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Hualca Hualca

April 12, 2024

For the mountain in the Apurímac Region, Peru, see Wallqa Wallqa (Apurímac).

Hualca Hualca[5][6] (possibly from Aymara and Quechua wallqa collar)[7][8] is an extinct volcano[5] in Arequipa Region in the Andes of Peru. It has a height of 6,025 metres (19,767 ft).[1][6][a][b] It is located at the Peruvian province of Caylloma.[1]

Hualca Hualca
Highest point
Elevation6,025 m (19,767 ft)[1]
Prominence692 m (2,270 ft)
Parent peakAmpato
Coordinates15°43′14.15″S 071°51′19.80″W / 15.7205972°S 71.8555000°W / -15.7205972; -71.8555000[2]
Geography
Hualca Hualca
Location of Hualca Hualca in Peru.
LocationArequipa, Peru
Parent rangeAndes, Peruvian Andes
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Volcanic arc/beltCentral Volcanic Zone
Last eruptionUnknown
Climbing
First ascent6 April 1966 - Richard R. Culbert (Canada)[3][4]

Geography and geomorphology edit

Hualca Hualca is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic belt which occurs where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate. Volcanoes in Peru that are part of the Central Volcanic Zone include Ampato, Casiri, Chachani, Coropuna, El Misti, Huaynaputina, Pichu Pichu, Sabancaya, Sara Sara, Solimana, Ticsani, Tutupaca, Ubinas and Yucamane.[14]

 
Hualca Hualca seen from the north on the approach trek

Hualca Hualca forms a volcanic complex with the two southerly volcanoes Sabancaya and Ampato. It is older (Pliocene-Pleistocene) and more heavily eroded than these two volcanoes; they are all constructed on Neogene ignimbrites, one of which was dated to 2.2 ± 1.5 million years ago.[15] The volcano has erupted andesitic lava flows; one series of such flows exceeds a thickness of 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi).[16] Volcanic rocks of Hualca Hualca contain phenocrysts of biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and sphene. The magma probably originated through mixing processes, similar to Sabancaya.[5]

Sector collapse edit

The northern flank of Hualca Hualca underwent a large sector collapse between 1.36 and 0.61 million years ago,[16] opening up a collapse amphitheatre[17] and forming a lake in the Colca valley which later catastrophically failed.[16] This lake has left lacustrine deposits in the Colca Valley.[18] Eruptions within the collapse amphitheatre generated lava flows which then formed volcanic dams in the Colca Valley.[19] Lava domes and pyroclastic flows also originated within the collapse scar.[5] Earthquakes and hydrothermal alteration probably caused the onset of the collapse event.[18]

Glaciation edit

The volcano was glaciated during the last ice age, between 18,000 and 11,500 years ago.[20] This glaciation has left moraines, rock glaciers and roches moutonees.[18] The glaciers on Hualca Hualca have retreated since then, one was reported to have disappeared by 2000.[21] Snowmelt and runoff from Hualca Hualca are sources of water for the Colca Canyon, supporting irrigated agriculture there; the mountain is worshipped by local inhabitants, who according to reports in 1586 believed that their ancestors come from it.[22]

Recent activity edit

Hualca Hualca is considered to be an extinct volcano;[14] however at least seven vents on its southwestern flank show evidence of Holocene activity.[18] Satellite images in the early 21st century found that Hualca Hualca is inflating from a depth of 13–11 kilometres (8.1–6.8 mi) at a rate of 2 centimetres per year (0.79 in/year). This deformation may be associated with the neighbouring volcano Sabancaya which is active; magma chambers of volcanoes are sometimes distant from the actual volcano as was the case with Katmai.[23] The inflation ceased after 1997.[24] At Pinchollo in the collapse scar three geysers were active in the past; one is still active as of 2013 and is named Infiernillo.[17] The activity of the hydrothermal system at Hualca Hualca increased beginning in 2016, an increase linked to eruptions of Sabancaya and earthquakes.[25]

