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Casiri (Tacna)

October 21, 2023

This article is about the mountain in Tacna Region in Peru. For the mountain in Arequipa Region in Peru, see Casiri (Arequipa).

Casiri, also known as Paucarani, is an about 5,650 metres (18,537 ft) high complex volcano in the Barroso mountain range of the Andes, in the Tacna Region of Peru. It consists of four individual volcanic edifices with lava domes; the southeasternmost edifice has been active during the Holocene, producing thick lava flows that have overrun moraines of Pleistocene age. The youngest lava flow has been dated to 2,600 ± 400 years ago. Although no historical eruptions are known, the volcano is considered to be potentially active and is monitored.

Casiri
Paucarani, Paugarani
Highest point
Elevation5,650 m (18,540 ft)
Coordinates17°28′S 69°48′W / 17.467°S 69.800°W / -17.467; -69.800[1]
Geography
Casiri

The volcano features geothermal manifestations and is linked to a larger geothermal field that has been prospected for geothermal power generation. There are two sulfur mines on the volcano, and the Paucarani reservoir that contains the bulk of Tacna's water supply is associated with Casiri: The Rio Uchusuma that flows through the reservoir originates on the volcano and the reservoir is located on the foot of Casiri.

Name Edit

The name "Casiri" might mean "bawler" in Aymara.[2] Casiri is also known as Paucarani[3] or Paugarani,[1] although Casiri and Paucarani are sometimes treated as distinct volcanoes.[4] A lake with the name "Casiri" lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north from the volcano;[5] it is a glacial lake[6] and a reservoir[7] which drains into the Mauri River through the Quebrada Chungara and Rio Kallapuma.[8]

Geography and geomorphology Edit

 

Casiri is a 5,650 metres (18,540 ft) high[1] stratovolcano with lava domes[9] close to the border between Peru and Chile.[10] There are four individual volcanic edifices at Casiri: three older ones that form a 5 kilometre-long chain, and a southeasterly younger edifice with a well preserved lava dome in its crater[1] which is breached to the south.[10] An older lava dome lies[11] in the western part of the complex.[12] The whole Casiri volcano grew on the southern flanks of older volcanoes[10] and rises about 1,050 metres (3,440 ft) above the surrounding terrain.[13] The edifice has a volume of about 7 cubic kilometres (1.7 cu mi), with a diameter of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[13]

Lava flows, stubby[10] and thick owing to viscosity,[14] originate on the younger edifice[11] and spread in several directions.[14] The flows reach lengths of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)[1] and are well preserved, displaying flow lines,[14] levees and lobes;[15] on images taken from space they have dark colours.[12] Some parts of the volcano underwent hydrothermal alteration,[16] producing gray-white rocks[17] and clay,[18] and wind-blown ash covers part of the lava flows.[15]

Casiri is part of the Cordillera del Barroso [es] mountain range;[19] generally, the terrain around Casiri is dominated by various volcanic and fluvioglacial formations along with some moraines.[5][16] The mountain chains Barroso and Huancune lie southwest and south from Casiri, respectively,[16] and the neighbouring mountains Auquitapie and Iñuma are covered with snow.[20] Geologically, Casiri is considered to be part of the so-called "Paucarani Volcanics".[21]

Hydrology and Paucarani reservoir Edit

The Rio Uchusuma, a tributary of the Rio Mauri, originates on Casiri.[19] A natural lake called Paucarani exists on the southeastern foot of Casiri,[16][20] and the Quebrada Achuco valley[9] is also located south of Casiri,[16] accompanied by wetlands.[22][16] On the other side, the southeastward-flowing Quebrada Mamuta lies to the north and northeast of the volcano, and to the northwest lie streams which flow through the lake Casiri and the lake Liñuma into the Rio Mauri.[5] Volcanic activity has influenced the drainages through the formation of lava dams, altering watersheds.[21]

An earth dam[20] on the Rio Uchusuma[23] was built in 1982-1986[24] and forms a reservoir also called Paucarani[22] on the southeastern foot of the volcano just southwest from the natural lake Paucarani.[16] This reservoir, which is run by the Junta de Usuarios del Valle de Tacna,[25] has a capacity of 10,500,000 cubic metres (370,000,000 cu ft) of water[26] and is a key[24] part of the water supply of Tacna;[27] water is transferred from the Paucarani reservoir through the Canal Uchusuma to Tacna,[28] covering 90% of Tacna's water consumption for both irrigation and human use.[29]

The Paucarani reservoir is also involved in the regulation of the Rio Caplina.[30] In 2012, a broken floodgate caused a damaging flood.[31] Alterations in the reservoir that increased its storage volume[24] may be responsible for water leaks in the dam;[32] additional problems reported at Paucarani are contamination with heavy metals - especially arsenic.[33]

