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History of Lakia

April 19, 2023

Lakia is an ancient ethnic region within the state of Dagestan. Its historical capital is Kumukh, one of the ancient cultural and religious centres of Lakia. The people of Lakia are self-designated as Laks and their native language is Lak.

Persian Empire in the 5th century BC

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam published by Brill the ancestors of the Lak people may have been known to the ancient Greeks as "Ligyes (Λίγυες), Legaes (Λήγας), and Leges (Λήγες)".[1] If this is the case Herodotos mentions in his Histories these "Ligyes" as part of the contingent from the Caucasus region led by Akhaimenid prince Gobryas in his half-brother Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC.[2]

Persian invasions in the 5th-6th centuries

Main article: Sassanid Empire

In the 6th century, following a long war, the Sassanid Empire took over the Eastern and North-Eastern Caucasus. In 552 the Khazars invaded Caucasus and occupied the northern plains of Dagestan. The reigning shah of Persia, Khosrau I Anushirvan, began the construction of Derbent fortress in order to protect his possessions from the new wave of nomads. Khosrau I appointed a local ruler in Kumukh, as he also did in many other possessions.[3]

Arab invasions in the 7th-8th centuries

Main article: Arab-Khazar Wars

In the 7th-8th centuries Arab conquerors continually strove to gain a foothold in Dagestan in order to maintain political hegemony in the North-Eastern Caucasus. At the end of a long war (730-740), Arab armies (led initially by Maslamah and then by Marwan) captured mountainous Dagestan. During the Arab invasions and in the period following, such principalities as Tabasaran, Dargin, Lak and Avar were active in Dagestan.[4][5][6]

Shamkhalate rule in the 8th-17th centuries

Main article: Gazikumukh Shamkhalate

In the middle of the 8th century Kumukh joined the Arab Caliphate. Arabs built a mosque in Kumukh and appointed a ruler with the title "shamkhal".[7][8] In 1239 the Mongolo-Tatars captured Kumukh. In the 13th centuries the shamkhals of Kumukh accepted Islam. In 1396 Tamerlane waged a war with the shamkhal of Gazi-Kumukh. During the 15th century the political influence of the shamkhals increased in the region. Then in 1642 the shamkhalate disintegrated into independent principalities.

Khanate rule in the 17th-19th centuries

Main article: Gazikumukh Khanate

In 1642 Laks formed the Gazikumukh Khanate. The state was ruled by a supreme council, which was constituted by the viziers, chief qadis, warlords, and the ruler. The rulers of Kazi-Kumukh took an active part in an anti-Iranian movement in Shirvan and Dagestan. In 1725 Surkhay-khan I received the title of khan of Shirvan and Kazi-Kumukh. During the period 1734-1741 Kazi-Kumukh was thrice invaded by the Persians. In 1738 Murtazali-khan, at the head of the Dagestan army, defeated the Persians in Daria, and then in 1741 in Andalal. A later khanate fought with Russia, and in 1820 Russian general Madatov captured Kazi-Kumukh.

Rebellion of 1877

Main article: History of Dagestan

In 1877, with the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, the Chechens and Ingush and Dagestani peoples organized a revolt, with support from Turkey. Laks captured a fortress outside Kazi-Kumukh, and the reestablishment of the Kazikumukh Khanate was proclaimed. Jafar-Bek, the son of Aglar-khan, was elected ruler, and directed his army from Kazi-Kumukh to help the insurgents in Kaitag and Tabasaran. Religious figures leading the revolt included Hasan Al-Kadarski, Kazi-Muhammad and Haji-Muhammad of Sogratl, Qadi of Tsudakhar, and Kazi-Ahmed and Abdul of Kazi-Kumukh. Small armies besieged Russian fortresses in Gunib and Levashi, but after heavy fighting were driven back by Russian troops moving in from North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Middle Asia, and the Volga region.[9]

After the Russian retaking of Tsudakhar, Kazi-Kumukh, and Sogratl and the execution of the "instigators" of the revolt, many were deported to distant provinces of the Russian empire. Some captives managed to escape to Iran, England, and the Ottoman Empire.[10]


