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Human trafficking in Houston, Texas

February 15, 2024

The prevalence of Human trafficking in Houston, Texas is the worst of any U.S. city. Between 2007 and 2016 the city ranked first for reported trafficking cases,[1] while in 2019 the number of cases nearly doubled compared to the previous three years,[2] despite Mayoral initiatives,[3] due to the highly organized nature of this criminal business.[4]

Statistics edit

Many studies have been conducted to gather data about human trafficking in Houston.[5] In 2006, 25% of trafficking victims rescued in Texas came from Houston. In 2010, individuals were asked to estimate how informed they think Houston's general public is about human trafficking in the city, with 33.3% of responders saying people have no knowledge about the subject, 54.8% having little to no knowledge, and 11.9% saying people have some knowledge.[4] A measure of data used to understand the human trafficking industry is the cost of risk to traffickers. The higher the cost of risk for traffickers and consumers means the less likely a trafficking ring will successfully operate in that region.[6] Houston has a $66.85 cost of risk for traffickers, which is 6 times lower than the neighboring county McLennan's cost of risk for traffickers, $441.05.[6] In 2019, data only from online advertisements was used to estimate 14,539 trafficked individuals in Houston.[7]

Types of trafficking edit

The industries in Texas that are most involved in trafficking are "hotels, restaurants, factories, farms, child care, massage parlors, health care, and sexually oriented businesses".[8] These industries are connected to two popular forms of human trafficking in Houston, labor trafficking and sex trafficking.[8]

Sex trafficking edit

The governmental Office of Justice programs defines sex trafficking as "a form of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation".[9] Scholars and activists have recognized Illicit Massage Businesses (IMBs) as cover ups for sex trafficking.[10] In Houston, 292 IMBs have all together had an average of 2,869 customers daily between noon and 2:00pm[10] The Offshore Technology Conference is an annual event where more than 31,000 people meet in Houston's NRG Park.[11] This convention brings a spike to sex trafficking every year because of the increase in demand for sexual services,[12] and has led to police making "hundreds of arrests" relating to trafficking in 2017 and 2018.[13] Another area with a reputation for prostitution and human trafficking is "The Track" or Bissonnet.[14][15] In 2021, investigative reporter Robert Arnold reported that this 1.5-mile stretch is shown in YouTube videos as well as being mentioned in the Wikipedia article "List of red-light districts" because of prostitution activity.[16][17] Bissonnet Track even held the title of being the top prostitution spot in 2017.[18] The Sweet 16 Agreement was made in 2013, where the 16 strip clubs in on the settlement would donate one million dollars annually to Human Trafficking Houston Police Department Vice Squads in exchange for disregarding the 3-foot rule, distance between schools, and topless regulations for dancers at these clubs.[19] According to data from a Houston based study, 77% of those who left working at strip clubs through the help of Rescue America (non-profit organization) 77% were underage, and 85% were working at these clubs because they were working under a trafficker or pimp.[19] Occurrences of sex trafficking in Houston strip clubs has continued to be evident, with 3 men sentenced after smuggling women from Cuba and forcing them to work at clubs in the Houston area.[20]

Labor trafficking edit

Labor trafficking, although may overlap with sex trafficking in terms of forced labor, has its own circle of issues. Labor trafficking is defined in short as "exploitation of an individual for financial gain" by the governmental Office of Justice programs.[21] According to a spokesperson from United Against Human Trafficking, a Houston-based organization, the number of labor trafficking victims is much greater than the number of sex trafficking victims,[22] however is not talked about as much and is not identified as easily as sex trafficking is.[23] Labor trafficking in Houston will involve the exploited labor of undocumented immigrants, and according to the Houston Police Department, this usually take place at sweatshops, massage parlors, agriculture, restaurants, hotels, and domestic service.[24][25] Interviews of immigrant day laborers were conducted in 2016 to Houston's "labor-related exploitation", concluding in 64% of interviewees reporting being trafficked.[26] In 2014, two businesses in Houston's Chinatown were suspected of transporting hundreds of immigrants from Central America to Chinese restaurants, resulting in charging 32 suspects and arresting 44 individuals.[24] A couple in Houston was arrested in 2016 for forcing a women they lured from Nigeria to work 20+ hours a day as their nanny while holding onto her passport.[27]