Climbing and first ascent edit

Hualca Hualca can be climbed in a few days from the village of Pinchollo by the north side.[26] It was first climbed by Richard R. Culbert from Canada on 6 April 1966. Evidence of pre-Columbian ascents possibly from Incans, such as coca leaves and a puma skin, was found near the summit. Some reports show Piero Ghiglione and P. Chavez reaching the summit on 23 August 1950, however this was a secondary summit.[1]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Other data from digital elevation models: SRTM yields 5,990 metres (19,650 ft),[9] ASTER 5,977 metres (19,610 ft),[10] SRTM filled with ASTER5,990 metres (19,650 ft),[10] ALOS 5,977 metres (19,610 ft)[11] and TanDEM-X 6,031 metres (19,787 ft).[12]
  2. ^ The height of the nearest key col is 5,333 metres (17,497 ft),[13] leading to a topographic prominence of 692 metres (2,270 ft) with a topographical dominance of 11.49%. Its parent peak is Ampato and the Topographic isolation is 11.3 kilometres (7.0 mi).<[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e "Hualca Hualca". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Nevado Hualca Hualca". GEOnet Names Server. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  3. ^ "AAJ". AAJ: 202. 1968.
  4. ^ Evelio Echevarría (1971). "AAJ". AAJ: 379.
  5. ^ a b c d Burkett, B. (1 December 2005). "Volcanism at Hualca Hualca Volcano, Southern Peru". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 53: V53B–1552. Bibcode:2005AGUFM.V53B1552B.
  6. ^ a b Peru 1:100 000, Chivay (32-s). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional – Perú). as Nevado Hualca Hualca
  7. ^ Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
  8. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua (PDF). La Paz, Bolivia: futatraw.ourproject.org.
  9. ^ USGS, EROS Archive. "USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b "ASTER GDEM Project". ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  11. ^ "ALOS GDEM Project". Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  12. ^ TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X. "Copernicus Space Component Data Access". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Andean Mountains - All above 5000m". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  14. ^ a b Thouret, Jean-Claude; Rivera, Marco; Wörner, Gerhard; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Finizola, Anthony; Fornari, Michel; Gonzales, Katherine (1 July 2005). "Ubinas: the evolution of the historically most active volcano in southern Peru" (PDF). Bulletin of Volcanology. 67 (6): 557–589. Bibcode:2005BVol...67..557T. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0396-0. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 129294486.
  15. ^ Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Thouret, Jean-Claude (1 August 2004). "Role of magma mixing in the petrogenesis of tephra erupted during the 1990–98 explosive activity of Nevado Sabancaya, southern Peru". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (6): 541–561. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0340-3. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 128592747.
  16. ^ a b c Zerathe, Swann; Lacroix, Pascal; Jongmans, Denis; Marino, Jersy; Taipe, Edu; Wathelet, Marc; Pari, Walter; Smoll, Lionel Fidel; Norabuena, Edmundo (15 September 2016). "Morphology, structure and kinematics of a rainfall controlled slow‐moving Andean landslide, Peru". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 41 (11): 1477–1493. Bibcode:2016ESPL...41.1477Z. doi:10.1002/esp.3913. ISSN 1096-9837. S2CID 130282743.
  17. ^ a b Ciesielczuk, Justyna; Żaba, Jerzy; Bzowska, Grażyna; Gaidzik, Krzysztof; Głogowska, Magdalena (March 2013). "Sulphate efflorescences at the geyser near Pinchollo, southern Peru". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 42: 186–193. Bibcode:2013JSAES..42..186C. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.06.016.
  18. ^ a b c d Alcalá-Reygosa, Jesús; Palacios, David; Orozco, José Juan Zamorano (19 October 2016). "Geomorphology of the Ampato volcanic complex (Southern Peru)". Journal of Maps. 12 (5): 1160–1169. Bibcode:2016JMaps..12.1160A. doi:10.1080/17445647.2016.1142479.
  19. ^ Silva, SL de; Francis, P. W. (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (4): 286–301. Bibcode:1990BVol...52..286D. doi:10.1007/BF00304100. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 140559785.
  20. ^ Alcalá, Jesus; Palacios, David; Vazquez, Lorenzo; Juan Zamorano, Jose (1 April 2015). "Timing of maximum glacial extent and deglaciation from HualcaHualca volcano (southern Peru), obtained with cosmogenic 36Cl". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 17: 12930. Bibcode:2015EGUGA..1712930A.
  21. ^ Alcalá, Jesus; Palacios, David; Juan Zamorano, Jose (1 April 2015). "Reconstruction of glacial changes on HualcaHualca volcano (southern Peru) from the Maximum Glacier Extent to present". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 17: 13492. Bibcode:2015EGUGA..1713492A.
  22. ^ Boelens, Rutgerd; Gelles, Paul H. (1 July 2005). "Cultural Politics, Communal Resistance and Identity in Andean Irrigation Development". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 24 (3): 311–327. doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00137.x. ISSN 1470-9856.
  23. ^ Pritchard, Matthew E.; Simons, Mark (11 July 2002). "A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes". Nature. 418 (6894): 167–171. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..167P. doi:10.1038/nature00872. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12110886. S2CID 4342717.
  24. ^ Pritchard, Matthew E.; Simons, Mark (2004). "Surveying Volcanic Arcs with Satellite Radar Interferometry" (PDF). GSA Today. 14 (8): 4. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:svawsr>2.0.co;2.
  25. ^ MacQueen, Patricia; Delgado, Francisco; Reath, Kevin; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Bagnardi, Marco; Milillo, Pietro; Lundgren, Paul; Macedo, Orlando; Aguilar, Victor; Ortega, Mayra; Anccasi, Rosa; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Miranda, Rafael (2020). "Volcano-Tectonic Interactions at Sabancaya Volcano, Peru: Eruptions, Magmatic Inflation, Moderate Earthquakes, and Fault Creep" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 125 (5): e2019JB019281. Bibcode:2020JGRB..12519281M. doi:10.1029/2019JB019281. S2CID 218797689.
  26. ^ Biggar, John (2020). The Andes - A Guide for Climbers and Skiers (5th ed.). Andes. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-9536087-6-8.

