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Crnojević noble family

October 23, 2023

The House of Crnojević (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Црнојевић, pl. Crnojevići / Црнојевићи) was a medieval Serbian noble family[1][better source needed] that held Zeta, or parts of it; a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania, from 1326 to 1362, then 1403 until 1515.

Crnojević
Црнојевић
Coat of arms based on the illustration found in the 17th century Fojnica Armorial
CountryKingdom of Serbia (1326–45)
Serbian Empire (1345–71)
Republic of Venice
Serbian Despotate (1421–35)
Principality of Zeta
Foundedbefore 1326, by Đuraš
Final rulerĐurađ V (1515)
TitlesNobleman (Serbian: Ставилац, Властелин),
Courtier (Дворски достојанственик, Челник),
Knight (Витез),
Baron (Italian: Baronez),
Duke (Војвода),
Lord (Господар),
Captain (Kaпetaн),
Governor-General (Bey, Бeг)
Grand Duke (Veliki Vojvoda/Велики војвода)
Estate(s)(southern Montenegro, northern Albania; north of Lake Skadar)
Zeta (Montenegro)

main regions:

  • Upper Zeta (1326–1362, 1403–1530)

towns:

Dissolution1530

Its progenitor Đuraš Ilijić was the head of Upper Zeta in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and Empire (r. 1326–1362†), under Stefan Dečanski, Dušan the Mighty and Stefan Uroš V. Đuraš was killed in 1362 by the Balšić family, the holders of Lower Zeta (since 1360); Zeta was in the hands of the Balšići under nominal Imperial rule until 1421, when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević was given the province by Balša III (1403–1421). The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuraš, and the Crnojevićs controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396, when Radič Crnojević was murdered by the Balšićs. They are mentioned again in 1403, as vassals of the Republic of Venice, taking power in their hereditary lands.

History Edit

Origins Edit

During the 14th and throughout the 15th century, the Crnojević family became one of the most politically influential dynasties of the region. They ruled the territory of Zeta, north of Lake Skadar, roughly corresponding to modern-day Southern Montenegro and Northern Albania.[2] At times, they cooperated with the Balšić, a competing noble family, but most frequently fought them for control.[2]

Đuraš Vrančić, a nobleman who served King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321) in the Kingdom of Serbia,[3] is the earliest known progenitor of the family.[4] His grandson Đuraš Ilijić (son of Ilija Đurašević) was a military leader under Tsar Stefan Dušan and head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until 1362.[5][6] Under Đuraš Ilijić, the family was referred to as Đurašević.[4]

Đuraš Ilijić became advisor to the Serbian King Stefan of Dečani in 1326. Five years later, Đuraš supported Prince Dušan Nemanjić in overthrowing the King.

In 1355, the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dušan, Jelena Nemanjić Šubić, had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia, (Skradin). Emperor Dušan dispatched Đuraš Ilijić to relieve the siege. He left with an army and his two brothers, Nikola and Vladin, as well as his sons and nephews.[7] Đuraš successfully kept the city up to January 10, 1356, when Emperor Uroš, Dušan's successor, ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians.[8]

Đuraš was liquidated by Balša I's sons as a rival in 1362.[9] He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription "in Emperor's Stefan's name the third knight" (Serbian: у цара Стефана трети витез).

After this, the Đuraševići were greatly suppressed by the Balšić. They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor.[9]

Crnoje Đurašević, the son of Đuraš, had three sons: Radič, Stefan and Dobrivoje. Crnoje's descendants initially bore the surnames Crnojević-Đurašević but eventually dropped the former and only became Crnojević.[10]

Crnojević Edit

 
  Coat of arms of the Crnojevići, according to the Illyrian Armorials.
 
    Flag of the Crnojevići.

Radič, the successor of Crnoje, emerged, together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje, as the masters of Budva, at the end of the 14th century. He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik, where he was a honorary citizen.[11] At the same time, the relations with City of Kotor were bad. He frequently jeopardized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Paštrovići.[11] As the Serbian Empire crumbled, the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta (region around modern Cetinje.[citation needed] Radič was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balšić in 1396.[11]

After the death of Radič, the Crnojevići, under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan, suffered a major decline. There were territorial losses to the Đuraševići, led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa (also called Lješ), both sons of the late Radič. They were first referred to in sources in 1403.[12] They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II's campaign against the Crnojevići in the late 1390s. They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranić's expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ. As a reward, Đurađ gave them Budva, as well as Saint Michael's Metohija (Grbalj). The Đuraševići used this period of support of the Balšićs to gain much of the Crnojević possessions in the mountains behind Kotor.[citation needed] Đuraš and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403–1435.[13]

The most important role in establishing the family's rule in Zeta belongs to Stefan I called "Stefanica" (1451–1465).[14] He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region. He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria, the daughter of prominent nobleman Gjon Kastrioti.[14] After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455, Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan.