Causes edit

Houston's close-proximity to the Mexico–United States border, land and water ports, major highways, and diverse population and economy plays a role in the human trafficking issue due to the high demand for inexpensive labor and sex-related services.[4]

Location edit

 
International human trafficking routes show Houston as a port with multiply entry and exit points.

The I-10 highway connects Houston to other major cities, making it an "internal circuit" where traffickers move victims throughout countries,[28] making it the United States' main human trafficking route.[29] Major highways used to smuggle women, men, and children from the border have often lead to "stash houses" in Houston.[30] Interstate highways and a close proximity to the border makes it easier for traffickers to access different markets and avoid legal investigations.[31][32] The short distance from the US-Mexico border to Houston makes legal and illegal immigrants a big target for human trafficking because of their need for employment opportunities or passage to the United States, making Houston a "popular entry point".[33][34] Houston's Gulf Coast port makes up 73% of the national's Gulf Coast traffic, due to the 200 facilities in Houston's ship channels.[35] It has been known that there is a chance of ships traveling through international waters carrying or transporting victims of human trafficking,[36] so with Houston's active seaports in mind, this information supports the idea of ports playing a role in Houston's title as a major "human trafficking hub".[37]

Population factors edit

Research has indicated that individuals with a "lack in opportunities" make them vulnerable to trafficking.[38] Homelessness, from voluntary or forced actions, is a risk factor that makes an individual susceptible to trafficking,[39][40] and according to a YMCA report, about 6,000 people runaway from their home yearly in Houston.[41] The Polaris Project conducted a survey to figure out what kept victims from leaving their "trafficking situation", and had 64% of their responders answer with their "lack in affordable housing".[42] This explains traffickers tactics of luring victims by providing housing in apartment complexes across Houston[42] and why the homeless population of about 3,223[43] in Houston is a group most at risk of trafficking.[44][45] Another contributor to high trafficking activity in Houston is the amount of undocumented immigrants,[46] since traffickers use their illegal passage as leverage to exploit them.[47][48] About 100,000 undocumented immigrants reside in Houston, making another portion of Houston's population at risk of trafficking.[49] Houston has a very diverse population, ranking 4th out of all cities in the U.S. in 2023.[50] This contributes to high trafficking risks because victims are able to blend and be hidden more easily in a more diverse population,[31] especially when the population of 6 million people is constantly growing.[31]

Countermeasures edit

Legislation edit

Houston applies the Texas Penal Code § 20A, or the Trafficking of Person's law, allows police to make an arrest if they suspect any involvement human trafficking related activities, and was amended in both the 86th Texas Legislature (2019) and 88th Texas Legislature (2023).[51] This law addresses adult sex and labor, and child sex and labor trafficking,[52] and results in 2–20 years in prison if the victim is or over 18, and 5–99 years if the victim is under 18.[53] Healthcare workers or people who interact with patients in Houston must take a mandatory "prevention course on human trafficking" because of the Texas House Bill 2059.[54] The Texas House Bill 1121 is responsible for creating the Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force who implemented required trafficking trainings for educators in cities throughout Texas.[55] The White House awarded Houston the Presidential Award in 2018 for being a "national model for building anti-trafficking infrastructure at the municipal level".[56] An example of municipal effort to combat trafficking is Houston's "Ten Municipal Fellowship", a two-day program where solutions to trafficking were tracked in the 18 cities that participated.[56] Houston is a part of CEASE, a collaborative initiative of cities committed to reduce sex trafficking by comparing how the same issue is addressed in cities with high sex trafficking activity.[57][58] Houston was also the first of the major U.S. cities to implement anti-trafficking pieces of legislation.[59] This includes that hotels in the Houston area will need to conduct anti-trafficking trainings for employees.[60] Although the Houston Police Department covers most human trafficking cases in Houston, other agencies such as the Harris County Sheriff’s Office, Houston Independent School District Police Department (and the police departments at other Houston school districts), and Harris County Constable’s Office are also allowed to intervene in cases around the Houston Area.[61]

