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Injury

October 10, 2023

This article is about damage to organisms. For other uses, see Injury (disambiguation).

Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants. Injuries can be caused in many ways, such as mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury.

A crabeater seal injured by a predator

Taxonomic range Edit

Animals Edit

 
A sand lizard that has shed its tail when attacked by a predator, and has started to regrow a tail from the site of the injury
Main article: Injury in animals

Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure,[1] but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause, including drowning, burns, and poisoning.[2] Such damage may result from attempted predation, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors.[2]

Injury prompts an inflammatory response in animals of many different phyla;[3] this prompts coagulation of the blood or body fluid,[4] followed by wound healing, which may be rapid, as in the cnidaria.[3] Arthropods are able to repair injuries to the cuticle that forms their exoskeleton to some extent.[5]

Animals in several phyla, including annelids, arthropods, cnidaria, molluscs, nematodes, and vertebrates are able to produce antimicrobial peptides to fight off infection following an injury.[1]

Humans Edit

 
Injuries to humans elicit an elaborate response including emergency medicine, trauma surgery (illustrated), and pain management.
Main article: Injury in humans

Injury in humans has been studied extensively for its importance in medicine. Much of medical practice including emergency medicine and pain management is dedicated to the treatment of injuries.[6][7] The World Health Organization has developed a classification of injuries in humans by categories including mechanism, objects/substances producing injury, place of occurrence, activity when injured and the role of human intent.[8] Injuries often cause psychological harm including post-traumatic stress disorder in addition to physical harm.[9]

Plants Edit

 
Oak tree split by lightning, an abiotic cause of injury
Main article: Injury in plants

In plants, injuries result from the eating of plant parts by herbivorous animals including insects and mammals,[10] from damage to tissues by plant pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, which may gain entry after herbivore damage or in other ways,[11] and from abiotic factors such as heat,[12] freezing,[13] flooding,[14] lightning,[15] and pollutants[16] such as ozone.[17] Plants respond to injury by signalling that damage has occurred,[18] by secreting materials to seal off the damaged area,[19] by producing antimicrobial chemicals,[20][21] and in woody plants by regrowing over wounds.[22][23][24]