Human geography Edit

Casiri is located in the Tarata Province[20] of the Tacna Region of Peru;[19] it lies about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast from the city of Tacna and close to the border with Chile and Bolivia.[13] The volcano is situated north of the town of Paucarani;[9] other human structures in the area south of Casiri are Calachata and Tulipiña. There are also numerous roads in the area,[16] including one which runs south of the volcano and reaches the Capaja camp to its west.[5] The town of Paucarani can be reached from the highway that connects Tacna with Charaña in Bolivia and Villa Industrial in Chile, through a secondary road.[34] The region is thinly populated.[35] A rain gauge of the Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú [es] was in use on the volcano at 4,600 metres (15,100 ft) elevation from 1946 to 2003.[36]

The volcano is considered a potential tourist attraction[37] owing to its scenery.[38] It is also part of the Monumento Natural de Paucarani geopark[20] and has been proposed to become a protected area.[38] The Paucarani reservoir also could be exploited for tourism purposes as well.[20]

Geology Edit

The Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a rate of 7–9 centimetres per year (2.8–3.5 in/year)[39] and causes volcanism along the western margin of South America. This volcanism is distributed over three volcanic belts, the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone and the Southern Volcanic Zone. The Central Volcanic Zone includes the volcanoes of southern Peru,[40] a country with over 300 volcanoes. Of these, El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, Ticsani, Tutupaca, Ubinas and Yucamane have been active during historical time. There are also geothermal manifestations such as fumaroles, geysers and hot springs in the country.[41] Despite the activity, volcanism in Peru is poorly known.[40]

Composition Edit

Based on rock types that the Casiri volcano has erupted, it can be determined that it is composed of andesite, basaltic andesite and trachyandesite with a porphyric texture; the rocks contain biotite, hornblende, plagioclase and sanidine crystals.[9][21] Deposition of sulfur from gases has formed sulfur deposits.[42]

Eruption history Edit

The Quaternary-age[43] Casiri is one of the youngest volcanic systems in southern Peru[9] with postglacial activity,[44] and Peru's southernmost Holocene volcano.[45] Holocene lavas sourced from fissure vents[46] overlie Pleistocene-age moraines and are uneroded;[47] radiometric dating on the volcano has yielded ages of 50,000 years[48] and surface exposure dating has found ages of 6,000 ± 900 and 2,600 ± 400 years for two dark lava flows southwest and south of Casiri's main summit, respectively.[49]

There are no reported eruptions,[1] but activity may[50] or may not have occurred in historical time;[12] there are hot springs and solfataras[20] that are probably powered by Casiri's magmatic system.[51] Casiri has been classified as a latent[52] or potentially active volcano[53] with a moderate threat level.[54] Earthquakes in 2020 and 2021 in the area do not appear to relate to volcanic activity.[55]

In 2012, the Geophysical Institute in Peru announced that it would begin monitoring Casiri, along with two other volcanoes in southern Peru, with seismometers.[56] They consider it a "low hazard" volcano.[57] As of 2021, there are two seismometers and one instrument measuring the deformation of the volcano at Casiri.[58] The installation of a network to detect deformation of the volcano is supposed to begin in 2022.[59]

Human use Edit

Mining Edit

The Gloria sulfur mine lies on Casiri[42] – specifically, on the foot of Paucarani[60] and southeast from the lava flows.[1] The sulfur is contained in heavily altered rocks covering an area of about 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) and is genetically related to the activity of Casiri. It has been excavated through trenches and wells;[61] some installations could still be exploitable.[20] Another mine known as San Luis may also be associated with Paucarani;[61] it is located on the northwestern flank.[45][5] Precious metals might occur in the hydrothermally altered areas at Casiri.[62]

Geothermal power Edit

The area of Casiri features the Chungará-Kallapuma geothermal field, where about 50 separate vents occur along the path of the Quebrada Chungará and the Kallapuma River; they reach temperatures of 83.4 °C (182.1 °F). These phenomena appear to relate to the activity of neighbouring volcanoes, which supply the heat to the geothermal field,[63] while rainfall supplies the water and faults the paths for the ascending water; the hot springs are currently used as spas by the local population.[64]