April 12, 2024
hualca, hualca, mountain, apurímac, region, peru, wallqa, wallqa, apurímac, possibly, from, aymara, quechua, wallqa, collar, extinct, volcano, arequipa, region, andes, peru, height, metres, located, peruvian, province, caylloma, highest, pointelevation6, promi. For the mountain in the Apurimac Region Peru see Wallqa Wallqa Apurimac Hualca Hualca 5 6 possibly from Aymara and Quechua wallqa collar 7 8 is an extinct volcano 5 in Arequipa Region in the Andes of Peru It has a height of 6 025 metres 19 767 ft 1 6 a b It is located at the Peruvian province of Caylloma 1 Hualca HualcaHighest pointElevation6 025 m 19 767 ft 1 Prominence692 m 2 270 ft Parent peakAmpatoCoordinates15 43 14 15 S 071 51 19 80 W 15 7205972 S 71 8555000 W 15 7205972 71 8555000 2 GeographyHualca HualcaLocation of Hualca Hualca in Peru LocationArequipa PeruParent rangeAndes Peruvian AndesGeologyMountain typeStratovolcanoVolcanic arc beltCentral Volcanic ZoneLast eruptionUnknownClimbingFirst ascent6 April 1966 Richard R Culbert Canada 3 4 Contents 1 Geography and geomorphology 1 1 Sector collapse 2 Glaciation 3 Recent activity 4 Climbing and first ascent 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesGeography and geomorphology editHualca Hualca is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes a volcanic belt which occurs where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate Volcanoes in Peru that are part of the Central Volcanic Zone include Ampato Casiri Chachani Coropuna El Misti Huaynaputina Pichu Pichu Sabancaya Sara Sara Solimana Ticsani Tutupaca Ubinas and Yucamane 14 nbsp Hualca Hualca seen from the north on the approach trekHualca Hualca forms a volcanic complex with the two southerly volcanoes Sabancaya and Ampato It is older Pliocene Pleistocene and more heavily eroded than these two volcanoes they are all constructed on Neogene ignimbrites one of which was dated to 2 2 1 5 million years ago 15 The volcano has erupted andesitic lava flows one series of such flows exceeds a thickness of 0 5 kilometres 0 31 mi 16 Volcanic rocks of Hualca Hualca contain phenocrysts of biotite clinopyroxene hornblende orthopyroxene plagioclase and sphene The magma probably originated through mixing processes similar to Sabancaya 5 Sector collapse edit The northern flank of Hualca Hualca underwent a large sector collapse between 1 36 and 0 61 million years ago 16 opening up a collapse amphitheatre 17 and forming a lake in the Colca valley which later catastrophically failed 16 This lake has left lacustrine deposits in the Colca Valley 18 Eruptions within the collapse amphitheatre generated lava flows which then formed volcanic dams in the Colca Valley 19 Lava domes and pyroclastic flows also originated within the collapse scar 5 Earthquakes and hydrothermal alteration probably caused the onset of the collapse event 18 Glaciation editThe volcano was glaciated during the last ice age between 18 000 and 11 500 years ago 20 This glaciation has left moraines rock glaciers and roches moutonees 18 The glaciers on Hualca Hualca have retreated since then one was reported to have disappeared by 2000 21 Snowmelt and runoff from Hualca Hualca are sources of water for the Colca Canyon supporting irrigated agriculture there the mountain is worshipped by local inhabitants who according to reports in 1586 believed that their ancestors come from it 22 Recent activity editHualca Hualca is considered to be an extinct