Cell injury Edit

Main article: Cell injury

Cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored.[25] Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself.[26] Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused.[25]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Rennolds, Corey W.; Bely, Alexandra E. (29 September 2022). "Integrative biology of injury in animals". Biological Reviews. 98 (1): 34–62. doi:10.1111/brv.12894. ISSN 1464-7931. PMC 10087827. PMID 36176189.
  2. ^ a b de Ramirez, Sarah Stewart; Hyder, Adnan A.; Herbert, Hadley K.; Stevens, Kent (2012). "Unintentional injuries: magnitude, prevention, and control". Annual Review of Public Health. 33: 175–191. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124558. ISSN 1545-2093. PMID 22224893.
  3. ^ a b Sparks, Albert (1972). Invertebrate Pathology Noncommunicable Diseases. Academic Press. pp. 20, 133. ISBN 9780323151962.
  4. ^ Cerenius, Lage; Söderhäll, Kenneth (6 November 2010). "Coagulation in Invertebrates". Journal of Innate Immunity. 3 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1159/000322066. ISSN 1662-811X. PMID 21051883. S2CID 20798250.
  5. ^ Parle, Eoin; Dirks, Jan-Henning; Taylor, David (2016). "Bridging the gap: wound healing in insects restores mechanical strength by targeted cuticle deposition". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (117): 20150984. doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0984. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 4874426. PMID 27053653.
  6. ^ Maerz, Linda L.; Davis, Kimberly A.; Rosenbaum, Stanley H. (2009). "Trauma". International Anesthesiology Clinics. 47 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181950030. ISSN 1537-1913. PMID 19131750. S2CID 220567282.
  7. ^ Ahmadi, Alireza; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Heidari Zadie, Zahra; et al. (2016). "Pain management in trauma: A review study". Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 8 (2): 89–98. doi:10.5249/jivr.v8i2.707. ISSN 2008-4072. PMC 4967367. PMID 27414816.
  8. ^ . World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 17 October 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  9. ^ Agarwal, Tulika Mehta; Muneer, Mohammed; Asim, Mohammad; et al. (2020). "Psychological trauma in different mechanisms of traumatic injury: A hospital-based cross-sectional study". PLOS ONE. 15 (11): e0242849. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1542849A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242849. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7703890. PMID 33253298.
  10. ^ Tarr, S. A. J. (1972). "Plant injury due to insects, mites, nematodes and other pests". Principles of Plant Pathology. London: Macmillan. pp. 126–137. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-00355-6_9. ISBN 978-1-349-00357-0.
  11. ^ Cappelli, Seraina Lisa; Koricheva, Julia (2 July 2021). "Interactions between mammalian grazers and plant pathogens: an elephant in the room?". New Phytologist. Wiley. 232 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1111/nph.17533. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 34213785. S2CID 235708670.
  12. ^ Smillie, R.M.; Nott, R. (1979). "Heat Injury in Leaves of Alpine, Temperate and Tropical Plants". Functional Plant Biology. CSIRO Publishing. 6 (1): 135. doi:10.1071/pp9790135. ISSN 1445-4408.
  13. ^ Burke, M. J.; Gusta, L. V.; Quamme, H. A.; Weiser, C. J.; Li, P. H. (1976). "Freezing and Injury in Plants". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Annual Reviews. 27 (1): 507–528. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.27.060176.002451. ISSN 0066-4294.
  14. ^ Kramer, Paul J. (1 October 1951). "Causes of Injury to Plants Resulting from Flooding of the Soil". Plant Physiology. Oxford University Press. 26 (4): 722–736. doi:10.1104/pp.26.4.722. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 437542. PMID 16654407.
  15. ^ Nelson, Scot C. (July 2008). "Lightning Injury to Plants" (PDF). Plant Disease (PD-40).
  16. ^ Heath, R. L. (1980). "Initial Events in Injury to Plants by Air Pollutants". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Annual Reviews. 31 (1): 395–431. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002143. ISSN 0066-4294.
  17. ^ Hill, A. C.; Pack, M. R.; Treshow, M. (1961). "Plant injury induced by ozone". Phytopathology. 51. OSTI 5518148.
  18. ^ Turlings, Ted C.; Tumlinson, James H. (1992). "Systemic release of chemical signals by herbivore-injured corn". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (17): 8399–8402. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.8399T. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.17.8399. PMC 49926. PMID 11607325.
  19. ^ Sun, Qiang; Rost, Thomas L.; Matthews, Mark A. (2008). "Wound‐induced vascular occlusions in Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae): Tyloses in summer and gels in winter1". American Journal of Botany. Wiley. 95 (12): 1498–1505. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800061. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21628157.
  20. ^ Shigo, Alex L. (1985). "Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees". Scientific American. 252 (4): 96–103. Bibcode:1985SciAm.252d..96S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0485-96. hdl:2027/uva.x002416568. ISSN 0036-8733.
  21. ^ González-Lamothe, Rocío; Mitchell, Gabriel; Gattuso, Mariza; Diarra, Moussa; Malouin, François; Bouarab, Kamal (31 July 2009). "Plant Antimicrobial Agents and Their Effects on Plant and Human Pathogens". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. MDPI AG. 10 (8): 3400–3419. doi:10.3390/ijms10083400. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 2812829. PMID 20111686.
  22. ^ Shigo, Alex L. (1985). "How tree branches are attached to trunks". Canadian Journal of Botany. 63 (8): 1391–1401. doi:10.1139/b85-193.
  23. ^ O'Hara, Kevin L. (2007). "Pruning Wounds and Occlusion: A Long-Standing Conundrum in Forestry". Journal of Forestry. 105 (3): 131–138. doi:10.1093/jof/105.3.131 (inactive 7 August 2023). S2CID 10075580.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 (link)
  24. ^ . US Forest Service for the US Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007.
  25. ^ a b Wolf, Ronni; et al. (2011). Emergency Dermatology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780521717335.
  26. ^ Cobb, J. P.; et al. (1996). "Mechanisms of cell injury and death". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 77 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1093/bja/77.1.3. PMID 8703628.