Revolution of 1917/Soviet rule

Main article: Russian Revolution

In 1920, following the Russian revolution, Soviet rule was established in Lakia. On 28 October 1922 the Kazi-Kumukh district was renamed Lak. On 29 March 1935 the district was split into the Lak and Kuli districts. Collectivization and "socialist construction in the area of national culture development" was then carried out. In 1937, in a number of villages, operated cells of SVB — "Union of militant atheists": in Khosrekh - 25, in Vikhli - 16. In 1940, mosque buildings were demolished in 5 out of 14 villages of the Kuli district.

In 1930 Ali Kayaev, a Dagestani Muslim reformer and a native of Kumukh, was arrested and exiled to Southern Ural. He was accused of participating in a counterrevolutionary organization.[11] In 1934 Ali Kayaev returned from exile and worked in a Research Institute of Dagestan.

Local industry began to develop in the Lak district during this period. Mechanized mills and factories were built for processing raw materials. A small hydroelectric power plant was built to supply electricity. Primary-school education was made compulsory. Mass publication and distribution of books and newspapers in Lak language were initiated.

Second World War

Main article: World War II

In the summer of 1944 to the lowlands of Dagestan, instead of Chechens deported on February 23, part of Laks was forcefully resettled from 43 mountainous villages and their houses demolished: 26 villages partly and 18 fully. Among these were Akbar, Archuta, Bartni, Charavali, Chayakh, Duchi, Khalapki, Khanar, Kurkhi, Marki, Nitsovkra, Shushiya, Sundaralu, Tukhchar, Turchi, Varay, and Viltakh. Ethnic Avars and Kumyks were also forcibly resettled.[12][13]

During the Second World War many Lak people fought in the Red Army, and five of them were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union – Gadj Buganovi, Ramazan Kuznetsov, Tsakhay Makaev, Rizvan Suleymanov, and Yakov Suleymanov. Expatriate soldier Gasan-Gusain Kamalov became a national hero of Italy, and Gusain Kushayev, of France. In all, eight Laks reached the military rank of general during the war: Mikhail Khalilov, Ahmed Suleymanov, Salikh Khalilov, Vyacheslav Khalilov, Isa Pirmagomedov, Efendi Magomedov, Lev Kunbuttaev, and Imanali Shtanchaev.

