Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona
Hispanic and Latino Arizonans are residents of the state of Arizona who are of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 30% of the state's population.[1]
History edit
After the Marcos de Niza expedition in south-eastern Arizona in 1539, Coronado also explored several regions of the present state in 1540–1542, while searching for Cíbola. In 1604, Juan de Oñate travelled to the Colorado River from New Mexico. The Oñate expedition traveled by way of Zuñi and Hopi territories, and the Bill Williams River to the Colorado River. Arizona was incorporated into New Spain. Northern Arizona belonged to Las Californias, the Southwest belonged to Sonora, particularly Pimería Alta, and the southeast belonged to Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico. However, only a small settler community formed in Arizona. Father Kino's expedition to Arizona established a mission in Tumacacori, located in modern-day Santa Cruz County, Arizona, in 1687. Ten Spaniards members of the expeditionary team settled in the region, although the mission did not prosper. However, this was the first place to have Hispanic occupation in present-day Arizona. The next Hispanic settlements were at San Xavier del Bac and Guevavi. A total of 100 Spanish people may have settled in both areas combined. In 1736 silver mines were discovered in the region, prompting the arrival of possibly 100 traders and miners. However, in 1741, the Viceroy of New Spain prohibited the exploitation of the silver mines, which were being depleted. In 1750, the population may have grown to 1,000 people.[2]
The settler community in Arizona dwindled in 1751 because of the problems it faced: Arizona's main economic source, the silver mines, ran out, so settlers lost interest in the territory. In addition, the Pima people frequently attacked the Spanish communities, causing riots and murders (100 settlers were murdered), as well as many other problems – they burned the settlers' land, poisoned the wells, etc. All this made life in Arizona untenable for the settlers, so most of them left Arizona. So only a small settler community remained in Arizona, including the farmer José Romo de Vivar.[3] In 1752 Tubac was founded by 300 Spanish (mostly soldiers). In 1779 a garrison was established at Tubac. The garrison was occupied by 80 soldiers and possibly their families. In that year the Arizona population grew to 1,120 people, although from 1779 to 1821 the population remained at zero growth.[2]
After the New Spain independence from Spain in 1821, Southern Arizona was incorporated into the Mexican state of Sonora in 1822, although the Hispanic population remained small. Sonora became in the Estado de Occidente in 1824.
Arizona was thinly colonized by Mexico in the 1840s, with little protection from much larger Amerindian population. The U.S. won the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and Mexico ceded to the U.S. the northern 70% of modern-day Arizona through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). On June 8, 1854 the United States bought 29,670-square-mile of land from Mexico. This purchase, called Gadsden Purchase, consisted of the present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Since the second half of the 19th century, thousands of Mexicans have migrated to Arizona.
Arizona's first decades as part of the US (1850–1870) were characterised by the fact that most of its immigrants were Mexican. From 1870 to 1900 Arizona's population grew to 122,000 from just 10,000. Part of this growth was due to Mexican migration. Mexicans accounted for one out of every three immigrants in Arizona in that period.[4]
Demographics edit
Hispanics made up 32% of Arizona's population.[5][6] The largest ancestry group in Arizona is Mexican (26%).[7] The southern and central parts of the state are predominantly Mexican American, especially in Santa Cruz County and Yuma County near the Mexican border. In addition, there are an estimated 45,000 people residing in Arizona who are natives of Puerto Rico or of Puerto Rican descent.[8]
In 2003, for the first time, there were slightly more births to Hispanics in the state than births to non-Hispanic whites. Since then, the gap has widened. In 2007, Hispanics accounted for 45% of all newborns whereas non-Hispanic whites accounted for 41% of all births. However by 2011 those trends reversed. By 2011, non-Hispanic whites accounted for 46% of all births while Hispanics births fell to 39%.[9] After 2011, the number of Hispanic births has once again surpassed that of non-Hispanic whites. Arizona was projected to become a minority-majority state by the year 2015 if population growth trends continued. As of 2010, 21% (1,202,638) of Arizona residents age 5 and older spoke Spanish at home as a primary language.[10]
| Ancestry by origin (2019 surveys) | Population | % |
|---|---|---|
| Argentine | 3,007 | |
| Bolivian | 735 | |
| Chilean | 2,526 | |
| Colombian | 10,410 | |
| Costa Rican | 2,455 | |
| Cuban | 18,147 | |
| Dominican | 6,267 | |
| Ecuadorian | 3,257 | |
| Guatemalan | 22,694 | |
| Honduran | 7,853 | |
| Mexican | 2,024,770 | |
| Nicaraguan | 4,822 | |
| Panamanian | 4,137 | |
| Paraguayan | 528 | |
| Peruvian | 9,122 | |
| Puerto Rican | 48,793 | |
| Salvadoran | 19,556 | |
| "Spanish" | 24,727 | |
| "Spaniard" | 32,278 | |
| "Spanish American" | 417 | |
| Uruguayan | 364 | |
| Venezuelan | 3,171 | |
| All other | 116,649 | |
| Total | 2,310,592 |
| Ancestry by region[12][13] | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Mexicans | 1,657,668 | 25.9% |
| Caribbeans | 48,582 | 0.8% |
| Central Americans | 36,642 | 0.6% |
| South Americans | 21,895 | 0.3% |
| Other Hispanic | 130,362 | 2.0% |
| Total |
Spanish language in Arizona edit
The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English); the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish speakers.
