Hisham II or Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah (ابو الولید ھشام المؤيد بالله, Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Córdoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976 to 1009, and from 1010 to 1013.[1]
Hisham II ھشام المؤيد بالله
al-Mu'ayyad bi'llah
Silver Dirham of Hisham II, minted in Córdoba in 393 AH (1002 AD)
Gold dinar of Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah, First reign, (976–1009) al-Andalus (Cordoba) mint. Dated (AH 396) 1006/7 AD
In 976, at the age of 10, Hisham II succeeded his father Al-Hakam II as Caliph of Cordoba. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. In order to benefit the Caliphate, his mother Subh was aided by first minister Jafar al-Mushafi to act as regents with al-Mansur ibn Abi Aamir (better known as "Almanzor") as her steward. In 978 Almanzor manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain. In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate, Almanzor and General Ghalib al-Siklabi sabotaged the brother of Al-Hakam II who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba. Still too young to rule, Hisham II handed the reins of power over to Almanzor in 981, who became the de facto leader of the Caliphate until his death in 1002.[2]Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir perpetuated his position as the omnipotent ruler in charge of the empire while he exiled Hisham II and essentially kept him prisoner for most of his reign as the third Caliph of Cordoba. With his countless successful campaigns against Christian powers in the Spanish North such as Barcelona in 985, León in 988, as well as a major strike on the church of St. James in the Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in 998,[citation needed]Almanzor is known for bringing the Caliphate of Córdoba to its apex of power in Islamic Iberian history.
In 1002, after the death of his father (Almanzor), Abd al-Malik (1002–1008) became the ruler of the Caliphate and led successful campaigns against Navarre and Barcelona. In 1008 Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo (1008–1009) is said to have poisoned his brother (Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar) which led to his death in October 1008.[3] In 1009, while Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo was waging war against Alfonso V in León, Muhammad II al-Mahdi usurped the throne from Hisham II then held him hostage in Cordoba. In November of the same year, just months after initiating his control as the ruler of the Caliphate, Muhammad II al-Mahdi was overthrown by a primarily Berber army (that he had previously commanded, but by which he was later abandoned) which was led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam in the battle of Alcolea. After the battle, Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar was exiled to Toledo at which point Sulayman laid siege to Cordoba freeing Hisham II from the imprisonment that took place under the rule of Muhammad II al-Mahdi. Sulayman ibn al-Hakam was appointed to Caliph by his Berber army and maintained that position until Muhammad II al-Mahdi re-conquered the territory in May, 1010. Finally the Slavic troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid restored Hisham II as Caliph (1010–1013).
Hisham II was now under the influence of al-Wahdid, who was nevertheless unable to gain control of the Berber troops – these still supported Sulayman, and the civil war continued. In 1013 the Berbers took Cordoba with much plundering and destruction. What happened to Hisham after that is uncertain – supposedly he was killed on 19 April 1013 by the Berbers. In any case, Sulayman al-Mustaʿin (1013–1016) became Caliph.[4]
Revival under the taifa kingsedit
Due to his disappearance, and hence his possible survival, Hisham II was revived as a symbol of legitimacy by the taifa kings who appeared following the definitive collapse of the caliphate: in 1035, the ruler of the Taifa of Seville, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, announced that Hisham had reappeared, and declared his allegiance to him. Other taifas falling under Seville's sway during the following years followed suit. It was not until 1060 that the Sevillan ruler Abbad II al-Mu'tadid acknowledged that this supposed Hisham had died in 1044 without a successor, but the "convenient fiction" of his survival lasted until at least 1082–83, when his name still appears in the coins of the Taifa of Zaragoza.[5]
^Brill, E. J. (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, Volume 3. BRILL. ISBN978-9004097964. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
^Clarke, Nicola (2 January 2016). "Heirs and Spares: Elite Fathers and Their Sons in the Literary Sources of Umayyad Iberia". Al-Masāq. 28 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1080/09503110.2016.1152805. S2CID 146870151.
^Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012). Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker. BRILL. ISBN978-90-04-24310-1.[page needed]
^Bury, John Bagnell (1922). "The Cambridge Medieval History vol 3 - Germany and the Western Empire". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Hisham II (see index)
hisham, walid, ayyad, llah, ابو, الولید, ھشام, المؤيد, بالله, abū, walīd, hishām, muʾayyad, ʾllāh, hakam, subh, córdoba, third, umayyad, caliph, spain, andalus, from, 1009, from, 1010, 1013, ھشام, المؤيد, باللهal, ayyad, llahsilver, dirham, minted, córdoba, 10. Hisham II or Abu l Walid Hisham II al Mu ayyad bi llah ابو الولید ھشام المؤيد بالله Abu l Walid Hisham al Muʾayyad bi ʾllah son of Al Hakam II and Subh of Cordoba was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain in Al Andalus from 976 to 1009 and from 1010 to 1013 1 Hisham IIھشام المؤيد باللهal Mu ayyad bi llahSilver Dirham of Hisham II minted in Cordoba in 393 AH 1002 AD 3rd Caliph of Cordoba1st reign16 October 976 15 February 1009PredecessorAl Hakam IISuccessorMuhammad II2nd reign23 July 1010 19 April 1013PredecessorSulayman ibn al HakamSuccessorSulayman ibn al HakamBorn966CordobaDied19 April 1013 1013 04 19 aged 46 47 CordobaFatherAl Hakam IIMotherSubhReligionIslam Contents 1 Reign 2 Revival under the taifa kings 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksReign edit nbsp Gold dinar of Hisham II al Mu ayyad bi llah First reign 976 1009 al Andalus Cordoba mint Dated AH 396 1006 7 AD In 976 at the age of 10 Hisham II succeeded his father Al Hakam II as Caliph of Cordoba Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule In order to benefit the Caliphate his mother Subh was aided by first minister Jafar al Mushafi to act as regents with al Mansur ibn Abi Aamir better known as Almanzor as her steward In 978 Almanzor manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate Almanzor and General Ghalib al Siklabi sabotaged the brother of Al Hakam II who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba Still too young to rule Hisham II handed the reins of power over to Almanzor in 981 who became the de facto leader of the Caliphate until his death in 1002 2 Al Mansur ibn Abi Amir perpetuated his position as the omnipotent ruler in charge of the empire while he exiled Hisham II and essentially kept him prisoner for most of his reign as the third Caliph of Cordoba With his countless successful campaigns against Christian powers in the Spanish North such as Barcelona in 985 Leon in 988 as well as a major strike on the church of St James in the Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in 998 citation needed Almanzor is known for bringing the Caliphate of Cordoba to its apex of power in Islamic Iberian history In 1002 after the death of his father Almanzor Abd al Malik 1002 1008 became the ruler of the Caliphate and led successful campaigns against Navarre and Barcelona In 1008 Abd al Rahman Sanchuelo 1008 1009 is said to have poisoned his brother Abd al Malik al Muzaffar which led to his death in October 1008 3 In 1009 while Abd al Rahman Sanchuelo was waging war against Alfonso V in Leon Muhammad II al Mahdi usurped the throne from Hisham II then held him hostage in Cordoba In November of the same year just months after initiating his control as the ruler of the Caliphate Muhammad II al Mahdi was overthrown by a primarily Berber army that he had previously commanded but by which he was later abandoned which was led by Sulayman ibn al Hakam in the battle of Alcolea After the battle Abd al Malik al Muzaffar was exiled to Toledo at which point Sulayman laid siege to Cordoba freeing Hisham II from the imprisonment that took place under the rule of Muhammad II al Mahdi Sulayman ibn al Hakam was appointed to Caliph by his Berber army and maintained that position until Muhammad II al Mahdi re conquered the territory in May 1010 Finally the Slavic troops of the Caliphate under al Wahdid restored Hisham II as Caliph 1010 1013 Hisham II was now under the influence of al Wahdid who was nevertheless unable to gain control of the Berber troops these still supported Sulayman and the civil war continued In 1013 the Berbers took Cordoba with much plundering and destruction What happened to Hisham after that is uncertain supposedly he was killed on 19 April 1013 by the Berbers In any case Sulayman al Mustaʿin 1013 1016 became Caliph 4 Revival under the taifa kings editDue to his disappearance and hence his possible survival Hisham II was revived as a symbol of legitimacy by the taifa kings who appeared following the definitive collapse of the caliphate in 1035 the ruler of the Taifa of Seville Abu al Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad announced that Hisham had reappeared and declared his allegiance to him Other taifas falling under Seville s sway during the following years followed suit It was not until 1060 that the Sevillan ruler Abbad II al Mu tadid acknowledged that this supposed Hisham had died in 1044 without a successor but the convenient fiction of his survival lasted until at least 1082 83 when his name still appears in the coins of the Taifa of Zaragoza 5 See also edit nbsp Islam portal nbsp Spain portal nbsp Biography portal nbsp History portal Jacob ibn JauReferences edit Brill E J 1993 First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 Volume 3 BRILL ISBN 978 9004097964 Retrieved 25 September 2016 Clarke Nicola 2 January 2016 Heirs and Spares Elite Fathers and Their Sons in the Literary Sources of Umayyad Iberia Al Masaq 28 1 67 83 doi 10 1080 09503110 2016 1152805 S2CID 146870151 Adang Camilla Fierro Maribel Schmidtke Sabine 2012 Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 24310 1 page needed Bury John Bagnell 1922 The Cambridge Medieval History vol 3 Germany and the Western Empire Retrieved 25 September 2016 Kennedy 1996 pp 130 131 Sources editKennedy Hugh 1996 Muslim Spain and Portugal A political history of al Andalus London Longman ISBN 978 0 582 49515 9 External links editAl Andalus the art of Islamic Spain an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF which contains material on Hisham II see index Hisham IIUmayyads of CordobaCadet branch of the Umayyad Dynasty Preceded byal Hakam II Caliph of Cordoba976 1009 Succeeded byMuhammad II Preceded bySulayman ibn al Hakam Caliph of Cordoba1010 1013 Succeeded bySulayman ibn al Hakam Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hisham II amp oldid 1182250348, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