His son Ivan (1465–1490), better known as Ivan-beg, started his rule with a war on the Venetians, but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat. In 1474, the Ottomans took Upper Zeta and in 1478 took his territory, which was centered around Žabljak.[15] He fled to the coast and returned in 1481 following the death of Mehmet the Conqueror as a Turkish vassal, after already previously being a Venetian one.[15][16] He was allowed to keep territory, which now comprised the coast above Kotor to Lake Skadar and north of the Zeta river.[15] He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital.

Ivan's son Đurađ (1490–1496) remained consistent to his father's policies, although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble. He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494.[17] When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti-Ottoman war became known to the Turks, he had to flee Montenegro, which fell under direct Turkish rule.

He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II (1496–1498) who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's third son Staniša, now islamized and renamed as Skender-beg, ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 128.[2]

The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid-17th century.[2]

Rulers Edit

Lord of Zeta/Montenegro:

Sanjak-bey of Montenegro:

Family tree Edit

See also Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crnojević noble family.

References Edit

  1. ^ Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 34.
  2. ^ a b c d Djukanović 2023, p. 90.
  3. ^ Blagojević, Miloš (2001). Državna uprava u srpskim srednjovekovnim zemljama (in Serbian). Službeni list SRJ. p. 34. ISBN 9788635504971.
  4. ^ a b c d Kovijanić 1963, p. 129.
  5. ^ a b Kovijanić 1963, pp. 128–129.
  6. ^ Šanjek, Franjo, ed. (1999). Kraljevstvo Slavena. Golden marketing. p. 349. ISBN 9789536168538. Đuraš Ilijić, gospodar gornje Zete..
  7. ^ Fajfrić 1998, pp. 289–293.
  8. ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1997). Istorija srpskog naroda. Glas Srpski. p. 238. ....Videći neraspoloženje skradinskog građanstva protiv svojih ljudi, a čuvši možda i za carevu smrt, njegov vojvoda Đuraš Ilić predade taj grad Mlečanima 10. januara 1356. god., kako mu car beše ranije naredio. Grad Klis preoteli su Mađari.
  9. ^ a b Fajfrić 1998, pp. 308–312.
  10. ^ Djukanović 2023, p. 90, 121.
  11. ^ a b c d Djukanović 2023, p. 87.
  12. ^ Jovović 2013, pp. 210–211.
  13. ^ Jovović 2013, p. 211.
  14. ^ a b Djukanović 2023, p. 88.
  15. ^ a b c Zadar, Zlatko (2007). The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Volume 2. Peter Lang. p. 460. ISBN 9780820481357.
  16. ^ Roberts, Elizabeth (2007). Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro. Cornell University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780801446016.
  17. ^ Pavlovic, Srdja (2008). Balkan Anschluss: The Annexation of Montenegro and the Creation of the Common South Slavic State. Purdue University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9781557534651.
  18. ^ Fine 1994, p. 660.
  19. ^ Erdeljan, Jelena (2021). Rossi, Maria Alessia; Sullivan, Alice Isabella (eds.). Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin, Greek, and Slavic Traditions. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 46. ISBN 9783110695618.
  20. ^ Živković, Valentina (2017). "The Vow of Ivan Crnojević to the Virgin Mary in Loreto under the Shadow of the Ottoman Conquest". Balcanica. 48: 21. doi:10.2298/BALC1748019Z.

Sources Edit

  • Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  • Fajfrić, Željko (1998). Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje. Tabernakl. ISBN 9788685269066.
  • Kovijanić, Risto (1963). Pomeni Crnogorski u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek) [Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records (XIV–XVI century)] (PDF). Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore.
  • Veselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije (in Serbian). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3.
  • Jovović, Vasilj (2013). "Porodične veze crnojevića sa okolnim feudalnim gospodarima" (PDF). maticacrnogorska.me. Matica crnogorska.
  • Djukanović, Bojka (2023). Historical Dictionary of Montenegro. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538139158.