October 10, 2023
injury, this, article, about, damage, organisms, other, uses, disambiguation, physiological, damage, living, tissue, organism, whether, humans, other, animals, plants, injuries, caused, many, ways, such, mechanically, with, penetration, sharp, objects, such, t. This article is about damage to organisms For other uses see Injury disambiguation Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism whether in humans in other animals or in plants Injuries can be caused in many ways such as mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects by heat or cold or by venoms and biotoxins Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals this prompts wound healing In both plants and animals substances are often released to help to occlude the wound limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection in addition animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury A crabeater seal injured by a predator Contents 1 Taxonomic range 1 1 Animals 1 1 1 Humans 1 2 Plants 2 Cell injury 3 ReferencesTaxonomic range EditAnimals Edit nbsp A sand lizard that has shed its tail when attacked by a predator and has started to regrow a tail from the site of the injuryMain article Injury in animals Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure 1 but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause including drowning burns and poisoning 2 Such damage may result from attempted predation territorial fights falls and abiotic factors 2 Injury prompts an inflammatory response in animals of many different phyla 3 this prompts coagulation of the blood or body fluid 4 followed by wound healing which may be rapid as in the cnidaria 3 Arthropods are able to repair injuries to the cuticle that forms their exoskeleton to some extent 5 Animals in several phyla including annelids arthropods cnidaria molluscs nematodes and vertebrates are able to produce antimicrobial peptides to fight off infection following an injury 1 Humans Edit nbsp Injuries to humans elicit an elaborate response including emergency medicine trauma surgery illustrated and pain management Main article Injury in humans Injury in humans has been studied extensively for its importance in medicine Much of medical practice including emergency medicine and pain management is dedicated to the treatment of injuries 6 7 The World Health Organization has developed a classification of injuries in humans by categories including mechanism objects substances producing injury place of occurrence activity when injured and the role of human intent 8 Injuries often cause psychological harm including post traumatic stress disorder in addition to physical harm 9 Plants Edit nbsp Oak tree split by lightning an abiotic cause of injuryMain article Injury in plants In plants injuries result from the eating of plant parts by herbivorous animals including insects and mammals 10 from damage to tissues by plant pathogens such as bacteria and fungi which may gain entry after herbivore damage or in other ways 11 and from abiotic factors such as heat 12 freezing 13 flooding 14 lightning 15 and pollutants 16 such as ozone 17 Plants respond to injury by signalling that damage has occurred 18 by secreting materials to seal off the damaged area 19 by producing antimicrobial chemicals 20 21 and in woody plants by regrowing over wounds 22 23 24 Cell injury EditMain article Cell injury Cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes Amongst other causes this can be due to physical chemical infectious biological nutritional or immunological factors Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible Depending on the extent of injury the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible homeostasis is restored 25 Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell s ability to repair itself 26 Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused 25 References Edit a b Rennolds Corey W Bely Alexandra E 29 September 2022 Integrative biology of injury in animals Biological Reviews 98 1 34 62 doi 10 1111 brv 12894 ISSN 1464 7931 PMC 10087827 PMID 36176189 a b de Ramirez Sarah Stewart Hyder Adnan A Herbert Hadley K Stevens Kent 2012 Unintentional injuries magnitude prevention and control Annual Review of Public Health 33 175 191 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 031811 124558 ISSN 1545 2093 PMID 22224893 a b Sparks Albert 1972 Invertebrate Pathology Noncommunicable Diseases Academic Press pp 20 133 ISBN 9780323151962 Cerenius Lage Soderhall Kenneth 6 November 2010 Coagulation in Invertebrates Journal of Innate Immunity 3 1 3 8 doi 10 1159 000322066 ISSN 1662 811X PMID 