Historic Hispanic/Latino population edit
Colonial and Mexican Arizona edit
| Arizona | Number of people of Hispanic Origin in Arizona[2] | +% of Population of Hispanic Origin in Arizona |
|---|---|---|
| 1687 | 10 (Spanish settlers in Tumacacori, first Spanish foundation in modern-day Arizona) | N/A |
| 1732 | 100 | N/A |
| 1736 | 200 | N/A |
| 1741 | 1,000 | N/A |
| 1751 | 100 (The revolt of the native Pima people resulted in the murder of 100 people, while most of the settlers must have left the area to flee the Pima) | |
| 1752 | 300 | |
| 1757 | 500 | |
| 1768 | 800 | |
| 1779–1820 | 1,120 (Zero population growth) | |
| 1831 | + 768 (Mexican population in Tucson and Tubac, the main cities of Arizona in term of Mexican population; after Arizona's independence and Amerindian attacks, the population had declined)[14] |
American Arizona edit
| Arizona | Number of Mexican Origin (1870–1930) and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940–2020) in Arizona[15][16][17][18][a] | +% of Population of Mexican Origin (1870–1930) and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940–2020) in Arizona |
|---|---|---|
| 1850 | 1,000[19] | + 51% [20] |
| 1860 | + 3,200 | + 51%[20] |
| 1870 | 5,891 | 61%[21] |
| 1880 | 20,281[22] | 50% |
| 1890 | 17,648 | 20%[23] |
| 1900 | 32,000[22] – 40,000 (Mexican ethnics)[24] | N/A |
| 1910 | Variable estimates: 49,044 – 58,445 – 67,041[22] | 24.0% (fist data[25]) – 28.6% (second data) |
| 1920 | Variable estimates: 88,552 – 101,585 – 109,851[22] | 26.5% (first data[25]) – 30.4% (second data) |
| 1930 | Variable estimates: 114,120 – 121,955[22] – 131,543 | 26.2%(fist data[25]) – 30.2% (third data) |
| 1940 | 101 902 | 20.4% |
| 1950 | 128,928 | 17.2% |
| 1960 | 194,021 | 14.9% |
| 1970 | 306,609 (15% sample) | 17.3% |
| 1980 | 440,701 | 16.2% |
| 1990 | 688,338 | 18.8% |
| 2000 | 1,295,617 | 25.3% |
| 2010 | 1,895,149 | 29.6% |
| 2020 | 2,192,253 | 30.2% |
Cities and town with Hispanic majority edit
Places with between 25,000 and 100,000 people edit
- Avondale (50.3%)
- Drexel Heights (70.6%)
- San Luis (98.7%)
- Yuma (54.8%)[26]
Places with between 10,000 and 25,000 people edit
- Douglas (82.6%)
- Eloy (58.0%)
- Nogales (95.0%)
- Rio Rico (formerly Rio Rico Northeast, Rio Rico Northwest, Rio Rico Southeast, and Rio Rico Southwest) (85.3%)
- Somerton (95.2%)
Places with fewer than 10,000 people edit
- Aguila (69.4%)
- Arivaca Junction (67.6%)[27]
- Ash Fork (51.4%)
- Avenue B and C (74.7%)
- Aztec (91.5%)
- Beyerville (89.8%)
- Clifton (60.1%)
- Dateland (59.4%)
- Donovan Estates (93.4%)[28]
- Drexel-Alvernon (58.1%)
- Drysdale (90.8%)
- Dudleyville (63.4%)
- El Prado Estates (84.5%)
- Elfrida (54.2%)
- Gadsden (97.1%)
- Gila Bend (65.4%)
- Guadalupe (62.2%)
- Hayden (84.4%)
- Kino Springs (62.5%)
- Littletown (69.5%)
- Mammoth (69.7%)
- Miami (56.0%)
- Morenci (53.1%)
- Naco (83.9%)
- Orange Grove Mobile Manor (98.8%)
- Padre Ranchitos (78.4%)
- Picacho (62.4%)
- Pirtleville (95.3%)
- Poston (55.4%)
- Rancho Mesa Verde (98.1%)
- San Jose (65.4%)
- Solomon (75.8%)
- South Tucson (78.5%)
- Stanfield (66.1%)
- Summit (80.3%)
- Superior (68.5%)
- Tacna (58.0%)
- Theba (95.6%)
- Tolleson (80.1%)
- Tumacacori-Carmen (52.7%)
- Valencia West (65.1%)
- Wall Lane (83.1%)
- Wenden (55.2%)
- Winkelman (82.4%)
- Willcox (50.1%)
See also edit
References edit
- ^ . Quickfacts.census.gov. 2011. Archived from the original on February 19, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2014. (Note: All percentage figures rounded.)
- ^ a b c David P. Coulson; Linda Joyce (August 2003). "United States state-level population estimates: Colonization to 1999" (PDF). USDA. p. 32. The data were estimated by Coulson and Joyce.
