KN-02 Toksa
The KN-02 Toksa (Korean: 독사; lit. Viper 毒蛇), Hwasong-11[5] is a North Korean reverse-engineered locally produced modification of the OTR-21 Tochka short-range ballistic missile.
| Hwasong-11[1] | |
|---|---|
| Type | SRBM |
| Place of origin | North Korea USSR |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2008-present |
| Used by | Korean People's Army Strategic Force |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | North Korea |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 2,010 kg (4,430 lb) |
| Length | 6.4 m (21 ft) |
| Diameter | 0.65 m (2.1 ft) |
| Warhead | single HE, submunition, thermonuclear, chemical |
| Warhead weight | 250 or 485 kg (551 or 1,069 lb) |
| Engine | Solid-fuel rocket |
| Propellant | solid |
Operational range | ~120–220 km (75–137 mi)[2][3] |
Guidance system | Inertial, optical correlation system |
| Accuracy | 100 m[4] |
Launch platform | TEL |
| KN-02 Toksa | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 독사 |
|---|---|
| Hancha | 毒蛇 |
| Revised Romanization | Doksa |
| McCune–Reischauer | Toksa |
| lit. Viper | |
Design and development edit
In 1983, Syria acquired a number of 9K79 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab-A) missiles from the Soviet Union, a single-stage, solid-propellant guided missile with a range of 70 km and a CEP of 160 m. In 1996, Syrian missile technicians provided North Korea with technical data on the missiles, then shipped some of the missiles themselves. The first test of a North Korean-produced version occurred in April 2004 and was a failure, but it was then successfully fired on 1 May 2005 into the Sea of Japan; the KN-02 has been tested at least 17 times. Initial production is believed to have begun in 2006, with the missile displayed aboard a launcher during a military parade in April 2007, and entering service in 2008. At least 50 missiles are speculated to be in service.[6][7][8]
The KN-02 is a short-range, road-mobile ballistic missile, broadly equivalent to the improved Scarab-B. Although it has a shorter range than other North Korean missiles like the Scud-C, it has superior accuracy of near 100 meters CEP through inertial guidance with an optical correlation system in the terminal phase, making it the most accurate ballistic missile in the inventory; this enables it to be used for precision strikes against priority targets such as airfields, command posts, bridges, storage facilities, and even enemy troops concentrations in a tactical support role on the battlefield. Its warhead weighs 485 kg (1,069 lb) and likely consists of a high-explosive, submunition, thermonuclear, chemical payload; Russian engineers could equip the OTR-21 with a 100 kiloton nuclear warhead. The missile has a range of 120–140 km (75–87 mi), and it may be capable of traveling 160 km (99 mi) through reducing payload to 250 kg (550 lb).[6][7][9][10]
A significant difference between the Russian OTR-21 and North Korean KN-02 is the transporter erector launcher (TEL). While the Russian missile is transported and fired from the 6×6 9P129 that has amphibious capabilities, the KN-02's TEL is a locally fabricated version of the Belarusian MAZ-630308-224 or -243 6×4 or 6×6 commercial heavy utility truck, which has a maximum road speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) and is not amphibious. The vehicle has a short firing cycle, able to be ready for launch in 16 minutes, launch the missile in 2 minutes, and be reloaded in 20 minutes by a supporting reloader vehicle of the same design fitted with a crane and holding 2-4 more missiles.[6][7][10][11][12][13]
Further developments edit
In 2013, South Korean intelligence reports suggested that North Korea was developing an anti-ship ballistic missile version of the KN-02. Its range is estimated to be 200–300 km (120–190 mi; 110–160 nmi), longer than current KN-01 variants, and it would be much more difficult to intercept due to its faster speed.[14]
In March 2014, a South Korean military source claimed that the KN-02's range had been extended to 170 km (110 mi) through improved engine performance. The source also claimed that North Korea possessed 100 missiles with 30 TELs deployed to fire them.[15] In August 2014, three KN-02s were fired out to a range of 220 km (140 mi)[16] and estimated to have 100 meter circular error probable accuracy.[17]
Extended range Hwasong-11/KN-02 is referred to as KN-10.[18][19][20][21] It is expected that range of the missile is greater than 230 kilometers.[22]
The U.S. identified the KN-10 system back in 2010.[23]
In January 2024, National Security Council spokesperson John Kirby reported that Russia launched North Korean ballistic missiles against Ukraine. According to Joost Oliemans, photographic evidence indicates that Hwasong-11 missiles such as the KN-23 and KN-24 were used in the attacks.[24]
Operators edit
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Real Name!". Northeast Asian Military Studies. 16 July 2017. from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ^ Schilling, John (29 March 2016). "A Solid but Incremental Improvement in North Korea's Missiles". 38 North. from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ^ Grisafi, John G. (16 August 2014). . NK News. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "KN-02 'Toksa'". Missile Threat. Center for Strategic and International Studies. from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "North Korean Missile Designations". Global Security. from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ a b c KN-02 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Missilethreat.csis.org
- ^ a b c KN-02 31 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Military-Today.com
- ^ KN-02 Short Range Ballistic Missile 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Globalsecurity.org
- ^ KN-02 (Toksa) 5 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Missiledefenseadvocacy.org
- ^ a b KN-02 short-range ground-to-ground ballistic missile 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Armyrecognition.com
- ^ OTR-21 Tochka 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Weaponsystems.net
- ^ KPA Journal Vol. 1, No. 2 9 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine - February 2010
- ^ KPA Journal Vol. 1, No. 3 - March 2010
- ^ N.Korea Developing Anti-Ship Missile 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Chosun.com, 14 October 2013
- ^ N. Korea has 100 KN-02 missiles with extended range 29 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Yonhapnews.co.kr, 5 March 2014
- ^ John G. Grisafi (16 August 2014). . NK News. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- ^ "N.Korea Fired Ballistic Missiles for Pope's Visit". The Chosun Ilbo.
- ^ "North Korea's March Towards ICBM Capability". 2 June 2017.
- ^ "[취재파일] 北 미사일 시리즈, 어느새 KN-11까지". SBS NEWS. 22 March 2015.
- ^ "[기획] '눈 가리고 주먹질' 하는 킬 체인...반쪽짜리 논란". 나우뉴스.
- ^ "무기 토론방 - 유용원의 군사세계". bemil.chosun.com.
- ^ "한미 당국, 北 14일 발사체 "신형 전술미사일" 결론". JoongAng Ilbo. 18 August 2014.
- ^ "北, 신형 지대지 전술미사일 개발한 듯…에이태킴스와 닮은 꼴(종합2보)". YonhapNews. 11 August 2019.
- ^ Smith, Josh (5 January 2024). "Explainer: Where did Russia get its North Korean missiles?". Reuters. Retrieved 11 January 2024.