Gigarcanum delcourti, formerly Hoplodactylus delcourti, is an extinct species of gecko in the familyDiplodactylidae. It is the largest known of all geckos, with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 37 cm (14.6 in) and an overall length (including tail) of at least 60 cm (23.6 in).[3] It is only known from a single taxidermied specimen collected in the 19th century that was rediscovered unlabelled in a museum in France. The origin of the specimen was undocumented.[1] While originally suggested to have been from New Zealand and the kawekaweau of Māori oral tradition,[4][5][6] DNA evidence from the specimen suggests that it originates from New Caledonia.[7]
According to the report of Major W. G. Mair in 1873, in 1870, a Māori chief said that he had killed a kawekaweau he found under the bark of a dead rata tree in the Waimana Valley in Te Urewera on the North Island of New Zealand. This is the only documented report of anyone ever seeing a kawekaweau alive. Mair reported the chiefs description of the animal as being "two feet long and as thick as a man’s wrist; colour brown, striped longitudinally with dull red".[8]
A single stuffed specimen was "discovered" in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in 1986; the origins and date of collection of the specimen remain a mystery, as it was unlabelled when it was found.[8] It has been present in the collection of the museum since at least the 1870s, and likely since the 1830s based on its unusual preservation style of being eviscerated, dried and mounted, rather than being kept in spirits as is more common for preserved specimens. The specimen is missing the internal organs and most of the axial skeleton, but retains the skull and appendicular skeleton.[7] It was described as the new species Hoplodactylus delcourti. Initially, scientists examining the specimen suggested that it was from New Zealand and was in fact the lost kawekaweau, a giant and mysterious forest lizard of Maori oral tradition.[8]
Attempts to extract DNA from the sole specimen in 1994 were unsuccessful.[9]Trevor Worthy suggested in 2016 that the specimen originated on an island of New Caledonia rather than New Zealand, due to a lack of fossil evidence for the lizard in New Zealand caves, despite abundant remains of all other known species of New Zealand gecko.[6] It was omitted from the Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021 on the basis that it was likely to be from New Caledonia.[10] This was confirmed by the successful sequencing of the specimen's mitochondrial DNA in 2023, which found that it was nested within the New Caledonian species of Diplodactylidae rather than the New Zealand species, and distinctive enough to warrant being placement in the new genus Gigarcanum.[7] In the DNA analysis, the relationships of New Caledonian geckos were poorly resolved, but Gigarcanum was usually found to most closely related to the New Caledonia genera Eurydactylodes, Mniarogekko and/or Rhacodactylus.[7]
The specific epithetdelcourti is taken from the surname of French museum worker Alain Delcourt, who discovered the forgotten specimen in the Marseille museum.[11] According to the authors, the genus name Gigarcanum derives from "a combination of two words: the Latin adjective gigas, meaning giant and taken from the Ancient Greek Γίγᾱς, and the Latin noun arcanum, meaning secret or mystery. The combination refers to the size of the type species and the unknown provenance of the only known specimen".[7]
Gigarcanum delcourti is 50% longer and was likely several times heavier than the largest living gecko, the also New Caledonian Rhacodactylus leachianus[7], with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 37 cm (14.6 in) and an overall length (including tail) of at least 60 cm (23.6 in).[3] The body is robust, and the tail is tapering, cylindrical and weakly annulated. The skull is large, and makes up about 20% of the SVL. The digits bear claws, and are weakly-moderately webbed. The digit pads are rectangular and broad.[7] The body colour is yellowish-brown, with dark reddish-brown stripes running along the length of the upper body.[8]
EcologyEdit
Based on comparison with its living relatives, it was probably a nocturnal arboreal animal that climbed trees. It probably had a diet mainly of arthropods, but possibly also seasonally consumed fruit. It likely had a clutch size of two, as all other known New Caledonian geckos do, though whether it was oviparous or viviparous is uncertain.[7]
ExtinctionEdit
Gigarcanum delcourti was likely extinct or extremely rare by the time of the colonisation of New Caledonia in the mid 19th century, due to the absence of any other records of the species.[7]
ReferencesEdit
^ abHitchmough, R.; van Winkel, D.; Lettink, M.; Chapple, D. (2019). "Hoplodactylus delcourti ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10254A120158840. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10254A120158840.en.