21051883 S2CID 20798250 Parle Eoin Dirks Jan Henning Taylor David 2016 Bridging the gap wound healing in insects restores mechanical strength by targeted cuticle deposition Journal of the Royal Society Interface 13 117 20150984 doi 10 1098 rsif 2015 0984 ISSN 1742 5689 PMC 4874426 PMID 27053653 Maerz Linda L Davis Kimberly A Rosenbaum Stanley H 2009 Trauma International Anesthesiology Clinics 47 1 25 36 doi 10 1097 AIA 0b013e3181950030 ISSN 1537 1913 PMID 19131750 S2CID 220567282 Ahmadi Alireza Bazargan Hejazi Shahrzad Heidari Zadie Zahra et al 2016 Pain management in trauma A review study Journal of Injury and Violence Research 8 2 89 98 doi 10 5249 jivr v8i2 707 ISSN 2008 4072 PMC 4967367 PMID 27414816 International Classification of External Causes of Injury ICECI World Health Organization Archived from the original on 17 October 2004 Retrieved 22 September 2023 Agarwal Tulika Mehta Muneer Mohammed Asim Mohammad et al 2020 Psychological trauma in different mechanisms of traumatic injury A hospital based cross sectional study PLOS ONE 15 11 e0242849 Bibcode 2020PLoSO 1542849A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0242849 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 7703890 PMID 33253298 Tarr S A J 1972 Plant injury due to insects mites nematodes and other pests Principles of Plant Pathology London Macmillan pp 126 137 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 00355 6 9 ISBN 978 1 349 00357 0 Cappelli Seraina Lisa Koricheva Julia 2 July 2021 Interactions between mammalian grazers and plant pathogens an elephant in the room New Phytologist Wiley 232 1 8 10 doi 10 1111 nph 17533 ISSN 0028 646X PMID 34213785 S2CID 235708670 Smillie R M Nott R 1979 Heat Injury in Leaves of Alpine Temperate and Tropical Plants Functional Plant Biology CSIRO Publishing 6 1 135 doi 10 1071 pp9790135 ISSN 1445 4408 Burke M J Gusta L V Quamme H A Weiser C J Li P H 1976 Freezing and Injury in Plants Annual Review of Plant Physiology Annual Reviews 27 1 507 528 doi 10 1146 annurev pp 27 060176 002451 ISSN 0066 4294 Kramer Paul J 1 October 1951 Causes of Injury to Plants Resulting from Flooding of the Soil Plant Physiology Oxford University Press 26 4 722 736 doi 10 1104 pp 26 4 722 ISSN 0032 0889 PMC 437542 PMID 16654407 Nelson Scot C July 2008 Lightning Injury to Plants PDF Plant Disease PD 40 Heath R L 1980 Initial Events in Injury to Plants by Air Pollutants Annual Review of Plant Physiology Annual Reviews 31 1 395 431 doi 10 1146 annurev pp 31 060180 002143 ISSN 0066 4294 Hill A C Pack M R Treshow M 1961 Plant injury induced by ozone Phytopathology 51 OSTI 5518148 Turlings Ted C Tumlinson James H 1992 Systemic release of chemical signals by herbivore injured corn Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89 17 8399 8402 Bibcode 1992PNAS 89 8399T doi 10 1073 pnas 89 17 8399 PMC 49926 PMID 11607325 Sun Qiang Rost Thomas L Matthews Mark A 2008 Wound induced vascular occlusions in Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Tyloses in summer and gels in winter1 American Journal of Botany Wiley 95 12 1498 1505 doi 10 3732 ajb 0800061 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 21628157 Shigo Alex L 1985 Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees Scientific American 252 4 96 103 Bibcode 1985SciAm 252d 96S doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0485 96 hdl 2027 uva x002416568 ISSN 0036 8733 Gonzalez Lamothe Rocio Mitchell Gabriel Gattuso Mariza Diarra Moussa Malouin Francois Bouarab Kamal 31 July 2009 Plant Antimicrobial Agents and Their Effects on Plant and Human Pathogens International Journal of Molecular Sciences MDPI AG 10 8 3400 3419 doi 10 3390 ijms10083400 ISSN 1422 0067 PMC 2812829 PMID 20111686 Shigo Alex L 1985 How tree branches are attached to trunks Canadian Journal of Botany 63 8 1391 1401 doi 10 1139 b85 193 O Hara Kevin L 2007 Pruning Wounds and Occlusion A Long Standing Conundrum in Forestry Journal of Forestry 105 3 131 138 doi 10 1093 jof 105 3 131 inactive 7 August 2023 S2CID 10075580 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of August 2023 link Tree pruning guide US Forest Service for the US Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on 26 April 2007 a b Wolf Ronni et al 2011 Emergency Dermatology Cambridge University Press pp 1 10 ISBN 9780521717335 Cobb J P et al 1996 Mechanisms of cell injury and death British Journal of Anaesthesia 77 1 3 10 doi 10 1093 bja 77 1 3 PMID 8703628 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Injury amp oldid 1178991395, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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