Organizations edit

Organizations have been making efforts to end the issue of trafficking in the Houston area by reaching out to communities.[62] This includes the work of non-profits and/or Government funded groups.[59]

  • Baylor College of Medicine Program: A "hospital-based program" created by city officials to better care for trafficking victims and provide the necessary resources which will help others to leave the life forced upon them.[63]
  • Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition: Organization of 30 local non-profits and individuals who are bringing awareness to human trafficking in Houston since 2005.[4]
  • Human Trafficking Rescue Alliance Task Force (HTRA): Initiative that involves both social workers and law enforcement who have rescued 200 victims of trafficking in nine out of the ten counties in the Houston Area since its founding in 2005.[61]
  • Children at Risk: Leads an educational approach to human trafficking awareness in Houston, such as presentations and bus tours.[64]
  • Tahirih Justice Center: A national organization, with an office in Houston, that uses federal and local advocacy to support trafficking victims in and out of the justice system.[65]
  • United Against Human Trafficking: A networking organization that brings other anti-human trafficking organizations in Houston together to empower victims and inform the community to prevent further exploitation.[66]
  • Free The Captives Houston: Christian-based non-profit that provides resources and assistance for victims, while cooperating with law enforcement to rescue those trafficked.[67]

References edit

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  10. ^ a b Bouche, Vanessa; Crotty, Sean M (October 2, 2018). "Estimating demand for illicit massage businesses in Houston, Texas". Journal of Human Trafficking. 4 (4): 279. doi:10.1080/23322705.2017.1374080. ISSN 2332-2705. S2CID 134933772.
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  41. ^ "The Trafficked Persons Assistance Program" (PDF). YMCA.
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  43. ^ Troisi, Catherine; Rausch, Ana (March 2022). "THE WAY HOME CONTINUUM OF CARE: 2022 HOMELESS COUNT & SURVEY ANALYSIS" (PDF).
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  52. ^ "What is Human Trafficking?". Ken Paxton Attorney General of Texas.
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  54. ^ Ladd M, Jones EB. Texas Human Trafficking. [Updated 2022 Nov 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573077/
  55. ^ Force, Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task. "Human trafficking." (2014).
  56. ^ a b Davis, Minal Patel; Graves, Chris (October 21, 2022). "A City's Role in Preventing and Combatting Human Trafficking". National League of Cities.
  57. ^ Gavin, Donna; Thomson, Cassandra (2017), "Sex Trafficking in One US City: Traditional Policing and Boston's Shift to a Survivor-Centered Response", Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 325–346, ISBN 978-3-319-47823-4, retrieved November 13, 2023
  58. ^ Benton, Francis, et al. "Don't Mess With Texas: Responses Towards Human Trafficking in the Lone Star State." In Handbook of Research on Present and Future Paradigms in Human Trafficking, edited by Essien D. Essien, 43-63. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9282-3.ch004
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  61. ^ a b (PDF). March 16, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014.
  62. ^ Combating Human Trafficking in Our Major Cities : Field Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, March 20, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
  63. ^ Eugenia Y. Chen, Katherine Robichaux, Mollie R. Gordon, John H Coverdale, Asim a Shah, Minal Patel Davis & Phuong Thanh Nguyen (2023) A Pilot Program's Healthcare Response to Human Trafficking in Houston, Texas, Journal of Human Trafficking, 9:1, 119–129, DOI: 10.1080/23322705.2020.1865095
  64. ^ "Information for Organizations and Professionals Serving Victims". Office of Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence.
  65. ^ "Trafficking Protections". Tahirih Justice Center.
  66. ^ "About". United Against Human Trafficking.
  67. ^ "Our Mission". Free The Captives Houston.