The geothermal power potential of the Tacna Region has been researched, partly because the Tacna Region covers its electricity demand with either nonrenewable oil or with hydropower (which is subject to climate variations). Mining is both an important economic resource in Tacna and a major consumer of electricity.[65] In the case of the Chungará-Kallapuma geothermal field, the capacity of a 75 megawatt power plant exists;[66] however, despite ongoing research since 1974 and a high geothermal potential, no geothermal power production has taken place in Peru as of 2013.[41]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Vela et al. 2016, p. 19.
  2. ^ Juan Carlos Mamani Morales, Cuentos de Parinacota, 2009, p. 48: Casiri: del aymara q'asiri, gritador/a
  3. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 47.
  4. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 62.
  5. ^ a b c d e Mendívil Echevarría 1965, Map2.
  6. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 12.
  7. ^ "PLAN DESARROLLO URBANO DE LA CIUDAD DE TACNA 2014 –2023" (PDF). Municipalidad Provincial de Tacna (in Spanish). May 2014. p. 118. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  8. ^ Cruz Pauccara, Flores Jacobo & Velarde Benavente 2020, p. 15.
  9. ^ a b c d e Cervantes G. & Monge Miguel 2000, p. 7.
  10. ^ a b c d Bromley et al. 2019, p. 4.
  11. ^ a b de Silva & Francis 1990, p. 296.
  12. ^ a b c de Silva & Francis 1990, p. 297.
  13. ^ a b c de Silva & Francis 1990, p. 288.
  14. ^ a b c Mendívil Echevarría 1965, pp. 64–65.
  15. ^ a b Bromley et al. 2019, p. 11.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Cervantes G. & Monge Miguel 2000, Map4.
  17. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 57.
  18. ^ Zavala Carrión & Steinmüller 1997, p. 66.
  19. ^ a b c Galloso Carrasco, Armando; Loaiza Choque, Edwin (2009). "Actividad minera artesanal en las zonas de Apurímac, Cusco, Tacna y Moquegua - [Boletín E 7]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET: 74.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h INGEMMET 2000, p. 277.
  21. ^ a b c Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 64.
  22. ^ a b Cervantes G. & Monge Miguel 2000, p. 8.
  23. ^ Yepes del Castillo, Ernesto; Novak Talavera, Fabián; Gamarra Elías, Carlos; Brousset Barrios, Jorge (2018). "Intereses del Perú en la Región Sur". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: 31. ISBN 9789972671548.
  24. ^ a b c "Represa de Paucarani se encuentra en peligro". Diario Correo. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  25. ^ Limache Sandoval, Elmer; Choque Apaza, Vidal; Piaggo Canivillo, Miguel Alexis; Limache Sandoval, Elmer; Choque Apaza, Vidal; Piaggo Canivillo, Miguel Alexis (August 2021). "Propuesta de programa para la optimización de los recursos hídricos en zonas áridas de Tacna, Perú". Revista Universidad y Sociedad. 13 (4): 521–535. ISSN 2218-3620.
  26. ^ "Represa de Paucarani tiene 46% de agua almacenada". Diario Correo. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  27. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 271.
  28. ^ Sánchez Velásquez 1996, p. 63.
  29. ^ Nieto, Luz Elena Vega (24 December 2014). "Racionarán agua en Tacna por anuncio de sequía". La República. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  30. ^ Acosta Pereira, Cotrina Chávez & Peña Laureano 2009, p. 11.
  31. ^ "Crecida de río arrasa puentes y bocatomas en la sierra de Tacna". Diario Correo (in Spanish). 17 January 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  32. ^ Sánchez Velásquez 1996, p. 62.
  33. ^ Rivas, Jorge Turpo (7 August 2012). "Tacna: Advierten aumento de arsénico en agua". La República. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  34. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 5.
  35. ^ Cruz Pauccara, Flores Jacobo & Velarde Benavente 2020, p. 11.
  36. ^ Acosta Pereira, Cotrina Chávez & Peña Laureano 2009, p. 29.
  37. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 272.
  38. ^ a b INGEMMET 2000, p. 283.
  39. ^ Bromley et al. 2019, p. 2.
  40. ^ a b de Silva & Francis 1990, p. 287.
  41. ^ a b Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 8.
  42. ^ a b Cervantes G. & Monge Miguel 2000, p. 10.
  43. ^ Núñez Juárez, Morche & Fídel Smoll 1997, p. 12.
  44. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 28.
  45. ^ a b "Nevados Casiri". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  46. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 4.
  47. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 2.
  48. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 270.
  49. ^ Bromley et al. 2019, p. 7.
  50. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 65.
  51. ^ Antayhua Vera et al. 2021, p. 9.
  52. ^ INGEMMET 2000, p. 182.
  53. ^ Núñez Juárez, Morche & Fídel Smoll 1997, p. 34.
  54. ^ Vela et al. 2016, p. 29.
  55. ^ Antayhua Vera et al. 2021, p. 3.
  56. ^ Rivas, Jorge Turpo (10 August 2012). "Con modernos equipos le tomarán el pulso en tiempo real a tres volcanes de Tacna". La República. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  57. ^ Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022, p. 67.
  58. ^ Puma, Roger Machacca; Calienes, José Alberto Del Carpio; Porras, Marco Antonio Rivera; Huarache, Hernando Jhonny Tavera; Franco, Luisa Diomira Macedo; Calle, Jorge Andrés Concha; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Quico, Riky Gustavo Centeno; Sacsi, Nino Celestino Puma; Aguilar, José Luis Torres; Alva, Katherine Andrea Vargas; Igme, John Edward Cruz; Quispe, Lizbeth Velarde; Nina, Javier Vilca; Garay, Alan Reinhold Malpartida (1 November 2021). "Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú: Early warning systems, communication, and information dissemination". Volcanica. 4 (S1): 52. doi:10.30909/vol.04.S1.4971. ISSN 2610-3540. S2CID 240447272.
  59. ^ Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022, p. 64.
  60. ^ Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 62.
  61. ^ a b Mendívil Echevarría 1965, p. 79.
  62. ^ Zavala Carrión & Steinmüller 1997, p. 7.
  63. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 55.
  64. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 69.
  65. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 3.
  66. ^ Cacya Dueñas, Vargas Rodríguez & Cruz Pauccara 2013, p. 112.