volcano 14 however at least seven vents on its southwestern flank show evidence of Holocene activity 18 Satellite images in the early 21st century found that Hualca Hualca is inflating from a depth of 13 11 kilometres 8 1 6 8 mi at a rate of 2 centimetres per year 0 79 in year This deformation may be associated with the neighbouring volcano Sabancaya which is active magma chambers of volcanoes are sometimes distant from the actual volcano as was the case with Katmai 23 The inflation ceased after 1997 24 At Pinchollo in the collapse scar three geysers were active in the past one is still active as of 2013 update and is named Infiernillo 17 The activity of the hydrothermal system at Hualca Hualca increased beginning in 2016 an increase linked to eruptions of Sabancaya and earthquakes 25 Climbing and first ascent editHualca Hualca can be climbed in a few days from the village of Pinchollo by the north side 26 It was first climbed by Richard R Culbert from Canada on 6 April 1966 Evidence of pre Columbian ascents possibly from Incans such as coca leaves and a puma skin was found near the summit Some reports show Piero Ghiglione and P Chavez reaching the summit on 23 August 1950 however this was a secondary summit 1 See also edit nbsp Andes portalList of mountains in the Andes Lake MucurcaNotes edit Other data from digital elevation models SRTM yields 5 990 metres 19 650 ft 9 ASTER 5 977 metres 19 610 ft 10 SRTM filled with ASTER5 990 metres 19 650 ft 10 ALOS 5 977 metres 19 610 ft 11 and TanDEM X 6 031 metres 19 787 ft 12 The height of the nearest key col is 5 333 metres 17 497 ft 13 leading to a topographic prominence of 692 metres 2 270 ft with a topographical dominance of 11 49 Its parent peak is Ampato and the Topographic isolation is 11 3 kilometres 7 0 mi lt 1 References edit a b c d e Hualca Hualca Andes Specialists Retrieved 12 April 2020 Nevado Hualca Hualca GEOnet Names Server Retrieved 11 August 2017 AAJ AAJ 202 1968 Evelio Echevarria 1971 AAJ AAJ 379 a b c d Burkett B 1 December 2005 Volcanism at Hualca Hualca Volcano Southern Peru AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 53 V53B 1552 Bibcode 2005AGUFM V53B1552B a b Peru 1 100 000 Chivay 32 s IGN Instituto Geografico Nacional Peru as Nevado Hualca Hualca Radio San Gabriel Instituto Radiofonico de Promocion Aymara IRPA 1993 Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas Amazonicas ILLLA A 2011 Transcripcion del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara P Ludovico Bertonio 1612 Spanish Aymara Aymara Spanish dictionary Teofilo Laime Ajacopa 2007 Diccionario Bilingue Iskay simipi yuyayk anch Quechua Castellano Castellano Quechua PDF La Paz Bolivia futatraw ourproject org USGS EROS Archive USGS EROS Archive Digital Elevation SRTM Coverage Maps Retrieved 12 April 2020 a b ASTER GDEM Project ssl jspacesystems or jp Retrieved 14 April 2020 ALOS GDEM Project Retrieved 14 April 2020 TanDEM X TerraSAR X Copernicus Space Component Data Access Retrieved 12 April 2020 Andean Mountains All above 5000m Andes Specialists Retrieved 12 April 2020 a b Thouret Jean Claude Rivera Marco Worner Gerhard Gerbe Marie Christine Finizola Anthony Fornari Michel Gonzales Katherine 1 July 2005 Ubinas the evolution of the historically most active volcano in southern Peru PDF Bulletin of Volcanology 67 6 557 589 Bibcode 2005BVol 67 557T doi 10 1007 s00445 004 0396 0 ISSN 0258 8900 S2CID 129294486 Gerbe Marie Christine Thouret Jean Claude 