February 15, 2024
human, trafficking, houston, texas, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, october, 2023, prevalence, worst, city, between, 2007, 2016, . This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article October 2023 The prevalence of Human trafficking in Houston Texas is the worst of any U S city Between 2007 and 2016 the city ranked first for reported trafficking cases 1 while in 2019 the number of cases nearly doubled compared to the previous three years 2 despite Mayoral initiatives 3 due to the highly organized nature of this criminal business 4 Contents 1 Statistics 2 Types of trafficking 2 1 Sex trafficking 2 2 Labor trafficking 3 Causes 3 1 Location 3 2 Population factors 4 Countermeasures 4 1 Legislation 4 2 Organizations 5 ReferencesStatistics editMany studies have been conducted to gather data about human trafficking in Houston 5 In 2006 25 of trafficking victims rescued in Texas came from Houston In 2010 individuals were asked to estimate how informed they think Houston s general public is about human trafficking in the city with 33 3 of responders saying people have no knowledge about the subject 54 8 having little to no knowledge and 11 9 saying people have some knowledge 4 A measure of data used to understand the human trafficking industry is the cost of risk to traffickers The higher the cost of risk for traffickers and consumers means the less likely a trafficking ring will successfully operate in that region 6 Houston has a 66 85 cost of risk for traffickers which is 6 times lower than the neighboring county McLennan s cost of risk for traffickers 441 05 6 In 2019 data only from online advertisements was used to estimate 14 539 trafficked individuals in Houston 7 Types of trafficking editThe industries in Texas that are most involved in trafficking are hotels restaurants factories farms child care massage parlors health care and sexually oriented businesses 8 These industries are connected to two popular forms of human trafficking in Houston labor trafficking and sex trafficking 8 Sex trafficking edit The neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met October 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The governmental Office of Justice programs defines sex trafficking as a form of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation 9 Scholars and activists have recognized Illicit Massage Businesses IMBs as cover ups for sex trafficking 10 In Houston 292 IMBs have all together had an average of 2 869 customers daily between noon and 2 00pm 10 The Offshore Technology Conference is an annual event where more than 31 000 people meet in Houston s NRG Park 11 This convention brings a spike to sex trafficking every year because of the increase in demand for sexual services 12 and has led to police making hundreds of arrests relating to trafficking in 2017 and 2018 13 Another area with a reputation for prostitution and human trafficking is The Track or Bissonnet 14 15 In 2021 investigative reporter Robert Arnold reported that this 1 5 mile stretch is shown in YouTube videos as well as being mentioned in the Wikipedia article List of red light districts because of prostitution activity 16 17 Bissonnet Track even held the title of being the top prostitution spot in 2017 18 The Sweet 16 Agreement was made in 2013 where the 16 strip clubs in on the settlement would donate one million dollars annually to Human Trafficking Houston Police Department Vice Squads in exchange for disregarding the 3 foot rule distance between schools and topless regulations for dancers at these clubs 19 According to data from a Houston based study 77 of those who left working at strip clubs through the help of Rescue America non profit organization 77 were underage and 85 were working at these clubs because they were working under a trafficker or pimp 19 Occurrences of sex trafficking in Houston strip clubs has continued to be evident with 3 men sentenced after smuggling women from Cuba and forcing them to work at clubs in the Houston area 20 Labor trafficking edit Labor trafficking although may overlap with sex trafficking in terms of forced labor has its own circle of issues Labor trafficking is defined in short as exploitation of an individual for financial gain by the governmental Office of Justice programs 21 According to a spokesperson from United Against Human Trafficking a Houston based organization the