^Species Hoplodactylus delcourti at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
^ abWilson, Kerry-Jayne (2004). Flight of the Huia: Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Canterbury University Press. ISBN0-908812-52-3. OCLC 937349394.
^Worthy, T.H. (March 1997). "Quaternary fossil fauna of South Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 27 (1): 67–162. doi:10.1080/03014223.1997.9517528.
^Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2010). "The origin and history of New Zealand's terrestrial vertebrates" (PDF). New Zealand Ecological Society. 34 (1): 6–27.
^ abWorthy, Trevor H. (2016). "A Review of the Fossil Record of New Zealand Lizards". pp. 65–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41674-8_3. ISBN978-3-319-41672-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ abcdefghiHeinicke, Matthew P.; Nielsen, Stuart V.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Kelly, Ryan; Geneva, Anthony J.; Daza, Juan D.; Keating, Shannon E.; Gamble, Tony (2023-06-19). "Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 9141. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC10279644. PMID 37336900.
^ abcdBauer, Aaron M.; Russell, Anthony P. (1986). (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 13: 141–148. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-20.
^Cooper, Alan (1994). "DNA from Museum Specimens". In Herrmann, Bernd; Hummel, Susanne (eds.). Ancient DNA. pp. 149–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4318-2_10. ISBN978-1-4612-4318-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Hitchmough, Rod; Barr, Ben; Knox, Carey; Lettink, Marieke; Monks, Joanne M.; Patterson, Geoff B.; Reardon, James T.; van Winkel, Dylan; Rolfe, Jeremy; Michel, Pascale (2021). Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021(PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. Vol. 35. Department of Conservation. pp. 3–6. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 69. ISBN978-1-4214-0135-5.
Wikispecies has information related to Hoplodactylus delcourti.
August 29, 2023
gigarcanum, delcourti, formerly, hoplodactylus, delcourti, extinct, species, gecko, family, diplodactylidae, largest, known, geckos, with, snout, vent, length, overall, length, including, tail, least, only, known, from, single, taxidermied, specimen, collected. Gigarcanum delcourti formerly Hoplodactylus delcourti is an extinct species of gecko in the family Diplodactylidae It is the largest known of all geckos with a snout to vent length SVL of 37 cm 14 6 in and an overall length including tail of at least 60 cm 23 6 in 3 It is only known from a single taxidermied specimen collected in the 19th century that was rediscovered unlabelled in a museum in France The origin of the specimen was undocumented 1 While originally suggested to have been from New Zealand and the kawekaweau of Maori oral tradition 4 5 6 DNA evidence from the specimen suggests that it originates from New Caledonia 7 GigarcanumModel in Lille Natural History MuseumConservation statusExtinct 1870 IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataFamily DiplodactylidaeGenus GigarcanumHeinicke et al 2023Species G delcourtiBinomial name Gigarcanum delcourti Bauer amp Russell 1986 2 SynonymsHoplodactylus delcourti Bauer amp Russell 1986 Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 Extinction 5 ReferencesHistory EditAccording to the report of Major W G Mair in 1873 in 1870 a Maori chief said that he had killed a kawekaweau he found under the bark of a dead rata tree in the Waimana Valley in Te Urewera on the North Island of New Zealand This is the only documented report of anyone ever seeing a kawekaweau alive Mair reported the chiefs description of the animal as being two feet long and as thick as a man s wrist colour brown striped longitudinally with dull red 8 A single stuffed specimen was discovered in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in 1986 the origins and date of collection of the specimen remain a mystery as it was unlabelled when it was found 8 It has been present in the collection of the museum since at least the 1870s and likely since the 1830s based on its unusual preservation style of being eviscerated dried and mounted rather than being kept in spirits as is more common for preserved specimens The specimen is missing the internal organs and most of the axial skeleton but retains the skull and appendicular skeleton 7 It was described as the new species Hoplodactylus delcourti Initially scientists examining the specimen suggested that it was from New Zealand and was in fact the lost kawekaweau a giant and mysterious forest lizard of Maori oral tradition 8 Attempts to extract DNA from the sole specimen in 1994 were unsuccessful 9 Trevor Worthy suggested in 2016 that the specimen originated on an island of New Caledonia rather than New Zealand due to a lack of fossil evidence for the lizard in New Zealand caves despite abundant remains of all other known species of New