October 23, 2023
crnojević, noble, family, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, conditions, june, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, house, crnojević, montenegrin, serbian, cyrillic. The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The House of Crnojevic Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic Crnoјeviћ pl Crnojevici Crnoјeviћi was a medieval Serbian noble family 1 better source needed that held Zeta or parts of it a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania from 1326 to 1362 then 1403 until 1515 CrnojevicCrnoјeviћCoat of arms based on the illustration found in the 17th century Fojnica ArmorialCountryKingdom of Serbia 1326 45 Serbian Empire 1345 71 Republic of Venice Serbian Despotate 1421 35 Principality of ZetaFoundedbefore 1326 by ĐurasFinal rulerĐurađ V 1515 TitlesNobleman Serbian Stavilac Vlastelin Courtier Dvorski dostoјanstvenik Chelnik Knight Vitez Baron Italian Baronez Duke Voјvoda Lord Gospodar Captain Kapetan Governor General Bey Beg Grand Duke Veliki Vojvoda Veliki voјvoda Estate s southern Montenegro northern Albania north of Lake Skadar Zeta Montenegro main regions Upper Zeta 1326 1362 1403 1530 towns Budva 1392 1396 PodgoricaDissolution1530Its progenitor Đuras Ilijic was the head of Upper Zeta in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and Empire r 1326 1362 under Stefan Decanski Dusan the Mighty and Stefan Uros V Đuras was killed in 1362 by the Balsic family the holders of Lower Zeta since 1360 Zeta was in the hands of the Balsici under nominal Imperial rule until 1421 when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarevic was given the province by Balsa III 1403 1421 The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuras and the Crnojevics controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396 when Radic Crnojevic was murdered by the Balsics They are mentioned again in 1403 as vassals of the Republic of Venice taking power in their hereditary lands Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Crnojevic 2 Rulers 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 5 1 SourcesHistory EditOrigins Edit During the 14th and throughout the 15th century the Crnojevic family became one of the most politically influential dynasties of the region They ruled the territory of Zeta north of Lake Skadar roughly corresponding to modern day Southern Montenegro and Northern Albania 2 At times they cooperated with the Balsic a competing noble family but most frequently fought them for control 2 Đuras Vrancic a nobleman who served King Stefan Milutin r 1282 1321 in the Kingdom of Serbia 3 is the earliest known progenitor of the family 4 His grandson Đuras Ilijic son of Ilija Đurasevic was a military leader under Tsar Stefan Dusan and head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until 1362 5 6 Under Đuras Ilijic the family was referred to as Đurasevic 4 Đuras Ilijic became advisor to the Serbian King Stefan of Decani in 1326 Five years later Đuras supported Prince Dusan Nemanjic in overthrowing the King In 1355 the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dusan Jelena Nemanjic Subic had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia Skradin Emperor Dusan dispatched Đuras Ilijic to relieve the siege He left with an army and his two brothers Nikola and Vladin as well as his sons and nephews 7 Đuras successfully kept the city up to January 10 1356 when Emperor Uros Dusan s successor ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians 8 Đuras was liquidated by Balsa I s sons as a rival in 1362 9 He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription in Emperor s Stefan s name the third knight Serbian u cara Stefana treti vitez After this the Đurasevici were greatly suppressed by the Balsic They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor 9 Crnoje Đurasevic the son of Đuras had three sons Radic Stefan and Dobrivoje Crnoje s descendants initially bore the surnames Crnojevic Đurasevic but eventually dropped the former and only became Crnojevic 10 Crnojevic Edit nbsp nbsp Coat of arms of the Crnojevici according to the Illyrian Armorials nbsp nbsp nbsp Flag of the Crnojevici Radic the successor of Crnoje emerged together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje as the masters of Budva at the end of the 14th century He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik where he was a honorary citizen 11 At the same time the relations with City of Kotor were bad He frequently jeopardized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Pastrovici 11 As the Serbian Empire crumbled the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta region around modern Cetinje citation needed Radic was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balsic in 1396 11 After the death of Radic the Crnojevici under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan suffered a major decline There were territorial losses to the Đurasevici led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa also called Ljes both sons of the late Radic They were first referred to in sources in 1403 12 They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II s campaign against the Crnojevici in the late 1390s They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranic s expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ As a reward Đurađ gave them Budva as well as Saint Michael s Metohija Grbalj The Đurasevici used this period of support of the Balsics to gain much of the Crnojevic possessions in the mountains behind Kotor citation needed Đuras and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403 1435 13 The most important role in establishing