number of labor trafficking victims is much greater than the number of sex trafficking victims 22 however is not talked about as much and is not identified as easily as sex trafficking is 23 Labor trafficking in Houston will involve the exploited labor of undocumented immigrants and according to the Houston Police Department this usually take place at sweatshops massage parlors agriculture restaurants hotels and domestic service 24 25 Interviews of immigrant day laborers were conducted in 2016 to Houston s labor related exploitation concluding in 64 of interviewees reporting being trafficked 26 In 2014 two businesses in Houston s Chinatown were suspected of transporting hundreds of immigrants from Central America to Chinese restaurants resulting in charging 32 suspects and arresting 44 individuals 24 A couple in Houston was arrested in 2016 for forcing a women they lured from Nigeria to work 20 hours a day as their nanny while holding onto her passport 27 Causes editHouston s close proximity to the Mexico United States border land and water ports major highways and diverse population and economy plays a role in the human trafficking issue due to the high demand for inexpensive labor and sex related services 4 Location edit nbsp International human trafficking routes show Houston as a port with multiply entry and exit points The I 10 highway connects Houston to other major cities making it an internal circuit where traffickers move victims throughout countries 28 making it the United States main human trafficking route 29 Major highways used to smuggle women men and children from the border have often lead to stash houses in Houston 30 Interstate highways and a close proximity to the border makes it easier for traffickers to access different markets and avoid legal investigations 31 32 The short distance from the US Mexico border to Houston makes legal and illegal immigrants a big target for human trafficking because of their need for employment opportunities or passage to the United States making Houston a popular entry point 33 34 Houston s Gulf Coast port makes up 73 of the national s Gulf Coast traffic due to the 200 facilities in Houston s ship channels 35 It has been known that there is a chance of ships traveling through international waters carrying or transporting victims of human trafficking 36 so with Houston s active seaports in mind this information supports the idea of ports playing a role in Houston s title as a major human trafficking hub 37 Population factors edit Research has indicated that individuals with a lack in opportunities make them vulnerable to trafficking 38 Homelessness from voluntary or forced actions is a risk factor that makes an individual susceptible to trafficking 39 40 and according to a YMCA report about 6 000 people runaway from their home yearly in Houston 41 The Polaris Project conducted a survey to figure out what kept victims from leaving their trafficking situation and had 64 of their responders answer with their lack in affordable housing 42 This explains traffickers tactics of luring victims by providing housing in apartment complexes across Houston 42 and why the homeless population of about 3 223 43 in Houston is a group most at risk of trafficking 44 45 Another contributor to high trafficking activity in Houston is the amount of undocumented immigrants 46 since traffickers use their illegal passage as leverage to exploit them 47 48 About 100 000 undocumented immigrants reside in Houston making another portion of Houston s population at risk of trafficking 49 Houston has a very diverse population ranking 4th out of all cities in the U S in 2023 50 This contributes to high trafficking risks because victims are able to blend and be hidden more easily in a more diverse population 31 especially when the population of 6 million people is constantly growing 31 Countermeasures editLegislation edit Houston applies the Texas Penal Code 20A or the Trafficking of Person s law allows police to make an arrest if they suspect any involvement human trafficking related activities and was amended in both the 86th Texas Legislature 2019 and 88th Texas Legislature 2023 51 This law addresses adult sex and labor and child sex and labor trafficking 52 and results in 2 20 years in prison if the victim is or over 18 and 5 99 years if the victim is under 18 53 Healthcare workers or people who interact with patients in Houston must