The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps (fruit bodies) producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genusHydnum ("hydnoid" means Hydnum-like), but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.
Hydnum was one of the original genera created by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753. It contained all species of fungi with fruit bodies bearing pendant, tooth-like projections. Subsequent authors described around 900 species in the genus.[1] With increasing use of the microscope, it became clear that not all tooth fungi were closely related and most Hydnum species were gradually moved to other genera. The Dutch mycologistRudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus paid particular attention to the group, producing a series of papers reviewing the taxonomy of hydnoid fungi.[2][3][4][5]
The fruit bodies of hydnoid fungi are diverse, but all produce their spores on the surface of pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections.
Stipitate hydnoid fungiedit
Some terrestrial species producing fruit bodies with a pileus (cap) and stipe (stem) are collectively known as the stipitate hydnoid fungi and are often studied as a group because of their ecological similarity. The species concerned are now referred to the genera Bankera, Hydnellum, Phellodon, and Sarcodon. All are ectomycorrhizal, belong in the Thelephorales, and are considered to be indicator species of old, species-rich forests. In Europe, at least, many are of conservation concern and feature on national or regional red lists of threatened fungal species. In the United Kingdom the stipitate hydnoid fungi have been given Biodiversity Action Plan status[8] which has increased interest in the group and has generated funding to be put into survey work[9][10] and other research.[11][12]
Species of Hydnum and the related Sistotrema confluens (Cantharellales) are also mycorrhizal, but have different ecological requirements. Other stipitate hydnoid fungi are wood decomposing, such as some species of Beenakia (Gomphales), Climacodon (Polyporales) and Mycorrhaphium (Polyporales).
Resupinate hydnoid fungiedit
The largest group of fungi formerly placed in the genus Hydnum are wood-rotting species, forming patch-like fruit bodies on dead attached branches, logs, stumps, and fallen wood. Species with small "teeth" (just a millimetre or so long) are sometimes described as "odontioid" (tooth-like). Species that form resupinate (effused) fruiting bodies are also considered part of the corticioid fungi. Genera that have hydnoid or odontioid representatives include Hydnochaete, Hyphodontia and Odonticium (Hymenochaetales), Dentipellis (Russulales), Dentocorticium, Mycoacia, Radulodon, Steccherinum (Polyporales) and Sarcodontia.
Additional hydnoid fungiedit
Other hydnoid fungi include a group of conspicuous, wood-rotting species with long spines belonging to the genus Hericium (Russulales), often referred to as "tooth fungi".[13] The ear-pick fungus and other species of Auriscalpium (Russulales) are hydnoid, as is the odd jelly fungusPseudohydnum gelatinosum (Auriculariales).
The distinction between polypores and hydnoid fungi is not always clear—irregular, split pores can also be interpreted as teeth. Consequently, some species are considered hydnoid or poroid depending on the context (e.g. Irpex lacteus).
^Maas Geesteranus RA. (1960–1974). Notes on Hydnums I – IX, in Persoonia and Proceedings Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. Wetenschappen
^Maas Geesteranus RA. (1967). Quelques champignons hydnoides du Congo. Bull. Jardin. Bot. Nat. Belg.37:77–107.
^Maas Geesteranus RA. (1971). Hydnaceous fungi of the eastern old world. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. ISBN0-7204-8222-4
^Maas Geesteranus RA. (1974). Studies in the genera Irpex and Steccherinum. Persoonia7: 443–581.
^Hibbett D et al. (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research111: 509–547.
^Larsson K-H. (2007). Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi. Mycological Research111: 1040–1063.
^UK Biodiversity Action Plans . Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^Newton AC et al. (2002). Status and distribution of stipitate hydnoid fungi in Scottish coniferous forests. Biological Conservation107: 181–192.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-04-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Parfitt D. et al. (2007). Molecular and morphological discrimination of stipitate hydnoids in the genera Hydnellum and Phellodon. Mycological Research111: 761–777.
^van der Linde S. et al. (2008). A PCR-based method for detecting the mycelia of stipitate hydnoid fungi in soil. J. Microbiol. Methods75: 40–46.
^Pegler DN et al. (1997). British chanterelles and tooth fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN1-900347-15-6.