Famous Lak individuals

  • Musa Manarov – Cosmonaut, Colonel of the Soviet Air Force; spent 541 days in space.
  • Shirvani Muradov – Gold medalist in Freestyle Wrestling, Beijing 2008.
  • Islam Makhachev (Russian: Ислам Рамазанович Махачев; born October 27, 1991, in Dagestan) – MMA fighter, Current UFC Lightweight Champion, Combat Sambo World Champion.
  • Omari Akhmedov (Russian: Омари Ахмедов; born October 12, 1987, in Kizlyar) – Russian of Lak descent (born in Dagestan), professional mixed martial artist, competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.
  • Khachilaev Nadirshah Mugadovich – former head of the Muslim Union of Russia, member of parliament, State Duma of Russia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Tsibenko, Veronika (2019). "Laks". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_35778. ISBN 978-9-00438-665-5.
  2. ^ Herodotos, VII.72.
  3. ^ Gadzhimuradov, М. Т. & Magomedov, L. P. (2007). История Дагестана [History of Dagestan] (in Russian). Makhachkala: IP Ovchinnikov. p. 47. ISBN 978-5-90401-737-8.
  4. ^ Aliev, B. G. (1957). Очерки истории Дагестана [Essays on the history of Dagestan] (in Russian). Makhachkala: Dagestanskoye knizhnoye izd-vo. pp. 45, 51, 76.; Gasanov, M. R. (2008). Дагестан и народы Кавказа в V—XV веках [Dagestan and the peoples of the Caucasus in the 5th-15th centuries] (in Russian). Makhachkala: Dagestanskoye knizhnoye izd-vo. p. 47.
  5. ^ Halifa ibn Hayyat records that Marwan attacked and conquered Gumik and Khunzakh. See: Beilis, V. M. (1998). Сообщения Халифы ибн Хаййата ал-Усфури об арабо-хазарских войнах в VII — первой половине VIII в. [Messages of Caliph ibn Khayyat al-Usfuri about the Arab-Khazar wars in the 7th - first half of the 8th century] (in Russian). p. 43.
  6. ^ Marshaev, R. & Butaev, B. (1992). История лакцев [History of the Laks] (in Russian). Makhachkala.
  7. ^ Derbent-nameh writes: "After Abu Muslim fortified Derbent in the best way, he went with the army to Kumuk. The Beks of Kumuk waged battles, bloody fights, but in the end the Kumuk beks were defeated, and many infidels died. When Kumuk was taken, those who became Muslims were left with their property while those who refused to convert to Islam were slaughtered and plundered. At the highest point of the city [Kumuk] a Juma mosque was constructed. In a few blocks mosques were made. The ruler of Kumuk became the sepahsalar of Abu Muslim — the grandson of Abdallah, the son of Abdalmuttalib from the tribe of Quraysh" (Kaz: "appointed for them a ruler and commander [named] Shakhbal, the son of Abdullah, son of Abbas"). See: Shikhsaidov, A. R. (1969). Ислам в средневековом Дагестане (VII—XV вв.) [Islam in medieval Dagestan (7th-15th centuries)] (in Russian). Makhachkala. pp. 97–98.
  8. ^ A. K. Bakikhanov records: "In 115 (734) Hisham appointed his brother Abu Muslim to undertake the management of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Shirvan and gave him 24,000 Syrians and Arabs so that he could put the affairs of Dagestan in order. It can be assumed that this Abu Muslim is the very Maslama whom we discussed earlier. Probably copyists distorted his name or Abu Muslim — is his kunya, the nickname given by Arabs to honorable persons. Be that as it may, Abu Muslim arrived in Derbent to rebuild the walls and ramparts of the fortress ... Arranging thus the affairs of Derbend, Abu Muslim then went to Kumuk. After several battles the emirs and the residents of that region begged for mercy and accepted Islam. The main mosque and other buildings constructed in Kumuk by him are still there today. He left there a ruler, Shakhbal ibn Abdallah ibn Qasim Ibn Abdallah Ibn Abbas (uncle of the Prophet Muhammad), and appointed with him a qadi to teach the people the rites of the new faith". Abu Muslim "ordered [Shakhbal, Maisum, Utsmi] to make defence with united forces in the event of a Khazar invasion and to prevent the Khazar traders from approaching Derbent .. Following these instructions of Abu Muslim, caliph Hisham himself arrived in Derbent". See: Bakikhanov, A. K. Гюлистан и Ирам: Период второй 644-1258 г. [Gulistan and Iram: Period II 644-1258] (in Russian).
  9. ^ "Из истории восстания 1877 года" [Of the history of the uprising of 1877]. Литературный Дагестан [Literary Dagestan] (in Russian) (2): 81. 1990.
  10. ^ Bulatova, A. G. (2000). Лакцы (XIX — нач. XX вв.). Историко-этнографические очерки [Laks (XIX - early XX centuries). Historical and ethnographic essays] (in Russian). Makhachkala.
  11. ^ Navruzov, A. R. (2007). Газета "Джаридату Дагистан" (1913-1918). Тематическая характеристика статей: Образование и Просвещение. Учеб.-метод [Gazeta "Dzharidatu Dagistan" (1913-1918). Thematic characteristics of the articles: Education and Enlightenment. Teaching method.]. Makhachkala: Federal Agency for Education.
  12. ^ ГУ ЦГА РД. Ф. р-168. Оп. 35. Д. 21. Л. 189, 191.
  13. ^ Kurbanov, M. R. & Kurbanov, Zh. M. (2001). Дагестан: депортация и репрессии [Dagestan: deportation and repression] (in Russian). Makhachkala: Dagestanskoe knizhnoe izdatelʹstvo. ISBN 978-5-29700-583-9.