take a mandatory prevention course on human trafficking because of the Texas House Bill 2059 54 The Texas House Bill 1121 is responsible for creating the Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force who implemented required trafficking trainings for educators in cities throughout Texas 55 The White House awarded Houston the Presidential Award in 2018 for being a national model for building anti trafficking infrastructure at the municipal level 56 An example of municipal effort to combat trafficking is Houston s Ten Municipal Fellowship a two day program where solutions to trafficking were tracked in the 18 cities that participated 56 Houston is a part of CEASE a collaborative initiative of cities committed to reduce sex trafficking by comparing how the same issue is addressed in cities with high sex trafficking activity 57 58 Houston was also the first of the major U S cities to implement anti trafficking pieces of legislation 59 This includes that hotels in the Houston area will need to conduct anti trafficking trainings for employees 60 Although the Houston Police Department covers most human trafficking cases in Houston other agencies such as the Harris County Sheriff s Office Houston Independent School District Police Department and the police departments at other Houston school districts and Harris County Constable s Office are also allowed to intervene in cases around the Houston Area 61 Organizations edit Organizations have been making efforts to end the issue of trafficking in the Houston area by reaching out to communities 62 This includes the work of non profits and or Government funded groups 59 Baylor College of Medicine Program A hospital based program created by city officials to better care for trafficking victims and provide the necessary resources which will help others to leave the life forced upon them 63 Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition Organization of 30 local non profits and individuals who are bringing awareness to human trafficking in Houston since 2005 4 Human Trafficking Rescue Alliance Task Force HTRA Initiative that involves both social workers and law enforcement who have rescued 200 victims of trafficking in nine out of the ten counties in the Houston Area since its founding in 2005 61 Children at Risk Leads an educational approach to human trafficking awareness in Houston such as presentations and bus tours 64 Tahirih Justice Center A national organization with an office in Houston that uses federal and local advocacy to support trafficking victims in and out of the justice system 65 United Against Human Trafficking A networking organization that brings other anti human trafficking organizations in Houston together to empower victims and inform the community to prevent further exploitation 66 Free The Captives Houston Christian based non profit that provides resources and assistance for victims while cooperating with law enforcement to rescue those trafficked 67 References edit RANKING OF THE 100 MOST POPULOUS U S CITIES PDF Rice Jen January 13 2020 The Number Of Human Trafficking Cases Has More Than Doubled In Harris County Houston Public Media City of Houston Mayor s Office of Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence Houston Awareness humantraffickinghouston org Retrieved October 12 2023 a b c d Phillips Christie Watkins 2010 Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition human trafficking needs assessment Ann Arbor The University of Texas School of Public Health pp 17 18 33 ISBN 978 1 109 70310 8 Rodas Ericka Carolina 2011 A Child s Search for Freedom in 21st Century America Seton Hall University p 8 a b Henderson Angie If Houston Has a Problem McLennan County Has a Solution Cost of Risk For Engaging in the Commercial Sex Trade from 2017 2020 1 14 via The Avery Center For Research amp Services a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Center The Avery June 29 2021 Houston We Have a Problem Cost of Risk to Traffickers Buyers and Victims in the Commercial Sex Medium Retrieved October 12 2023 a b Human Trafficking in Texas Facts Statistics Shelters and Prevention Organizations 2023 UNDERSTANDING SEX TRAFFICKING PDF Office for Victims of Crime Human Trafficking Capacity Building Center a b Bouche Vanessa Crotty Sean M October 2 2018 Estimating demand for illicit massage businesses in Houston Texas Journal of Human Trafficking 4 4 279 doi 10 1080 