the family s rule in Zeta belongs to Stefan I called Stefanica 1451 1465 14 He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria the daughter of prominent nobleman Gjon Kastrioti 14 After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455 Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan His son Ivan 1465 1490 better known as Ivan beg started his rule with a war on the Venetians but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat In 1474 the Ottomans took Upper Zeta and in 1478 took his territory which was centered around Zabljak 15 He fled to the coast and returned in 1481 following the death of Mehmet the Conqueror as a Turkish vassal after already previously being a Venetian one 15 16 He was allowed to keep territory which now comprised the coast above Kotor to Lake Skadar and north of the Zeta river 15 He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital Ivan s son Đurađ 1490 1496 remained consistent to his father s policies although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494 17 When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti Ottoman war became known to the Turks he had to flee Montenegro which fell under direct Turkish rule He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II 1496 1498 who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire Ivan s third son Stanisa now islamized and renamed as Skender beg ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 128 2 The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid 17th century 2 Rulers EditLord of Zeta Montenegro Đuras Ilijic 1326 1362 Radic fl 1392 1396 Đurađ III and Aleksa 1403 1435 Gojcin 1435 1451 Stefan I 1451 1465 Ivan I 1465 1490 Đurađ IV 1490 1496 Stefan II 1496 1498 Ivan II 1498 1515 Đurađ V 1515 1516 Sanjak bey of Montenegro Stanisa Skenderbeg 1516 1530 Family tree EditĐuras Vrancic Ilija Đurasevic 18 Đuras Ilijic 5 Crnoje Đurasevic Radic Crnojevic married Jelena 11 later wife of Sandalj Hranic Đurađ Đurasevic Crnojevic married unknown Zaharia Đurasin Gojcin Stefan Stefanica Crnojevic married Mara Kastrioti Đurađ Crnojevic married unknown Mocenigo Catalina married Radu IV the Great Charles Michael Petar Crnojevic Ivan Crnojevic married firstly Gojislava Arianiti married secondly Mara Kosaca 19 20 Đurađ Crnojevic married firstly Jela Thopia married secondly Elisabetta Erizzo Solomon married Elisabetta Konstantin married Maria Contarini Jovan married firstly Paola Alberti married secondly Orseta Valaresso Viktor married to Elena Calbo Jovan Faustina married to Gasparo Luigi Delfin Ivan Caterina Orio Đurađ V citation needed Antonija married to Jerolim Zagurovic Anđelo Zagurovic Unknown Daughter Unknown Daughter Stefan Stanisa Skenderbeg Sanjak bey of Montenegro Unknown Daughter Unknown Daughter Unknown Son Aleksa Ljes Alexius Đurasevic Crnojevic Stefan Dobrovoj Nikola 4 Vladin 4 See also Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crnojevic noble family List of rulers of MontenegroReferences Edit Veselinovic amp Ljusic 2008 p 34 a b c d Djukanovic 2023 p 90 Blagojevic Milos 2001 Drzavna uprava u srpskim srednjovekovnim zemljama in Serbian Sluzbeni list SRJ p 34 ISBN 9788635504971 a b c d Kovijanic 1963 p 129 a b Kovijanic 1963 pp 128 129 Sanjek Franjo ed 1999 Kraljevstvo Slavena Golden marketing p 349 ISBN 9789536168538 Đuras Ilijic gospodar gornje Zete Fajfric 1998 pp 289 293 Corovic Vladimir 1997 Istorija srpskog naroda Glas Srpski p 238 Videci neraspolozenje skradinskog građanstva protiv svojih ljudi a cuvsi mozda i za carevu smrt njegov vojvoda Đuras Ilic predade taj grad Mlecanima 10 januara 1356 god kako mu car bese ranije naredio Grad Klis preoteli su Mađari a b Fajfric 1998 pp 308 312 Djukanovic 2023 p 90 121 a b c d Djukanovic 2023 p 87 Jovovic 2013 pp 210 211 Jovovic 2013 p 211 a b Djukanovic 2023 p 88 a b c Zadar Zlatko 2007 The Poetics of Slavdom The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia Volume 2 Peter Lang p 460 ISBN 9780820481357 Roberts Elizabeth 2007 Realm of the Black Mountain A History of Montenegro Cornell University Press p 96 ISBN 9780801446016 Pavlovic Srdja 2008 Balkan Anschluss The Annexation of Montenegro and the Creation of the Common South Slavic State Purdue University Press pp 31 32 ISBN 9781557534651 Fine 1994 p 660 Erdeljan Jelena 2021 Rossi Maria Alessia Sullivan Alice Isabella eds Eclecticism in Late Medieval Visual Culture at the Crossroads of the Latin Greek and Slavic Traditions Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 46 ISBN 9783110695618 Zivkovic Valentina 2017 The Vow of Ivan Crnojevic to the Virgin Mary in Loreto under the Shadow of the Ottoman Conquest Balcanica 48 21 doi 10 2298 BALC1748019Z Sources Edit Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Michigan The University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Fajfric Zeljko 1998 Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje Tabernakl ISBN 9788685269066 Kovijanic Risto 1963 Pomeni Crnogorski u kotorskim spomenicima XIV XVI vijek Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records XIV XVI century PDF Titograd Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore Veselinovic Andrija Ljusic Rados 2008 Srpske dinastije in Serbian Sluzbeni glasnik ISBN 978 86 7549 921 3 Jovovic Vasilj 2013 Porodicne veze crnojevica sa okolnim feudalnim gospodarima PDF maticacrnogorska me Matica crnogorska Djukanovic Bojka 2023 Historical Dictionary of Montenegro Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 9781538139158 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crnojevic noble family amp oldid 1181232654, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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