Sources Edit

  • Acosta Pereira, Harmuth; Cotrina Chávez, Gerson José; Peña Laureano, Fluquer (2009). "Hidrogeología de la cuenca del río Caplina - Región Tacna - [Boletín H 1]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET.
  • Antayhua Vera, Yanet Teresa; Velarde Quispe, Lizbeth; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Tavera, Hernando; Villegas Lanza, Juan Carlos (May 2021). "Actividad sísmica en el entorno de la falla Pacollo y volcanes Purupuruni – Casiri (2020 – 2021)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Bromley, Gordon R. M.; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Schimmelpfennig, Irene; Mariño, Jersy; Valdivia, David; Rademaker, Kurt; del Pilar Vivanco Lopez, Socorro; Team, ASTER; Aumaître, Georges; Bourlès, Didier; Keddadouche, Karim (7 November 2019). "In situ cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl and radiocarbon dating of volcanic deposits refine the Pleistocene and Holocene eruption chronology of SW Peru". Bulletin of Volcanology. 81 (11): 64. Bibcode:2019BVol...81...64B. doi:10.1007/s00445-019-1325-6. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 207913276.
  • Cacya Dueñas, Lourdes; Vargas Rodríguez, Víctor; Cruz Pauccara, Vicentina (2013). "Caracterización y evaluación del potencial geotérmico de la Región Tacna [Boletín C 56]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET.
  • Cervantes G., John; Monge Miguel, Robert W. (2000). "Memoria explicativa de la geología del cuadrángulo de Pachía (36-v) y Palca (36-x) [Escala 1:50 000]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET.
  • Cruz Pauccara, Vicentina; Flores Jacobo, Rosmery; Velarde Benavente, Yuliana (August 2020). "Características y evaluación del potencial geotérmico de la zona geotermal Casiri-Kallapuma, región Tacna - [Boletín B 69]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET.
  • Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Torres, José; Tavera, Hernando; Puma, Nino (August 2022). "Evaluación del peligro volcánico en Perú: una herramienta para la gestión del riesgo de desastres". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • de Silva, SL; Francis, PW (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (4): 286–301. Bibcode:1990BVol...52..286D. doi:10.1007/BF00304100. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 140559785.
  • INGEMMET (2000). "Estudio de riesgos geológicos del Perú: Franja N° 1 - [Boletín C 23]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET.
  • Mendívil Echevarría, Salvador (1965). "Geología de los cuadrángulos de Maure y Antajave (hojas 35-x, 35-y) - [Boletín A 10]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET.
  • Núñez Juárez, Segundo; Morche, Wolfgang; Fídel Smoll, Lionel (1997). "Riesgo volcánico en el sur del Perú. Proyecto: Album de mapas de riesgos volcánicos de las principales ciudades del Suroeste del Perú - [Boletín C 16]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. ISSN 1560-9928.
  • Sánchez Velásquez, William (1996). "Simulación hidrológica sistema hidráulico Vilavilani: estudio hidrogeológico del acuífero de las pampas de La Yarada - Hospicio Hospicio". Autoridad Nacional del Agua.
  • Vela, Jesica; Cáceres, Jesús; Calderón, Javier; Chijcheapaza, Rolando; Apaza, Freddy; Vilca, Javier; Masias, Pablo; Álvarez, Yovana; Miranda, Rafael (May 2016). "Evaluación del riesgo volcánico en el sur del Perú, situación de la vigilancia actual y requerimientos de monitoreo en el futuro". Repositorio institucional - IGP. INGEMMET.
  • Zavala Carrión, Bilberto Luis; Steinmüller, Klaus (1997). "Hidrotermalismo en el sur del Perú. Proyecto: Vigilancia de la actividad volcánica e hidrotermalismo en el Sur del Perú - [Boletín D 18]". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. ISSN 1607-5617.