23322705 2017 1374080 ISSN 2332 2705 S2CID 134933772 Who Attends OTC OTC 2024 24OTC Retrieved October 14 2023 Zubairie Nazeeya Pervaiz 2016 HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN DALLAS AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING AWARENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS IN RECOGNIZING VICTIMS The University of Texas at Arlington p 11 Police combat sex trafficking prostitution during Offshore Technology Conference khou com May 6 2019 Retrieved October 14 2023 Banks Gabrielle 2019 The Track Houston Chronicle Retrieved October 28 2023 Fletcher Abner May 2 2019 Full Show Prostitution On The Bissonnet Track And Strange Houston News May 2 2019 Houston Public Media www houstonpublicmedia org Retrieved October 28 2023 Arnold Robert September 16 2021 HPD using new law to crack down on those paying for sex KPRC Retrieved October 28 2023 Cochran Amanda July 12 2023 Bissonnet Track Inside its shadowy history efforts aimed at curbing prostitution sex trafficking in notorious area KPRC Retrieved October 14 2023 Adler Shannan May 25 2017 Houston s top prostitution hot spots KPRC Retrieved October 14 2023 a b Rising Elijah February 16 2018 The Reality Behind Fantasy Plaza Houston Strip Clubs and Sex Trafficking Three Cuban Nationals Sentenced for Sex Trafficking and Related Crimes in Texas Strip Clubs Office of Public Affairs U S Department of Justice July 13 2023 UNDERSTANDING LABOR TRAFFICKING PDF Office for Victims of Crime Human Trafficking Capacity Building Center Zizka Tom April 24 2023 Examining the problem of labor trafficking Frances H Recknor Gretchen Gemeinhardt amp Beatrice J Selwyn 2018 Health care provider challenges to the identification of human trafficking in health care settings A qualitative study Journal of Human Trafficking 4 3 213 230 DOI 10 1080 23322705 2017 1348740 a b Bracy Kristen Lul Bandak Roe Sepowitz Dominique January 2 2021 A Four year Analysis of Labor Trafficking Cases in the United States Exploring Characteristics and Labor Trafficking Patterns Journal of Human Trafficking 7 1 35 52 doi 10 1080 23322705 2019 1638148 ISSN 2332 2705 S2CID 201553644 COMBATING HuMAN TRAFFICKING PDF Houston Police Department Busch Armendariz Noel Nale Nicole L Kammer Kerwick Matt Kellison J Bruce Torres Melissa I M Cook Heffron Laurie Nehme John December 2016 Human Trafficking by the Numbers The Initial Benchmark of Prevalence and Economic Impact for Texas doi 10 15781 T2416T382 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Zizka Tom April 24 2023 Examining the problem of labor trafficking FOX 26 Houston Retrieved October 22 2023 Bales Kevin Lize Steven March 2005 Trafficking in Persons in the United States PDF Report to the National Institute of Justice 15 Growing Up in Houston 2009 2010 Children at Risk Biannual Report Trovall Elizabeth July 1 2022 Here s how human smuggling works along the U S Mexico border a b c Varghese Christine 2017 Current Anti Prostitution Efforts and Potential of Strategy to Tackle Demand for Addressing Sex Trafficking in the Houston Area Order No 10684548 The University of Texas School of Public Health Dols Jean Dowling Beckmann Mendez Diana McDow Jessica Walker Katherine Moon Michael D November 2019 Human Trafficking Victim Identification Assessment and Intervention Strategies in South Texas Emergency Departments Journal of Emergency Nursing 45 6 622 633 doi 10 1016 j jen 2019 07 002 ISSN 0099 1767 Ngwe J E amp Elechi O O 2012 HUMAN TRAFFICKING THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21st CENTURY African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 6 1 2 103 https link gale com apps doc A513643674 AONE u acd aone amp sid googleScholar amp xid 48eefe46 Servin Argentina Kimberly Brouwer Leah Gordon Teresita Rocha Jimenez and Hugo Staines Vulnerability Factors and Pathways Leading to Underage Entry into Sex Work in Two Mexican US Border Cities Journal of Applied Research on Children Informing Policy for Children at Risk 6 no 1 2015 1 17 Houston Ship Channel Economic Impact 2022 From Port To Port Human Trafficking Epidemic At Sea Maritime Fairtrade February 10 2023 Hoffman Ken August 14 2017 Tour shows the dark side of Houston as major center for human sex trafficking CultureMap Houston Clark Michele Anne July 2003 Trafficking in Persons An issue of human security Journal of Human Development 4 2 251 252 doi 10 1080 1464988032000087578 ISSN 1464 9888 