fbpx
Wikipedia

Hyperplasia

February 16, 2024

Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ huper 'over' + πλάσις plasis 'formation'), or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation.[4] It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ, and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor.[5]

Hyperplasia
Whereas hypertrophy stems from an increase in cell size, hyperplasia results from an increase in cell number.
SpecialtyPathology
TypesBenign prostatic hyperplasia, Hyperplasia of the breast(many more)[1][2]
Diagnostic methodBiopsy[3]
TreatmentDepends which type (see types)

Hyperplasia is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus.[6] Microscopically, cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers. Sometimes cells may also be increased in size (hypertrophy).[7] Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that the adaptive cell change in hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells.[8]

Causes edit

Hyperplasia may be due to any number of causes, including proliferation of basal layer of epidermis to compensate skin loss, chronic inflammatory response, hormonal dysfunctions, or compensation for damage or disease elsewhere.[9] Hyperplasia may be harmless and occur on a particular tissue. An example of a normal hyperplastic response would be the growth and multiplication of milk-secreting glandular cells in the breast as a response to pregnancy, thus preparing for future breast feeding.[10]

Perhaps the most interesting and potent[editorializing] effect insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF) has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia, which is an actual splitting of cells.[11] By contrast, hypertrophy is what occurs, for example, to skeletal muscle cells during weight training and is simply an increase in the size of the cells.[12] With IGF use, one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue.[13] Weight training enables these new cells to mature in size and strength. It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance, thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber.[14]

Mechanism edit

Hyperplasia is considered to be a physiological (normal) response to a specific stimulus, and the cells of a hyperplastic growth remain subject to normal regulatory control mechanisms.[5] However, hyperplasia can also occur as a pathological response, if an excess of hormone or growth factor is responsible for the stimuli. Similarly to physiological hyperplasia, cells that undergo pathologic hyperplasia are controlled by growth hormones, and cease to proliferate if such stimuli are removed.[15] This differs from neoplasia (the process underlying cancer and benign tumors), in which genetically abnormal cells manage to proliferate in a non-physiological manner which is unresponsive to normal stimuli.[16] That being said, the effects caused by pathologic hyperplasia can provide a suitable foundation from which neoplastic cells may develop.[15]

Role in disease edit

Hyperplasia of certain tissues may cause disease. Pathologic hyperplasia in these tissues may occur due to infection, physiological stress or trauma, or abnormal levels of particular hormones, such as estrogen, ACTH, or cortisol.[17]

Types edit

Some of the more commonly known clinical forms of hyperplasia, or conditions leading to hyperplasia, include:

 
Patient with hemihyperplasia involving the upper and lower left extremities. The leg length discrepancy can be noted by the pelvic tilt.
  • Hemihyperplasia – When only half (or one side) of the body is affected, sometimes generating limbs of different lengths.[21]
  • Hyperplasia of the breast – "Hyperplastic" lesions of the breast include usual ductal hyperplasia, a focal expansion of the number of cells in a terminal breast duct, and atypical ductal hyperplasia, in which a more abnormal pattern of growth is seen, and which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.[2]
  • Intimal hyperplasia – The thickening of the tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complication of a reconstruction procedure or endarterectomy. Intimal hyperplasia is the universal response of a vessel to injury and is an important reason of late bypass graft failure, particularly in vein and synthetic vascular grafts.[22]
  • Focal epithelial hyperplasia (also known as Heck's disease) – This is a wart-like growth in the mucous tissues of the mouth or, rarely, throat that is caused by certain sub-types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Heck's disease has not been known to cause cancer.[23]
  • Myofibre hyperplasia (also known as double-muscling) – seen in cattle, genetic mutations cause large muscles due to increased proliferation of myofibres and decreased adipose tissue.[24]
  • Sebaceous hyperplasia – In this condition, small yellowish growths develop on the skin, usually on the face. This condition is neither contagious nor dangerous.[25]
  • Compensatory liver hyperplasia – The liver undergoes cellular division after acute injury, resulting in new cells that restore liver function back to baseline. Approximately 75% of the liver can be acutely damaged or resected with seemingly full regeneration through hepatocyte division, i.e., hyperplasia. This is what makes living-donor liver transplants possible.[26]
  • Epidermal hyperplasia of the skin[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  2. ^ a b Koerner FC (2009). Diagnostic Problems in Breast Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-2612-9.
  3. ^ Dunphy LM, Winland-Brown JE (April 2011). Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-2647-8.
  4. ^ "Hyperplasia". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  5. ^ a b Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P (September 2012). Essentials of Medical Physiology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789350259368.
  6. ^ Zachary JF, McGavin MD (December 2013). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-29172-9.
  7. ^ Braun CA, Anderson CM (2007). Pathophysiology: Functional Alterations in Human Health. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7817-6250-2.
  8. ^ Rubin E, Reisner HM (2009). Essentials of Rubin's Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7324-9.
  9. ^ Porth C (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3.
  10. ^ Dirbas F, Scott-Conner C (January 2011). Breast Surgical Techniques and Interdisciplinary Management. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-6076-4.
  11. ^ Gardiner P. Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-1-4504-1227-8.
  12. ^ Metzl JD, Shookhoff C (October 2009). The Young Athlete: A Sports Doctor's Complete Guide for Parents. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-08673-8.
  13. ^ Rodgers K, ed. (November 2011). The Endocrine System. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-731-9.
  14. ^ Kisner C, Colby LA (December 2012). Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques. F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-3897-6.
  15. ^ a b c Kumar V, Abbas A, Aster J (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia, US: Elsevier. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8089-2432-6.
  16. ^ Hong WK, Hait WN (2010). Holland Frei Cancer Medicine Eight. PMPH-USA. ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1.
  17. ^ Kemp WL, Burns DK, Brown TG. "Pathology: The Big Picture". AccessMedicine. McGraw Hill Medical. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  18. ^ "Cushing disease". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  19. ^ "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  20. ^ "Endometrial Hyperplasia". American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  21. ^ "Hemihyperplasia - Glossary Entry". Genetics Home Reference. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
  22. ^ Subbotin VM (October 2007). "Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia: review and hypothesis". Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling. 4: 41. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-4-41. PMC 2169223. PMID 17974015.
  23. ^ Purkait SK (2011). Essentials of Oral Pathology. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789350252147.
  24. ^ Swatland, Howard (January 1974). "Developmental disorders of skeletal muscle in cattle, pigs and sheep". The Veterinary Bulletin. 44 (4): 187–189 – via ResearchGate.
  25. ^ Evans CC, High WA (October 2011). Skin Diseases in the Elderly: A Color Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-84076-615-8.
  26. ^ Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC (September 2014). Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-323-29635-9.