October 21, 2023
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This article is about the mountain in Tacna Region in Peru For the mountain in Arequipa Region in Peru see Casiri Arequipa Casiri also known as Paucarani is an about 5 650 metres 18 537 ft high complex volcano in the Barroso mountain range of the Andes in the Tacna Region of Peru It consists of four individual volcanic edifices with lava domes the southeasternmost edifice has been active during the Holocene producing thick lava flows that have overrun moraines of Pleistocene age The youngest lava flow has been dated to 2 600 400 years ago Although no historical eruptions are known the volcano is considered to be potentially active and is monitored CasiriPaucarani PaugaraniHighest pointElevation5 650 m 18 540 ft Coordinates17 28 S 69 48 W 17 467 S 69 800 W 17 467 69 800 1 GeographyCasiriThe volcano features geothermal manifestations and is linked to a larger geothermal field that has been prospected for geothermal power generation There are two sulfur mines on the volcano and the Paucarani reservoir that contains the bulk of Tacna s water supply is associated with Casiri The Rio Uchusuma that flows through the reservoir originates on the volcano and the reservoir is located on the foot of Casiri Contents 1 Name 2 Geography and geomorphology 2 1 Hydrology and Paucarani reservoir 2 2 Human geography 3 Geology 3 1 Composition 3 2 Eruption history 4 Human use 4 1 Mining 4 2 Geothermal power 5 References 5 1 SourcesName EditThe name Casiri might mean bawler in Aymara 2 Casiri is also known as Paucarani 3 or Paugarani 1 although Casiri and Paucarani are sometimes treated as distinct volcanoes 4 A lake with the name Casiri lies about 5 kilometres 3 1 mi north from the volcano 5 it is a glacial lake 6 and a reservoir 7 which drains into the Mauri River through the Quebrada Chungara and Rio Kallapuma 8 Geography and geomorphology Edit nbsp Casiri is a 5 650 metres 18 540 ft high 1 stratovolcano with lava domes 9 close to the border between Peru and Chile 10 There are four individual volcanic edifices at Casiri three older ones that form a 5 kilometre long chain and a southeasterly younger edifice with a well preserved lava dome in its crater 1 which is breached to the south 10 An older lava dome lies 11 in the western part of the complex 12 The whole Casiri volcano grew on the southern flanks of older volcanoes 10 and rises about 1 050 metres 3 440 ft above the surrounding terrain 13 The edifice has a volume of about 7 cubic kilometres 1 7 cu mi with a diameter of 5 kilometres 3 1 mi 13 Lava flows stubby 10 and thick owing to viscosity 14 originate on the younger edifice 11 and spread in several directions 14 The flows reach lengths of 2 kilometres 1 2 mi 1 and are well preserved displaying flow lines 14 levees and lobes 15 on images taken from space they have dark colours 12 Some parts of the volcano underwent hydrothermal alteration 16 producing gray white rocks 17 and clay 18 and wind blown ash covers part of the lava flows 15 Casiri is part of the Cordillera del Barroso es mountain range 19 generally the terrain around Casiri is dominated by various volcanic and fluvioglacial formations along with some moraines 5 16 The mountain chains Barroso and Huancune lie southwest and south from Casiri respectively 16 and the neighbouring mountains Auquitapie and Inuma are covered with snow 20 Geologically Casiri is considered to be part of the so called Paucarani Volcanics 21 Hydrology and Paucarani reservoir Edit The Rio Uchusuma a tributary of the Rio Mauri originates on Casiri 19 A natural lake called Paucarani exists on the southeastern foot of Casiri 16 20 and the Quebrada Achuco valley 9 is also located south of Casiri 16 accompanied by wetlands 22 16 On the other side the southeastward flowing Quebrada Mamuta lies to the north and northeast of the volcano and to the northwest lie streams which flow through the lake Casiri and the lake Linuma into the Rio Mauri 5 Volcanic activity has influenced the drainages through the formation of lava dams altering watersheds 21 An earth dam 20 on the Rio Uchusuma 23 was built in 1982 1986 24 and forms a reservoir also called Paucarani 22 on the southeastern foot of the volcano just southwest from the natural lake Paucarani 16 This reservoir which is run by the Junta de Usuarios del Valle de Tacna 25 has a capacity of 10 500 000 cubic metres 370 000 000 cu ft of water 26 and is a key 24 part of the water supply of Tacna 27 water is transferred from the Paucarani reservoir through the Canal Uchusuma