 2864 doi 10 1134 S107036321913019X ISSN 1070 3632 S2CID 211138964 Su Xiaoxuan He Qiang Mao Yufeng Chen Yi Hu Zhi 2019 01 01 Dissolved oxygen stratification changes nitrogen speciation and transformation in a stratified lake Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 3 2898 2907 doi 10 1007 s11356 018 3716 1 ISSN 1614 7499 PMID 30499088 S2CID 54168543 a b Sanchez Espana Javier Mata M Pilar Vegas Juana Morellon Mario Rodriguez Juan Antonio Salazar Angel Yusta Inaki Chaos Aida Perez Martinez Carmen Navas Ana 2017 12 01 Anthropogenic and climatic factors enhancing hypolimnetic anoxia in a temperate mountain lake Journal of Hydrology 555 832 850 Bibcode 2017JHyd 555 832S doi 10 1016 j jhydrol 2017 10 049 ISSN 0022 1694 Sahoo G B Schladow S G Reuter J E Coats R 2010 07 09 Effects of climate change on thermal properties of lakes and reservoirs and possible implications Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 25 4 445 456 doi 10 1007 s00477 010 0414 z ISSN 1436 3240 Weinke Anthony D Biddanda Bopaiah A 2019 12 01 Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary Journal of Great Lakes Research 45 6 1103 1112 doi 10 1016 j jglr 2019 09 025 ISSN 0380 1330 S2CID 209571196 External links EditWater on the Web Archived 2004 05 10 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hypolimnion amp oldid 1170081290, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