External links

  • Laki Music of Iran

April 19, 2023
history, lakia, lakia, ancient, ethnic, region, within, state, dagestan, historical, capital, kumukh, ancient, cultural, religious, centres, lakia, people, lakia, self, designated, laks, their, native, language, contents, persian, empire, century, persian, inv. Lakia is an ancient ethnic region within the state of Dagestan Its historical capital is Kumukh one of the ancient cultural and religious centres of Lakia The people of Lakia are self designated as Laks and their native language is Lak Contents 1 Persian Empire in the 5th century BC 2 Persian invasions in the 5th 6th centuries 3 Arab invasions in the 7th 8th centuries 4 Shamkhalate rule in the 8th 17th centuries 5 Khanate rule in the 17th 19th centuries 6 Rebellion of 1877 7 Revolution of 1917 Soviet rule 8 Second World War 9 Famous Lak individuals 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksPersian Empire in the 5th century BC EditAccording to the Encyclopaedia of Islam published by Brill the ancestors of the Lak people may have been known to the ancient Greeks as Ligyes Ligyes Legaes Lhgas and Leges Lhges 1 If this is the case Herodotos mentions in his Histories these Ligyes as part of the contingent from the Caucasus region led by Akhaimenid prince Gobryas in his half brother Xerxes invasion of Greece in 480 BC 2 Persian invasions in the 5th 6th centuries EditMain article Sassanid Empire In the 6th century following a long war the Sassanid Empire took over the Eastern and North Eastern Caucasus In 552 the Khazars invaded Caucasus and occupied the northern plains of Dagestan The reigning shah of Persia Khosrau I Anushirvan began the construction of Derbent fortress in order to protect his possessions from the new wave of nomads Khosrau I appointed a local ruler in Kumukh as he also did in many other possessions 3 Arab invasions in the 7th 8th centuries EditMain article Arab Khazar Wars In the 7th 8th centuries Arab conquerors continually strove to gain a foothold in Dagestan in order to maintain political hegemony in the North Eastern Caucasus At the end of a long war 730 740 Arab armies led initially by Maslamah and then by Marwan captured mountainous Dagestan During the Arab invasions and in the period following such principalities as Tabasaran Dargin Lak and Avar were active in Dagestan 4 5 6 Shamkhalate rule in the 8th 17th centuries EditMain article Gazikumukh Shamkhalate In the middle of the 8th century Kumukh joined the Arab Caliphate Arabs built a mosque in Kumukh and appointed a ruler with the title shamkhal 7 8 In 1239 the Mongolo Tatars captured Kumukh In the 13th centuries the shamkhals of Kumukh accepted Islam In 1396 Tamerlane waged a war with the shamkhal of Gazi Kumukh During the 15th century the political influence of the shamkhals increased in the region Then in 1642 the shamkhalate disintegrated into independent principalities Khanate rule in the 17th 19th centuries EditMain article Gazikumukh Khanate In 1642 Laks formed the Gazikumukh Khanate The state was ruled by a supreme council which was constituted by the viziers chief qadis warlords and the ruler The rulers of Kazi Kumukh took an active part in an anti Iranian movement in Shirvan and Dagestan In 1725 Surkhay khan I received the title of khan of Shirvan and Kazi Kumukh During the period 1734 1741 Kazi Kumukh was thrice invaded by the Persians In 1738 Murtazali khan at the head of the Dagestan army defeated the Persians in Daria and then in 1741 in Andalal A later khanate fought with Russia and in 1820 Russian general Madatov captured Kazi Kumukh Rebellion of 1877 EditMain article History of Dagestan In 1877 with the beginning of the Russian Turkish war the Chechens and Ingush and Dagestani peoples organized a revolt with support from Turkey Laks captured a fortress outside Kazi Kumukh and the reestablishment of the Kazikumukh Khanate was proclaimed Jafar Bek the son of Aglar khan was elected ruler