to Tacna 28 covering 90 of Tacna s water consumption for both irrigation and human use 29 The Paucarani reservoir is also involved in the regulation of the Rio Caplina 30 In 2012 a broken floodgate caused a damaging flood 31 Alterations in the reservoir that increased its storage volume 24 may be responsible for water leaks in the dam 32 additional problems reported at Paucarani are contamination with heavy metals especially arsenic 33 Human geography Edit Casiri is located in the Tarata Province 20 of the Tacna Region of Peru 19 it lies about 100 kilometres 62 mi northeast from the city of Tacna and close to the border with Chile and Bolivia 13 The volcano is situated north of the town of Paucarani 9 other human structures in the area south of Casiri are Calachata and Tulipina There are also numerous roads in the area 16 including one which runs south of the volcano and reaches the Capaja camp to its west 5 The town of Paucarani can be reached from the highway that connects Tacna with Charana in Bolivia and Villa Industrial in Chile through a secondary road 34 The region is thinly populated 35 A rain gauge of the Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia del Peru es was in use on the volcano at 4 600 metres 15 100 ft elevation from 1946 to 2003 36 The volcano is considered a potential tourist attraction 37 owing to its scenery 38 It is also part of the Monumento Natural de Paucarani geopark 20 and has been proposed to become a protected area 38 The Paucarani reservoir also could be exploited for tourism purposes as well 20 Geology EditThe Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a rate of 7 9 centimetres per year 2 8 3 5 in year 39 and causes volcanism along the western margin of South America This volcanism is distributed over three volcanic belts the Northern Volcanic Zone the Central Volcanic Zone and the Southern Volcanic Zone The Central Volcanic Zone includes the volcanoes of southern Peru 40 a country with over 300 volcanoes Of these El Misti Huaynaputina Sabancaya Ticsani Tutupaca Ubinas and Yucamane have been active during historical time There are also geothermal manifestations such as fumaroles geysers and hot springs in the country 41 Despite the activity volcanism in Peru is poorly known 40 Composition Edit Based on rock types that the Casiri volcano has erupted it can be determined that it is composed of andesite basaltic andesite and trachyandesite with a porphyric texture the rocks contain biotite hornblende plagioclase and sanidine crystals 9 21 Deposition of sulfur from gases has formed sulfur deposits 42 Eruption history Edit The Quaternary age 43 Casiri is one of the youngest volcanic systems in southern Peru 9 with postglacial activity 44 and Peru s southernmost Holocene volcano 45 Holocene lavas sourced from fissure vents 46 overlie Pleistocene age moraines and are uneroded 47 radiometric dating on the volcano has yielded ages of 50 000 years 48 and surface exposure dating has found ages of 6 000 900 and 2 600 400 years for two dark lava flows southwest and south of Casiri s main summit respectively 49 There are no reported eruptions 1 but activity may 50 or may not have occurred in historical time 12 there are hot springs and solfataras 20 that are probably powered by Casiri s magmatic system 51 Casiri has been classified as a latent 52 or potentially active volcano 53 with a moderate threat level 54 Earthquakes in 2020 and 2021 in the area do not appear to relate to volcanic activity 55 In 2012 the Geophysical Institute in Peru announced that it would begin monitoring Casiri along with two other volcanoes in southern Peru with seismometers 56 They consider it a low hazard volcano 57 As of 2021 update there are two seismometers and one instrument measuring the deformation of the volcano at Casiri 58 The installation of a network to detect deformation of the volcano is supposed to begin in 2022 59 Human use EditMining Edit The Gloria sulfur mine lies on Casiri 42 specifically on the foot of Paucarani 60 and southeast from the lava flows 1 The sulfur is contained in heavily altered rocks covering an area of about 1 square kilometre 0 39 sq mi and is genetically related to the activity of Casiri It has been excavated through trenches and wells 61 some installations could still be exploitable 20 Another mine known as San Luis may also be associated with Paucarani 61 it is located on the northwestern flank 45 5 Precious metals might occur in the hydrothermally altered areas at Casiri 62 Geothermal power Edit The area of Casiri features the Chungara