Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis, or skin), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin,[1] and also usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis.
Follicular hyperkeratosis, also known as keratosis pilaris (KP), is a skin condition characterized by excessive development of keratin in hair follicles, resulting in rough, cone-shaped, elevated papules. The openings are often closed with a white plug of encrusted sebum. When called phrynoderma the condition is associated with nutritional deficiency or malnourishment.
Plantar hyperkeratosis is hyperkeratosis of the sole of the foot. It is recommended to surgically remove the dead skin, to provide symptomatic relief.
Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is an uncommon benign, asymptomatic, acquired condition of unknown pathogenesis.[6]: 636
Hereditary
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (also known as "Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma,"[7] "Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma,"[8]: 482 or "bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of Brocq"[9]) is a rare skin disease in the ichthyosis family affecting around 1 in 250,000 people. It involves the clumping of keratin filaments.[6]: 562 [10]
Focal acral hyperkeratosis (also known as "Acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides,") is a late-onset keratoderma, inherited as an autosomal dominant condition, characterized by oval or polygonal crateriform papules developing along the border of the hands, feet, and wrists.[8]: 509
Keratosis pilaris appears similar to gooseflesh, is usually asymptomatic and may be treated by moisturizing the skin.[11]
Other
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (also known as "Flegel's disease"[7]) is a cutaneous condition characterized by rough, yellow-brown keratotic, flat-topped papules.[6]: 639 [7]
In mucous membranes
The term hyperkeratosis is often used in connection with lesions of the mucous membranes, such as leukoplakia. Because of the differences between mucous membranes and the skin (e.g. keratinizing mucosa does not have a stratum lucidum and non keratinizing mucosa does not have this layer or normally a stratum corneum or a stratum granulosum), sometimes specialized texts give slightly different definitions of hyperkeratosis in the context of mucosae. Examples are "an excessive formation of keratin (e.g., as seen in leukoplakia)"[12] and "an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium, or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected."[13]
Nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs may be idiopathic, secondary to an underlying disease, or due to congenital abnormalities in the normal anatomy of the nose and fingertips.
In the case of congenital anatomical abnormalities, contact between the affected area and rubbing surfaces is impaired. It is roughly the same with finger pads - in animals with an anatomical abnormality part of the pad is not in contact with rubbing surfaces and excessive keratin deposition is formed. The idiopathic form of nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs develops from unknown causes and is more common in older animals (senile form).[14][15] Of all dog breeds, Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Irish Terriers, Bordeaux Dogs are the most prone to hyperkeratosis.[16]
Therapy
Since the deposition of excess keratin cannot be stopped, therapy is aimed at softening and removing it. For moderate to severe cases, the affected areas should be hydrated (moisturised) with warm water or compresses for 5-10 minutes. Softening preparations are then applied once a day until the excess keratin is removed.
In dogs with severe hyperkeratosis and a significant excess of keratin, it is removed with scissors or a blade. After proper instructions, pet owners are able to perform this procedure at home and it may be the only method of correction.[17]
^Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. ISBN0-7216-0187-1.
^Niezgoda, Anna; Niezgoda, Piotr; Czajkowski, Rafal (2015) Novel Approaches to Treatment of Advanced Melanoma: A Review of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy BioMed Research International
^Nadiger, HA (1980). "Role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis) and its interrelationship with B-complex vitamins". British Journal of Nutrition. 44 (3): 211–4. doi:10.1079/bjn19800033. PMID 7437404.
^"Hyperkeratosis". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007.
^ abcJames, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; et al. (2006). "Clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods". Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. ISBN0-7216-2921-0.
^ abcRapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN978-1-4160-2999-1.
^ abFreedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN0-07-138076-0.
^Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). Tyldesley's Oral medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0192631470.
^"Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology. Saunders, St. Luis, MO". scholar.google.com. Retrieved December 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis". scholar.google.com. Retrieved December 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"What Does it Mean When a Dog's Nose is Dry? When to Worry". boneandyarn.com. 8 August 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Hyperkeratosis In Dogs: Does Your Dog Have Hairy Feet?". caninejournal.com. 7 January 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
External links
March 04, 2023
hyperkeratosis, thickening, stratum, corneum, outermost, layer, epidermis, skin, often, associated, with, presence, abnormal, quantity, keratin, also, usually, accompanied, increase, granular, layer, corneum, layer, normally, varies, greatly, thickness, differ. Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum the outermost layer of the epidermis or skin often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin 1 and also usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis HyperkeratosisMicrograph showing prominent hyperkeratosis in skin without atypia H amp E stain Pronunciation ˌ h aɪ p er k ɛ r e ˈ t oʊ s ɪ s hyper kerato osis SpecialtyDermatology It can be caused by vitamin A deficiency or chronic exposure to arsenic Hyperkeratosis can also be caused by B Raf inhibitor drugs such as Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib 2 It can be treated with urea containing creams which dissolve the intercellular matrix of the cells of the stratum corneum promoting desquamation of scaly skin eventually resulting in softening of hyperkeratotic areas 3 Contents 1 Types 1 1 Follicular 1 2 By other specific site 1 3 Hereditary 1 4 Other 2 In mucous membranes 3 Etymology and pronunciation 4 Hyperkeratosis in dogs 4 1 Therapy 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTypes EditFollicular Edit Follicular hyperkeratosis also known as keratosis pilaris KP is a skin condition characterized by excessive development of keratin in hair follicles resulting in rough cone shaped elevated papules The openings are often closed with a white plug of encrusted sebum When called phrynoderma the condition is associated with nutritional deficiency or malnourishment This condition has been shown in several small scale studies to respond well to supplementation with vitamins and fats rich in essential fatty acids Deficiencies of vitamin E 4 vitamin A and B complex vitamins have been implicated in causing the condition 5 By other specific site Edit Plantar hyperkeratosis is hyperkeratosis of the sole of the foot It is recommended to surgically remove the dead skin to provide symptomatic relief Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is an uncommon benign asymptomatic acquired condition of unknown pathogenesis 6 636 Hereditary Edit Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis also known as Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma 7 Bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma 8 482 or bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of Brocq 9 is a rare skin disease in the ichthyosis family affecting around 1 in 250 000 people It involves the clumping of keratin filaments 6 562 10 Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis a rare cutaneous condition with about half of cases being familial Focal acral hyperkeratosis also known as Acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides is a late onset keratoderma inherited as an autosomal dominant condition characterized by oval or polygonal crateriform papules developing along the border of the hands feet and wrists 8 509 Keratosis pilaris appears similar to gooseflesh is usually asymptomatic and may be treated by moisturizing the skin 11 Other Edit Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans also known as Flegel s disease 7 is a cutaneous condition characterized by rough yellow brown keratotic flat topped papules 6 639 7 In mucous membranes EditThe term hyperkeratosis is often used in connection with lesions of the mucous membranes such as leukoplakia Because of the differences between mucous membranes and the skin e g keratinizing mucosa does not have a stratum lucidum and non keratinizing mucosa does not have this layer or normally a stratum corneum or a stratum granulosum sometimes specialized texts give slightly different definitions of hyperkeratosis in the context of mucosae Examples are an excessive formation of keratin e g as seen in leukoplakia 12 and an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected 13 Etymology and pronunciation EditThe word hyperkeratosis ˌ h aɪ p er ˌ k ɛr e ˈ t oʊ s ɪ s is based on the Ancient Greek morphemes hyper kerato osis meaning the condition of too much keratin Hyperkeratosis in dogs EditNasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs may be idiopathic secondary to an underlying disease or due to congenital abnormalities in the normal anatomy of the nose and fingertips In the case of congenital anatomical abnormalities contact between the affected area and rubbing surfaces is impaired It is roughly the same with finger pads in animals with an anatomical abnormality part of the pad is not in contact with rubbing surfaces and excessive keratin deposition is formed The idiopathic form of nasodigitic hyperkeratosis in dogs develops from unknown causes and is more common in older animals senile form 14 15 Of all dog breeds Labradors Golden Retrievers Cocker Spaniels Irish Terriers Bordeaux Dogs are the most prone to hyperkeratosis 16 Therapy Edit Since the deposition of excess keratin cannot be stopped therapy is aimed at softening and removing it For moderate to severe cases the affected areas should be hydrated moisturised with warm water or compresses for 5 10 minutes Softening preparations are then applied once a day until the excess keratin is removed In dogs with severe hyperkeratosis and a significant excess of keratin it is removed with scissors or a blade After proper instructions pet owners are able to perform this procedure at home and it may be the only method of correction 17 See also EditCalluses Keratin disease List of skin diseases Skin disease Skin lesion Epidermal hyperplasiaReferences Edit Kumar Vinay Fausto Nelso Abbas Abul 2004 Robbins amp Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 7th ed Saunders Page 1230 ISBN 0 7216 0187 1 Niezgoda Anna Niezgoda Piotr Czajkowski Rafal 2015 Novel Approaches to Treatment of Advanced Melanoma A Review of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy BioMed Research International drugs com gt Urea Cream Prescribing Information Revised 04 2010 by Stratus Pharmaceuticals Nadiger HA 1980 Role of vitamin E in the aetiology of phrynoderma follicular hyperkeratosis and its interrelationship with B complex vitamins British Journal of Nutrition 44 3 211 4 doi 10 1079 bjn19800033 PMID 7437404 Hyperkeratosis Dorland s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers 2007 a b c James William D Berger Timothy G Elston Dirk M et al 2006 Clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods Andrews diseases of the skin clinical dermatology 10th ed Saunders Elsevier ISBN 0 7216 2921 0 a b c Rapini Ronald P Bolognia Jean L Jorizzo Joseph L 2007 Dermatology 2 Volume Set St Louis Mosby ISBN 978 1 4160 2999 1 a b Freedberg et al 2003 Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in General Medicine 6th ed McGraw Hill ISBN 0 07 138076 0 synd 1036 at Who Named It Cheng J Syder AJ Yu QC Letai A Paller AS Fuchs E September 1992 The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis a disorder of differentiation specific epidermal keratin genes Cell 70 5 811 9 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 92 90314 3 PMID 1381287 S2CID 31906051 Hwang Schwartz Sep 2008 Keratosis pilaris a common follicular hyperkeratosis Cutis 82 3 177 80 PMID 18856156 Mosby s Dental Dictionary Tyldesley WR Field A Longman L 2003 Tyldesley s Oral medicine 5th ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0192631470 Muller and Kirk s Small Animal Dermatology Saunders St Luis MO scholar google com Retrieved December 16 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Skin diseases of the dog and cat clinical and histopathologic diagnosis scholar google com Retrieved December 16 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link What Does it Mean When a Dog s Nose is Dry When to Worry boneandyarn com 8 August 2020 Retrieved December 16 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Hyperkeratosis In Dogs Does Your Dog Have Hairy Feet caninejournal com 7 January 2016 Retrieved December 16 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hyperkeratosis amp oldid 1098370612, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