and directed his army from Kazi Kumukh to help the insurgents in Kaitag and Tabasaran Religious figures leading the revolt included Hasan Al Kadarski Kazi Muhammad and Haji Muhammad of Sogratl Qadi of Tsudakhar and Kazi Ahmed and Abdul of Kazi Kumukh Small armies besieged Russian fortresses in Gunib and Levashi but after heavy fighting were driven back by Russian troops moving in from North Caucasus Transcaucasia Middle Asia and the Volga region 9 After the Russian retaking of Tsudakhar Kazi Kumukh and Sogratl and the execution of the instigators of the revolt many were deported to distant provinces of the Russian empire Some captives managed to escape to Iran England and the Ottoman Empire 10 Revolution of 1917 Soviet rule EditMain article Russian Revolution In 1920 following the Russian revolution Soviet rule was established in Lakia On 28 October 1922 the Kazi Kumukh district was renamed Lak On 29 March 1935 the district was split into the Lak and Kuli districts Collectivization and socialist construction in the area of national culture development was then carried out In 1937 in a number of villages operated cells of SVB Union of militant atheists in Khosrekh 25 in Vikhli 16 In 1940 mosque buildings were demolished in 5 out of 14 villages of the Kuli district In 1930 Ali Kayaev a Dagestani Muslim reformer and a native of Kumukh was arrested and exiled to Southern Ural He was accused of participating in a counterrevolutionary organization 11 In 1934 Ali Kayaev returned from exile and worked in a Research Institute of Dagestan Local industry began to develop in the Lak district during this period Mechanized mills and factories were built for processing raw materials A small hydroelectric power plant was built to supply electricity Primary school education was made compulsory Mass publication and distribution of books and newspapers in Lak language were initiated Second World War EditMain article World War II In the summer of 1944 to the lowlands of Dagestan instead of Chechens deported on February 23 part of Laks was forcefully resettled from 43 mountainous villages and their houses demolished 26 villages partly and 18 fully Among these were Akbar Archuta Bartni Charavali Chayakh Duchi Khalapki Khanar Kurkhi Marki Nitsovkra Shushiya Sundaralu Tukhchar Turchi Varay and Viltakh Ethnic Avars and Kumyks were also forcibly resettled 12 13 During the Second World War many Lak people fought in the Red Army and five of them were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union Gadj Buganovi Ramazan Kuznetsov Tsakhay Makaev Rizvan Suleymanov and Yakov Suleymanov Expatriate soldier Gasan Gusain Kamalov became a national hero of Italy and Gusain Kushayev of France In all eight Laks reached the military rank of general during the war Mikhail Khalilov Ahmed Suleymanov Salikh Khalilov Vyacheslav Khalilov Isa Pirmagomedov Efendi Magomedov Lev Kunbuttaev and Imanali Shtanchaev Famous Lak individuals EditMusa Manarov Cosmonaut Colonel of the Soviet Air Force spent 541 days in space Shirvani Muradov Gold medalist in Freestyle Wrestling Beijing 2008 Islam Makhachev Russian Islam Ramazanovich Mahachev born October 27 1991 in Dagestan MMA fighter Current UFC Lightweight Champion Combat Sambo World Champion Omari Akhmedov Russian Omari Ahmedov born October 12 1987 in Kizlyar Russian of Lak descent born in Dagestan professional mixed martial artist competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship Khachilaev Nadirshah Mugadovich former head of the Muslim Union of Russia member of parliament State Duma of Russia See also EditLakia Shamkhalate of Kazi Kumukh Khanate of Kazi Kumukh Dagestan History of Dagestan Lak people of IranReferences Edit Tsibenko Veronika 2019 Laks Encyclopaedia of Islam 3rd ed Leiden E J Brill doi 10 1163 1573 3912 ei3 COM 35778 ISBN 978 9 00438 665 5 Herodotos VII 72 Gadzhimuradov M T amp Magomedov L P 2007 Istoriya Dagestana History of Dagestan in Russian Makhachkala IP