Kallapuma geothermal field where about 50 separate vents occur along the path of the Quebrada Chungara and the Kallapuma River they reach temperatures of 83 4 C 182 1 F These phenomena appear to relate to the activity of neighbouring volcanoes which supply the heat to the geothermal field 63 while rainfall supplies the water and faults the paths for the ascending water the hot springs are currently used as spas by the local population 64 The geothermal power potential of the Tacna Region has been researched partly because the Tacna Region covers its electricity demand with either nonrenewable oil or with hydropower which is subject to climate variations Mining is both an important economic resource in Tacna and a major consumer of electricity 65 In the case of the Chungara Kallapuma geothermal field the capacity of a 75 megawatt power plant exists 66 however despite ongoing research since 1974 and a high geothermal potential no geothermal power production has taken place in Peru as of 2013 update 41 References Edit a b c d e f g Vela et al 2016 p 19 Juan Carlos Mamani Morales Cuentos de Parinacota 2009 p 48 Casiri del aymara q asiri gritador a INGEMMET 2000 p 47 INGEMMET 2000 p 62 a b c d e Mendivil Echevarria 1965 Map2 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 12 PLAN DESARROLLO URBANO DE LA CIUDAD DE TACNA 2014 2023 PDF Municipalidad Provincial de Tacna in Spanish May 2014 p 118 Retrieved 1 November 2019 Cruz Pauccara Flores Jacobo amp Velarde Benavente 2020 p 15 a b c d e Cervantes G amp Monge Miguel 2000 p 7 a b c d Bromley et al 2019 p 4 a b de Silva amp Francis 1990 p 296 a b c de Silva amp Francis 1990 p 297 a b c de Silva amp Francis 1990 p 288 a b c Mendivil Echevarria 1965 pp 64 65 a b Bromley et al 2019 p 11 a b c d e f g h Cervantes G amp Monge Miguel 2000 Map4 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 57 Zavala Carrion amp Steinmuller 1997 p 66 a b c Galloso Carrasco Armando Loaiza Choque Edwin 2009 Actividad minera artesanal en las zonas de Apurimac Cusco Tacna y Moquegua Boletin E 7 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET 74 a b c d e f g h INGEMMET 2000 p 277 a b c Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 64 a b Cervantes G amp Monge Miguel 2000 p 8 Yepes del Castillo Ernesto Novak Talavera Fabian Gamarra Elias Carlos Brousset Barrios Jorge 2018 Intereses del Peru en la Region Sur Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru 31 ISBN 9789972671548 a b c Represa de Paucarani se encuentra en peligro Diario Correo 24 February 2019 Retrieved 29 May 2019 Limache Sandoval Elmer Choque Apaza Vidal Piaggo Canivillo Miguel Alexis Limache Sandoval Elmer Choque Apaza Vidal Piaggo Canivillo Miguel Alexis August 2021 Propuesta de programa para la optimizacion de los recursos hidricos en zonas aridas de Tacna Peru Revista Universidad y Sociedad 13 4 521 535 ISSN 2218 3620 Represa de Paucarani tiene 46 de agua almacenada Diario Correo 16 April 2015 Retrieved 29 May 2019 INGEMMET 2000 p 271 Sanchez Velasquez 1996 p 63 Nieto Luz Elena Vega 24 December 2014 Racionaran agua en Tacna por anuncio de sequia La Republica Retrieved 29 May 2019 Acosta Pereira Cotrina Chavez amp Pena Laureano 2009 p 11 Crecida de rio arrasa puentes y bocatomas en la sierra de Tacna Diario Correo in Spanish 17 January 2017 Retrieved 29 May 2019 Sanchez Velasquez 1996 p 62 Rivas Jorge Turpo 7 August 2012 Tacna Advierten aumento de arsenico en agua La Republica Retrieved 29 May 2019 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 5 Cruz Pauccara Flores Jacobo amp Velarde Benavente 2020 p 11 Acosta Pereira Cotrina Chavez amp Pena Laureano 2009 p 29 INGEMMET 2000 p 272 a b INGEMMET 2000 p 283 Bromley et al 2019 p 2 a b de Silva amp Francis 1990 p 287 a b Cacya Duenas Vargas Rodriguez amp Cruz Pauccara 2013 p 8 a b Cervantes G amp Monge Miguel 2000 p 10 Nunez Juarez Morche amp Fidel Smoll 1997 p 12 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 28 a b Nevados Casiri Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution INGEMMET 2000 p 4 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 2 INGEMMET 2000 p 270 Bromley et al 2019 p 7 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 65 Antayhua Vera et al 2021 p 9 INGEMMET 2000 p 182 Nunez Juarez Morche amp Fidel Smoll 1997 p 34 Vela et al 2016 p 29 Antayhua Vera et al 2021 p 3 Rivas Jorge Turpo 10 August 2012 Con modernos equipos le tomaran el pulso en tiempo real a tres volcanes de Tacna La Republica Retrieved 29 May 2019 Del Carpio Calienes et al 2022 p 67 Puma Roger Machacca Calienes Jose