1 August 2004 Role of magma mixing in the petrogenesis of tephra erupted during the 1990 98 explosive activity of Nevado Sabancaya southern Peru Bulletin of Volcanology 66 6 541 561 doi 10 1007 s00445 004 0340 3 ISSN 0258 8900 S2CID 128592747 a b c Zerathe Swann Lacroix Pascal Jongmans Denis Marino Jersy Taipe Edu Wathelet Marc Pari Walter Smoll Lionel Fidel Norabuena Edmundo 15 September 2016 Morphology structure and kinematics of a rainfall controlled slow moving Andean landslide Peru Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41 11 1477 1493 Bibcode 2016ESPL 41 1477Z doi 10 1002 esp 3913 ISSN 1096 9837 S2CID 130282743 a b Ciesielczuk Justyna Zaba Jerzy Bzowska Grazyna Gaidzik Krzysztof Glogowska Magdalena March 2013 Sulphate efflorescences at the geyser near Pinchollo southern Peru Journal of South American Earth Sciences 42 186 193 Bibcode 2013JSAES 42 186C doi 10 1016 j jsames 2012 06 016 a b c d Alcala Reygosa Jesus Palacios David Orozco Jose Juan Zamorano 19 October 2016 Geomorphology of the Ampato volcanic complex Southern Peru Journal of Maps 12 5 1160 1169 Bibcode 2016JMaps 12 1160A doi 10 1080 17445647 2016 1142479 Silva SL de Francis P W 1 March 1990 Potentially active volcanoes of Peru Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery Bulletin of Volcanology 52 4 286 301 Bibcode 1990BVol 52 286D doi 10 1007 BF00304100 ISSN 0258 8900 S2CID 140559785 Alcala Jesus Palacios David Vazquez Lorenzo Juan Zamorano Jose 1 April 2015 Timing of maximum glacial extent and deglaciation from HualcaHualca volcano southern Peru obtained with cosmogenic 36Cl EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 17 12930 Bibcode 2015EGUGA 1712930A Alcala Jesus Palacios David Juan Zamorano Jose 1 April 2015 Reconstruction of glacial changes on HualcaHualca volcano southern Peru from the Maximum Glacier Extent to present EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 17 13492 Bibcode 2015EGUGA 1713492A Boelens Rutgerd Gelles Paul H 1 July 2005 Cultural Politics Communal Resistance and Identity in Andean Irrigation Development Bulletin of Latin American Research 24 3 311 327 doi 10 1111 j 0261 3050 2005 00137 x ISSN 1470 9856 Pritchard Matthew E Simons Mark 11 July 2002 A satellite geodetic survey of large scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes Nature 418 6894 167 171 Bibcode 2002Natur 418 167P doi 10 1038 nature00872 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 12110886 S2CID 4342717 Pritchard Matthew E Simons Mark 2004 Surveying Volcanic Arcs with Satellite Radar Interferometry PDF GSA Today 14 8 4 doi 10 1130 1052 5173 2004 014 lt 4 svawsr gt 2 0 co 2 MacQueen Patricia Delgado Francisco Reath Kevin Pritchard Matthew E Bagnardi Marco Milillo Pietro Lundgren Paul Macedo Orlando Aguilar Victor Ortega Mayra Anccasi Rosa Zerpa Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte Miranda Rafael 2020 Volcano Tectonic Interactions at Sabancaya Volcano Peru Eruptions Magmatic Inflation Moderate Earthquakes and Fault Creep PDF Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 125 5 e2019JB019281 Bibcode 2020JGRB 12519281M doi 10 1029 2019JB019281 S2CID 218797689 Biggar John 2020 The Andes A Guide for Climbers and Skiers 5th ed Andes p 182 ISBN 978 0 9536087 6 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hualca Hualca amp oldid 1178602241, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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