Ovchinnikov p 47 ISBN 978 5 90401 737 8 Aliev B G 1957 Ocherki istorii Dagestana Essays on the history of Dagestan in Russian Makhachkala Dagestanskoye knizhnoye izd vo pp 45 51 76 Gasanov M R 2008 Dagestan i narody Kavkaza v V XV vekah Dagestan and the peoples of the Caucasus in the 5th 15th centuries in Russian Makhachkala Dagestanskoye knizhnoye izd vo p 47 Halifa ibn Hayyat records that Marwan attacked and conquered Gumik and Khunzakh See Beilis V M 1998 Soobsheniya Halify ibn Hajjata al Usfuri ob arabo hazarskih vojnah v VII pervoj polovine VIII v Messages of Caliph ibn Khayyat al Usfuri about the Arab Khazar wars in the 7th first half of the 8th century in Russian p 43 Marshaev R amp Butaev B 1992 Istoriya lakcev History of the Laks in Russian Makhachkala Derbent nameh writes After Abu Muslim fortified Derbent in the best way he went with the army to Kumuk The Beks of Kumuk waged battles bloody fights but in the end the Kumuk beks were defeated and many infidels died When Kumuk was taken those who became Muslims were left with their property while those who refused to convert to Islam were slaughtered and plundered At the highest point of the city Kumuk a Juma mosque was constructed In a few blocks mosques were made The ruler of Kumuk became the sepahsalar of Abu Muslim the grandson of Abdallah the son of Abdalmuttalib from the tribe of Quraysh Kaz appointed for them a ruler and commander named Shakhbal the son of Abdullah son of Abbas See Shikhsaidov A R 1969 Islam v srednevekovom Dagestane VII XV vv Islam in medieval Dagestan 7th 15th centuries in Russian Makhachkala pp 97 98 A K Bakikhanov records In 115 734 Hisham appointed his brother Abu Muslim to undertake the management of Armenia Azerbaijan and Shirvan and gave him 24 000 Syrians and Arabs so that he could put the affairs of Dagestan in order It can be assumed that this Abu Muslim is the very Maslama whom we discussed earlier Probably copyists distorted his name or Abu Muslim is his kunya the nickname given by Arabs to honorable persons Be that as it may Abu Muslim arrived in Derbent to rebuild the walls and ramparts of the fortress Arranging thus the affairs of Derbend Abu Muslim then went to Kumuk After several battles the emirs and the residents of that region begged for mercy and accepted Islam The main mosque and other buildings constructed in Kumuk by him are still there today He left there a ruler Shakhbal ibn Abdallah ibn Qasim Ibn Abdallah Ibn Abbas uncle of the Prophet Muhammad and appointed with him a qadi to teach the people the rites of the new faith Abu Muslim ordered Shakhbal Maisum Utsmi to make defence with united forces in the event of a Khazar invasion and to prevent the Khazar traders from approaching Derbent Following these instructions of Abu Muslim caliph Hisham himself arrived in Derbent See Bakikhanov A K Gyulistan i Iram Period vtoroj 644 1258 g Gulistan and Iram Period II 644 1258 in Russian Iz istorii vosstaniya 1877 goda Of the history of the uprising of 1877 Literaturnyj Dagestan Literary Dagestan in Russian 2 81 1990 Bulatova A G 2000 Lakcy XIX nach XX vv Istoriko etnograficheskie ocherki Laks XIX early XX centuries Historical and ethnographic essays in Russian Makhachkala Navruzov A R 2007 Gazeta Dzharidatu Dagistan 1913 1918 Tematicheskaya harakteristika statej Obrazovanie i Prosveshenie Ucheb metod Gazeta Dzharidatu Dagistan 1913 1918 Thematic characteristics of the articles Education and Enlightenment Teaching method Makhachkala Federal Agency for Education GU CGA RD F r 168 Op 35 D 21 L 189 191 Kurbanov M R amp Kurbanov Zh M 2001 Dagestan deportaciya i repressii Dagestan deportation and repression in Russian Makhachkala Dagestanskoe knizhnoe izdatelʹstvo ISBN 978 5 29700 583 9 External links EditLaki Music of Iran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of Lakia amp oldid 1117650693, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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