Alberto Del Carpio Porras Marco Antonio Rivera Huarache Hernando Jhonny Tavera Franco Luisa Diomira Macedo Calle Jorge Andres Concha Zerpa Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte Quico Riky Gustavo Centeno Sacsi Nino Celestino Puma Aguilar Jose Luis Torres Alva Katherine Andrea Vargas Igme John Edward Cruz Quispe Lizbeth Velarde Nina Javier Vilca Garay Alan Reinhold Malpartida 1 November 2021 Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofisico del Peru Early warning systems communication and information dissemination Volcanica 4 S1 52 doi 10 30909 vol 04 S1 4971 ISSN 2610 3540 S2CID 240447272 Del Carpio Calienes et al 2022 p 64 Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 62 a b Mendivil Echevarria 1965 p 79 Zavala Carrion amp Steinmuller 1997 p 7 Cacya Duenas Vargas Rodriguez amp Cruz Pauccara 2013 p 55 Cacya Duenas Vargas Rodriguez amp Cruz Pauccara 2013 p 69 Cacya Duenas Vargas Rodriguez amp Cruz Pauccara 2013 p 3 Cacya Duenas Vargas Rodriguez amp Cruz Pauccara 2013 p 112 Sources Edit Acosta Pereira Harmuth Cotrina Chavez Gerson Jose Pena Laureano Fluquer 2009 Hidrogeologia de la cuenca del rio Caplina Region Tacna Boletin H 1 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET Antayhua Vera Yanet Teresa Velarde Quispe Lizbeth Vargas Alva Katherine Andrea Tavera Hernando Villegas Lanza Juan Carlos May 2021 Actividad sismica en el entorno de la falla Pacollo y volcanes Purupuruni Casiri 2020 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bromley Gordon R M Thouret Jean Claude Schimmelpfennig Irene Marino Jersy Valdivia David Rademaker Kurt del Pilar Vivanco Lopez Socorro Team ASTER Aumaitre Georges Bourles Didier Keddadouche Karim 7 November 2019 In situ cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl and radiocarbon dating of volcanic deposits refine the Pleistocene and Holocene eruption chronology of SW Peru Bulletin of Volcanology 81 11 64 Bibcode 2019BVol 81 64B doi 10 1007 s00445 019 1325 6 ISSN 1432 0819 S2CID 207913276 Cacya Duenas Lourdes Vargas Rodriguez Victor Cruz Pauccara Vicentina 2013 Caracterizacion y evaluacion del potencial geotermico de la Region Tacna Boletin C 56 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET Cervantes G John Monge Miguel Robert W 2000 Memoria explicativa de la geologia del cuadrangulo de Pachia 36 v y Palca 36 x Escala 1 50 000 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET Cruz Pauccara Vicentina Flores Jacobo Rosmery Velarde Benavente Yuliana August 2020 Caracteristicas y evaluacion del potencial geotermico de la zona geotermal Casiri Kallapuma region Tacna Boletin B 69 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET Del Carpio Calienes Jose Alberto Rivera Marco Torres Jose Tavera Hernando Puma Nino August 2022 Evaluacion del peligro volcanico en Peru una herramienta para la gestion del riesgo de desastres a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help de Silva SL Francis PW 1 March 1990 Potentially active volcanoes of Peru Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery Bulletin of Volcanology 52 4 286 301 Bibcode 1990BVol 52 286D doi 10 1007 BF00304100 ISSN 1432 0819 S2CID 140559785 INGEMMET 2000 Estudio de riesgos geologicos del Peru Franja N 1 Boletin C 23 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET Mendivil Echevarria Salvador 1965 Geologia de los cuadrangulos de Maure y Antajave hojas 35 x 35 y Boletin A 10 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET Nunez Juarez Segundo Morche Wolfgang Fidel Smoll Lionel 1997 Riesgo volcanico en el sur del Peru Proyecto Album de mapas de riesgos volcanicos de las principales ciudades del Suroeste del Peru Boletin C 16 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET ISSN 1560 9928 Sanchez Velasquez William 1996 Simulacion hidrologica sistema hidraulico Vilavilani estudio hidrogeologico del acuifero de las pampas de La Yarada Hospicio Hospicio Autoridad Nacional del Agua Vela Jesica Caceres Jesus Calderon Javier Chijcheapaza Rolando Apaza Freddy Vilca Javier Masias Pablo Alvarez Yovana Miranda Rafael May 2016 Evaluacion del riesgo volcanico en el sur del Peru situacion de la vigilancia actual y requerimientos de monitoreo en el futuro Repositorio institucional IGP INGEMMET Zavala Carrion Bilberto Luis Steinmuller Klaus 1997 Hidrotermalismo en el sur del Peru Proyecto Vigilancia de la actividad volcanica e hidrotermalismo en el Sur del Peru Boletin D 18 Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico INGEMMET ISSN 1607 5617 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