Further reading edit

  • Bachmann A, de la Rosette J (2011-11-24). Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-957277-9.

External links edit

 
Scholia has a topic profile for Hyperplasia.

February 16, 2024
hyperplasia, this, article, lack, focus, about, more, than, topic, please, help, improve, this, article, possibly, splitting, article, introducing, disambiguation, page, discuss, this, issue, talk, page, december, 2021, from, ancient, greek, ὑπέρ, huper, over,. This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic Please help improve this article possibly by splitting the article and or by introducing a disambiguation page or discuss this issue on the talk page December 2021 Hyperplasia from ancient Greek ὑper huper over plasis plasis formation or hypergenesis is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation 4 It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor 5 HyperplasiaWhereas hypertrophy stems from an increase in cell size hyperplasia results from an increase in cell number SpecialtyPathologyTypesBenign prostatic hyperplasia Hyperplasia of the breast many more 1 2 Diagnostic methodBiopsy 3 TreatmentDepends which type see types Hyperplasia is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus 6 Microscopically cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers Sometimes cells may also be increased in size hypertrophy 7 Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that the adaptive cell change in hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells 8 Contents 1 Causes 2 Mechanism 3 Role in disease 3 1 Types 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksCauses editHyperplasia may be due to any number of causes including proliferation of basal layer of epidermis to compensate skin loss chronic inflammatory response hormonal dysfunctions or compensation for damage or disease elsewhere 9 Hyperplasia may be harmless and occur on a particular tissue An example of a normal hyperplastic response would be the growth and multiplication of milk secreting glandular cells in the breast as a response to pregnancy thus preparing for future breast feeding 10 Perhaps the most interesting and potent editorializing effect insulin like growth factor 1 IGF has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia which is an actual splitting of cells 11 By contrast hypertrophy is what occurs for example to skeletal muscle cells during weight training and is simply an increase in the size of the cells 12 With IGF use one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue 13 Weight training enables these new cells to mature in size and strength It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber 14 Mechanism editHyperplasia is considered to be a physiological normal response to a specific stimulus and the cells of a hyperplastic growth remain subject to normal regulatory control mechanisms 5 However hyperplasia can also occur as a pathological response if an excess of hormone or growth factor is responsible for the stimuli Similarly to physiological hyperplasia cells that undergo pathologic hyperplasia are controlled by growth hormones and cease to proliferate if such stimuli are removed 15 This differs from neoplasia the process underlying cancer and benign tumors in which genetically abnormal cells manage to proliferate in a non physiological manner which is unresponsive to normal stimuli 16 That being said the effects caused by pathologic hyperplasia can provide a suitable foundation from which neoplastic cells may develop 15 Role in disease editHyperplasia of certain tissues may cause disease Pathologic hyperplasia in these tissues may occur due to infection physiological stress or trauma or abnormal levels of particular hormones such as estrogen ACTH or cortisol 17 Types edit Some of the more commonly known clinical forms of hyperplasia or conditions leading to hyperplasia include Benign prostatic hyperplasia also known as prostate enlargement 1 Cushing s disease Physiopathology of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex due to increased circulating level of ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone 18 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Inherited disorder of gland adrenal 19 Endometrial hyperplasia Hyperproliferation of the endometrium usually in response to unopposed estrogen stimulation in the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome or exogenous administration of hormones Atypical endometrial hyperplasia may represent an early neoplastic process which can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma 20 The development of endometrial adenocarcinoma from endometrial hyperplasia is a typical example of how the effects of pathologic hyperplasia can lead to neoplasia and females who exhibit hyperplasia of the endometrium are indeed more likely to develop cancer of these cells 15 nbsp Patient with hemihyperplasia involving the upper and lower left extremities The leg length discrepancy can be noted by the pelvic tilt Hemihyperplasia When only half or one side of the body is affected sometimes generating limbs of different lengths 21 Hyperplasia of the breast Hyperplastic lesions of the breast include usual ductal hyperplasia a focal expansion of the number of cells in a terminal breast duct and atypical ductal hyperplasia in