S2CID 154931659 Kelly Mara Vanderslice Chen Catherine January 11 2021 Human Trafficking Does Not Happen in a Vacuum Houston Kolnik J D Soibatian C amp Shattell M M 2020 Advocates Experiences With Media and the Impact of Media on Human Trafficking Advocacy Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35 5 6 1108 1132 https doi org 10 1177 0886260517692337 The Trafficked Persons Assistance Program PDF YMCA a b On Ramps Intersections and Exit Routes A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking Polaris Project July 2018 Troisi Catherine Rausch Ana March 2022 THE WAY HOME CONTINUUM OF CARE 2022 HOMELESS COUNT amp SURVEY ANALYSIS PDF Murphy Laura 2017 Labor and Sex Trafficking Among Homeless Youth A Ten City Study Novak E H 2016 Vagrants vixens and victims Exploring the limitations of human trafficking victim recognition criteria in texas Order No 10182381 Available from ProQuest Dissertations amp Theses Global 1832362895 Farrell A McDevitt J and Fahy S 2010 Where are all the victims Criminology amp Public Policy 9 211 https doi org 10 1111 j 1745 9133 2010 00621 x Orrenius Pia Zavodny Madeline 2015 Chapter 13 Undocumented Immigration and Human Trafficking Handbook of the Economics of International Migration 1 659 716 Kavita Desai Legal Strategies in the Fight to End Human Trafficking HLRe Off the Record 3 no 2 Spring 2013 57 Rodriguez N P 1987 Undocumented Central Americans in Houston Diverse Populations International Migration Review 21 1 4 26 https doi org 10 1177 019791838702100101 Digital FOX 26 April 17 2023 Houston named 4th most diverse city in the US according to study FOX 26 Houston a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Trafficking of Persons Texas Penal Code 20A 02 Saputo Toufexis Criminal Defense PLLC 2023 What is Human Trafficking Ken Paxton Attorney General of Texas TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS TEXAS PENAL CODE TITLE 5 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON CHAPTER 20A TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS Barnett Howard and Williams PLLC September 28 2015 Ladd M Jones EB Texas Human Trafficking Updated 2022 Nov 26 In StatPearls Internet Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing 2023 Jan Available from https www ncbi nlm nih gov books NBK573077 Force Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task Human trafficking 2014 a b Davis Minal Patel Graves Chris October 21 2022 A City s Role in Preventing and Combatting Human Trafficking National League of Cities Gavin Donna Thomson Cassandra 2017 Sex Trafficking in One US City Traditional Policing and Boston s Shift to a Survivor Centered Response Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue Cham Springer International Publishing pp 325 346 ISBN 978 3 319 47823 4 retrieved November 13 2023 Benton Francis et al Don t Mess With Texas Responses Towards Human Trafficking in the Lone Star State In Handbook of Research on Present and Future Paradigms in Human Trafficking edited by Essien D Essien 43 63 Hershey PA IGI Global 2022 https doi org 10 4018 978 1 7998 9282 3 ch004 a b Anderson Jessica Houston Police Department Vice Division Human Trafficking Information Brief PDF Houston Police Department Linares Alyssa Robinson Taylor D Labor Trafficking An Overview PDF a b Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Field Assessment Harris and Galveston County PDF March 16 2012 Archived from the original PDF on February 22 2014 Combating Human Trafficking in Our Major Cities Field Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives One Hundred Thirteenth Congress Second Session March 20 2014 Washington U S Government Printing Office 2014 Eugenia Y Chen Katherine Robichaux Mollie R Gordon John H Coverdale Asim a Shah Minal Patel Davis amp Phuong Thanh Nguyen 2023 A Pilot Program s Healthcare Response to Human Trafficking in Houston Texas Journal of Human Trafficking 9 1 119 129 DOI 10 1080 23322705 2020 1865095 Information for Organizations and Professionals Serving Victims Office of Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence Trafficking Protections Tahirih Justice Center About United Against Human Trafficking Our Mission Free The Captives Houston Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Human trafficking in Houston Texas amp oldid 1192584303, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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