External linksedit
Scottish stipitate hydnoid brochure
Tooth Fungi at AmericanMushrooms.com
Pinewood tooth fungi species profile
February 15, 2024
hydnoid, fungi, hydnoid, fungi, group, fungi, basidiomycota, with, basidiocarps, fruit, bodies, producing, spores, pendant, tooth, like, spine, like, projections, they, colloquially, called, tooth, fungi, originally, such, fungi, were, referred, genus, hydnum,. The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps fruit bodies producing spores on pendant tooth like or spine like projections They are colloquially called tooth fungi Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum hydnoid means Hydnum like but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related The hedgehog fungus Hydnum repandum Contents 1 History 2 Description and genera 2 1 Stipitate hydnoid fungi 2 2 Resupinate hydnoid fungi 2 3 Additional hydnoid fungi 3 References 4 External linksHistory editHydnum was one of the original genera created by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753 It contained all species of fungi with fruit bodies bearing pendant tooth like projections Subsequent authors described around 900 species in the genus 1 With increasing use of the microscope it became clear that not all tooth fungi were closely related and most Hydnum species were gradually moved to other genera The Dutch mycologist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus paid particular attention to the group producing a series of papers reviewing the taxonomy of hydnoid fungi 2 3 4 5 The original genus Hydnum is still current but is now restricted to the type species Hydnum repandum and its relatives in the order Cantharellales Other species originally described in Hydnum have been reassigned to various genera in various orders including the Agaricales Auriculariales Gomphales Hymenochaetales Polyporales Russulales Thelephorales and Trechisporales 1 6 7 Description and genera editThe fruit bodies of hydnoid fungi are diverse but all produce their spores on the surface of pendant tooth like or spine like projections Stipitate hydnoid fungi edit Some terrestrial species producing fruit bodies with a pileus cap and stipe stem are collectively known as the stipitate hydnoid fungi and are often studied as a group because of their ecological similarity The species concerned are now referred to the genera Bankera Hydnellum Phellodon and Sarcodon All are ectomycorrhizal belong in the Thelephorales and are considered to be indicator species of old species rich forests In Europe at least many are of conservation concern and feature on national or regional red lists of threatened fungal species In the United Kingdom the stipitate hydnoid fungi have been given Biodiversity Action Plan status 8 which has increased interest in the group and has generated funding to be put into survey work 9 10 and other research 11 12 Species of Hydnum and the related Sistotrema confluens Cantharellales are also mycorrhizal but have different ecological requirements Other stipitate hydnoid fungi are wood decomposing such as some species of Beenakia Gomphales Climacodon Polyporales and Mycorrhaphium Polyporales Resupinate hydnoid fungi edit The largest group of fungi formerly placed in the genus Hydnum are wood rotting species forming patch like fruit bodies on dead attached branches logs stumps and fallen wood Species with small teeth just a millimetre or so long are sometimes described as odontioid tooth like Species that form resupinate effused fruiting bodies are also considered part of the corticioid fungi Genera that have hydnoid or odontioid representatives include Hydnochaete Hyphodontia and Odonticium Hymenochaetales Dentipellis Russulales Dentocorticium Mycoacia Radulodon Steccherinum Polyporales and Sarcodontia Additional hydnoid fungi edit Other hydnoid fungi include a group of conspicuous wood rotting species with long spines belonging to the genus Hericium Russulales often referred to as tooth fungi 13 The ear pick fungus and other species of Auriscalpium Russulales are hydnoid as is the odd jelly fungus Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Auriculariales The distinction between polypores and hydnoid fungi is not always clear irregular split pores can also be interpreted as teeth Consequently some species are considered hydnoid or poroid depending on the context e g Irpex lacteus nbsp The Mealy Tooth Hydnellum ferrugineum nbsp Dentate hymenophore of Hydnochaete olivacea nbsp Hydnoid poroid hymenophore of Irpex lacteus nbsp The Bear s Head Tooth Fungus Hericium americanumReferences edit a b Index Fungorum Search Page www indexfungorum org Retrieved 19 April 2018 Maas Geesteranus RA 1960 1974 Notes on Hydnums I IX in Persoonia and Proceedings Koninkl Nederl Akad Wetenschappen Maas Geesteranus RA 1967 Quelques champignons hydnoides du Congo Bull Jardin Bot Nat Belg 37 77 107 Maas Geesteranus RA 1971 Hydnaceous fungi of the eastern old world Amsterdam North Holland Publishing Co ISBN 0 7204 8222 4 Maas Geesteranus RA 1974 Studies in the genera Irpex and Steccherinum Persoonia 7 443 581 Hibbett D et al 2007 A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycological Research 111 509 547 Larsson K H 2007 Re thinking the classification of corticioid fungi Mycological Research 111 1040 1063 UK Biodiversity Action Plans Action plan for Grouped plan for tooth fungi Archived from the original on 2008 10 08 Retrieved 2009 01 05 Newton AC et al 2002 Status and distribution of stipitate hydnoid fungi in Scottish coniferous forests Biological Conservation 107 181 192 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2010 04 08 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Parfitt D et al 2007 Molecular and morphological discrimination of stipitate hydnoids in the genera Hydnellum and Phellodon Mycological Research 111 761 777 van der Linde S et al 2008 A PCR based method for detecting the mycelia of stipitate hydnoid fungi in soil J Microbiol Methods 75 40 46 Pegler DN et al 1997 British chanterelles and tooth fungi Kew Royal Botanic Gardens ISBN 1 900347 15 6 External links editScottish stipitate hydnoid brochure Tooth Fungi at AmericanMushrooms com Pinewood tooth fungi species profile Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hydnoid fungi amp oldid 1164154039, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