Zealand gecko 6 It was omitted from the Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles 2021 on the basis that it was likely to be from New Caledonia 10 This was confirmed by the successful sequencing of the specimen s mitochondrial DNA in 2023 which found that it was nested within the New Caledonian species of Diplodactylidae rather than the New Zealand species and distinctive enough to warrant being placement in the new genus Gigarcanum 7 In the DNA analysis the relationships of New Caledonian geckos were poorly resolved but Gigarcanum was usually found to most closely related to the New Caledonia genera Eurydactylodes Mniarogekko and or Rhacodactylus 7 The specific epithet delcourti is taken from the surname of French museum worker Alain Delcourt who discovered the forgotten specimen in the Marseille museum 11 According to the authors the genus name Gigarcanum derives from a combination of two words the Latin adjective gigas meaning giant and taken from the Ancient Greek Gigᾱs and the Latin noun arcanum meaning secret or mystery The combination refers to the size of the type species and the unknown provenance of the only known specimen 7 Description Edit Size comparison of the holotype top with Rhacodactylus leachianusGigarcanum delcourti is 50 longer and was likely several times heavier than the largest living gecko the also New Caledonian Rhacodactylus leachianus 7 with a snout to vent length SVL of 37 cm 14 6 in and an overall length including tail of at least 60 cm 23 6 in 3 The body is robust and the tail is tapering cylindrical and weakly annulated The skull is large and makes up about 20 of the SVL The digits bear claws and are weakly moderately webbed The digit pads are rectangular and broad 7 The body colour is yellowish brown with dark reddish brown stripes running along the length of the upper body 8 Ecology EditBased on comparison with its living relatives it was probably a nocturnal arboreal animal that climbed trees It probably had a diet mainly of arthropods but possibly also seasonally consumed fruit It likely had a clutch size of two as all other known New Caledonian geckos do though whether it was oviparous or viviparous is uncertain 7 Extinction EditGigarcanum delcourti was likely extinct or extremely rare by the time of the colonisation of New Caledonia in the mid 19th century due to the absence of any other records of the species 7 References Edit a b Hitchmough R van Winkel D Lettink M Chapple D 2019 Hoplodactylus delcourti IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T10254A120158840 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T10254A120158840 en Species Hoplodactylus delcourti at The Reptile Database www reptile database org a b Wilson Kerry Jayne 2004 Flight of the Huia Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand s Frogs Reptiles Birds and Mammals Canterbury University Press ISBN 0 908812 52 3 OCLC 937349394 Worthy T H March 1997 Quaternary fossil fauna of South Canterbury South Island New Zealand Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27 1 67 162 doi 10 1080 03014223 1997 9517528 Tennyson Alan J D 2010 The origin and history of New Zealand s terrestrial vertebrates PDF New Zealand Ecological Society 34 1 6 27 a b Worthy Trevor H 2016 A Review of the Fossil Record of New Zealand Lizards pp 65 86 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 41674 8 3 ISBN 978 3 319 41672 4 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Missing or empty title help a b c d e f g h i Heinicke Matthew P Nielsen Stuart V Bauer Aaron M Kelly Ryan Geneva Anthony J Daza Juan D Keating Shannon E Gamble Tony 2023 06 19 Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti via high throughput sequencing of archival DNA Scientific Reports 13 1 9141 doi 10 1038 s41598 023 35210 8 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 10279644 PMID 37336900 a b c d Bauer Aaron M Russell Anthony P 1986 Hoplodactylus delcourti n sp Reptilia Gekkonidae the largest known gecko PDF New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13 141 148 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 04 20 Cooper Alan 1994 DNA from Museum Specimens In Herrmann Bernd Hummel Susanne eds Ancient DNA pp 149 165 doi 10 1007 978 1 4612 4318 2 10 ISBN 978 1 4612 4318 2 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Hitchmough Rod Barr Ben Knox Carey Lettink Marieke Monks Joanne M Patterson Geoff B Reardon James T van Winkel Dylan Rolfe Jeremy Michel Pascale 2021 Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles 2021 PDF New Zealand Threat Classification Series Vol 35 Department of Conservation pp 3 6 Retrieved 13 January 2022 Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2011 The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 69 ISBN 978 1 4214 0135 5 Wikispecies has information related to Hoplodactylus delcourti Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gigarcanum amp oldid 1172240546, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