which a more abnormal pattern of growth is seen and which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer 2 Intimal hyperplasia The thickening of the tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complication of a reconstruction procedure or endarterectomy Intimal hyperplasia is the universal response of a vessel to injury and is an important reason of late bypass graft failure particularly in vein and synthetic vascular grafts 22 Focal epithelial hyperplasia also known as Heck s disease This is a wart like growth in the mucous tissues of the mouth or rarely throat that is caused by certain sub types of the human papillomavirus HPV Heck s disease has not been known to cause cancer 23 Myofibre hyperplasia also known as double muscling seen in cattle genetic mutations cause large muscles due to increased proliferation of myofibres and decreased adipose tissue 24 Sebaceous hyperplasia In this condition small yellowish growths develop on the skin usually on the face This condition is neither contagious nor dangerous 25 Compensatory liver hyperplasia The liver undergoes cellular division after acute injury resulting in new cells that restore liver function back to baseline Approximately 75 of the liver can be acutely damaged or resected with seemingly full regeneration through hepatocyte division i e hyperplasia This is what makes living donor liver transplants possible 26 Epidermal hyperplasia of the skin citation needed See also editList of biological development disorders Hyperplasia of midfaceReferences edit a b Prostate Enlargement Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases NIDDK U S Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Retrieved 2015 05 30 a b Koerner FC 2009 Diagnostic Problems in Breast Pathology Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 1 4160 2612 9 Dunphy LM Winland Brown JE April 2011 Primary Care The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing F A Davis ISBN 978 0 8036 2647 8 Hyperplasia MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia National Library of Medicine U S Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Retrieved 2015 05 30 a b Sembulingam K Sembulingam P September 2012 Essentials of Medical Physiology JP Medical Ltd ISBN 9789350259368 Zachary JF McGavin MD December 2013 Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 323 29172 9 Braun CA Anderson CM 2007 Pathophysiology Functional Alterations in Human Health Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 17 ISBN 978 0 7817 6250 2 Rubin E Reisner HM 2009 Essentials of Rubin s Pathology Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins ISBN 978 0 7817 7324 9 Porth C 2011 Essentials of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins ISBN 978 1 58255 724 3 Dirbas F Scott Conner C January 2011 Breast Surgical Techniques and Interdisciplinary Management Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 978 1 4419 6076 4 Gardiner P Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology Human Kinetics ISBN 978 1 4504 1227 8 Metzl JD Shookhoff C October 2009 The Young Athlete A Sports Doctor s Complete Guide for Parents Little Brown ISBN 978 0 316 08673 8 Rodgers K ed November 2011 The Endocrine System Britannica Educational Publishing ISBN 978 1 61530 731 9 Kisner C Colby LA December 2012 Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques F A Davis ISBN 978 0 8036 3897 6 a b c Kumar V Abbas A Aster J 2013 Robbins Basic Pathology Philadelphia US Elsevier p 4 ISBN 978 0 8089 2432 6 Hong WK Hait WN 2010 Holland Frei Cancer Medicine Eight PMPH USA ISBN 978 1 60795 014 1 Kemp WL Burns DK Brown TG Pathology The Big Picture AccessMedicine McGraw Hill Medical Retrieved 2021 12 06 Cushing disease MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia National Library of Medicine U S Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Retrieved 2015 05 30 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia National Library of Medicine U S Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Retrieved 2015 05 30 Endometrial Hyperplasia American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG Retrieved 2015 05 30 Hemihyperplasia Glossary Entry Genetics Home Reference National Library of Medicine U S Department of Health and Human Services Retrieved 2015 05 30 Subbotin VM October 2007 Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia review and hypothesis Theoretical Biology amp Medical Modelling 4 41 doi 10 1186 1742 4682 4 41 PMC 2169223 PMID 17974015 Purkait SK 2011 Essentials of Oral Pathology JP Medical Ltd ISBN 9789350252147 Swatland Howard January 1974 Developmental disorders of skeletal muscle in cattle pigs and sheep The Veterinary Bulletin 44 4 187 189 via ResearchGate Evans CC High WA October 2011 Skin Diseases in the Elderly A Color Handbook CRC Press ISBN 978 1 84076 615 8 Kumar V Abbas AK Aster JC September 2014 Robbins amp Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 323 29635 9 Further reading editBachmann A de la Rosette J 2011 11 24 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men OUP Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 957277 9 External links edit nbsp Scholia has a topic profile for Hyperplasia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hyperplasia amp oldid 1199655627, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.