- ^ Martínez Laínez, Fernando and Canales Torres, Carlos. Banderas lejanas: La exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de España del Territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (in Spanish: Far flags. The exploration, conquest and defense by Spain of the Territory of the present United States). pp. 145–46. Fourth edition: September 2009.
- ^ Arizona Migration History 1860–2017. Published by University of Washington.
- ^ "Arizona – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder". Archived from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
- ^ "Arizona – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2005–2007". Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
- ^ "Arizona – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2005–2007". Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
- ^ "Puerto Rican Lives Matter". July 25, 2019.
- ^ "Births: Prelimanary Data for 2011" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 61 (5). U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 3 October 2012.
- ^ "Arizona". Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ^ "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin: 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2019.
- ^ US Census Bureau: "Redistricting Data, First Look at Local 2010 Census Results" 2013-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ US Census Bureau, Systems Support Division. . Census.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ David J. Weber (1982). The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-8263-0603-6. The data were estimated by Coulson and Joyce.
- ^ . Census.gov. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
- ^ "U.S. Census of Population: 1960" (PDF). Www2.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
- ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
- ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
- ^ Stephen S. Birdsall; Jon C. Malinowski; Wiley C. Thompson (January 2017). Regional Landscapes of the US and Canada (eight ed.). Wiley. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-118-79034-2.
- ^ a b Evelyn Nakano Glenn (2002). Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender shaped American citizenship and Labor. Harvard University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-674-03764-9.
- ^ Jens Manuel Krogstad; Mark Hugo Lopez (June 10, 2014). "For three states, share of Hispanic population returns to the past". Pew Research Center.
- ^ a b c d e José A. Cobas; Joe R. Feagin; Daniel J. Delgado; Maria Chávez (2009). Latino Peoples in the New America: Racialization and Resistance. New Critical Viewpoints On Society Series. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-429-75363-3.
- ^ Sarah Deutsch (2002). Making a Modern U.S. West: The Contested Terrain of a Region and Its Borders, 1898–1940. University of Nebraska Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4962-2956-4.
- ^ Pablo R. Mitchell (2018). Understanding Latino History: Excavating the Past, Examining the Present. Greenwood. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4408-4169-9.
- ^ a b c Lisa Magaña; Erik Lee (2013). Latino Politics and Arizona's Immigration Law SB 1070. Springer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4614-0296-1.
- ^ American factfinder 2010 census date retrieved March 12, 2013
- ^ Census 2010 data finder date for Arivaca Junction retrieved March 12, 2013
- ^ factfinder for the 2010 census data retrieved 12 March 2013]
External links edit
- Lucero, Heraian Robert (2004). Plessy to Brown: Education of Mexican Americans in Arizona public schools during the era of segregation (PDF). University of Arizona. – PhD thesis