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Hezbollah political activities

January 01, 1970

Along with the Amal Movement, Hezbollah is one of the two main parties representing the Shia community, Lebanon's largest religious bloc. Amal has made a commitment to carrying out its activities through political means, but remains a partial fighting force aiding Hezbollah when the need arises.[1]

Hezbollah has been a part of Lebanese governments since November 2005.

Elected members edit

See also: Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc and March 8 Alliance

The Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc is the political wing of Hezbollah in the Lebanese parliament.[2] Hezbollah through the bloc has participated in the Lebanese parliament[3] since the 1992 Lebanese general election, when it won 12 of the 128 seats. Hezbollah won 7 seats at the 1996 election and 10 at the 2000 election.

The Bloc and Amal formed and dominate the March 8 Alliance. At the 2005 election, the Alliance won 27.3% of the seats, including all 23 seats in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah and Amal won 14 seats each.[4] Both parties have been part of national unity governments since November 2005. Hezbollah has had two ministers in these governments and has endorsed a third, while Amal has had three ministers.[5][6]

At the 2009 election, Hezbollah won 12 seats, while Amal won 13. At the 2018 election, Hezbollah won 13 seats while Amal won 16. The Bloc is currently led by Hezbollah member and prominent Shi'a politician Mohammad Raad.[7]

At the 1998 municipal elections, Hezbollah won control of about 15% of contested municipalities. In 2004, Hezbollah won control of 21% of municipalities.[citation needed]

Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won[a] 		+/– Leader
1992
8 / 128
 
 Hassan Nasrallah
1996 6.25%
7 / 128
  1
2000 7.81%
10 / 128
  3
2005 10.93%
14 / 128
  4
2009
12 / 128
  2
2018 289,174 16.44%
12 / 128
 
2022 359,577 19.89%
15 / 128
  3

Hezbollah role in government edit

2005 Siniora Government edit

Fouad Siniora formed a national unity government in July 2005, consisted of all the main political blocs in the Lebanese parliament, except for the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM)-led bloc headed by General Michel Aoun. For the first time, Hezbollah was represented in the cabinet,[8] holding two of the 30 cabinet positions, and endorsing a third, Fawzi Salloukh: Muhammad Fneish and Trad Hamadeh.[9][10] Although Hezbollah joined the 2005 government, reportedly in exchange for assurances regarding its military apparatus, it has remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 coalition's hegemonic ambitions.[11]

On the other hand, FPM and Hezbollah have allied to resist the 14 March coalition's bid for hegemony. In February 2006, after weeks of committee-level negotiations, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah signed a memorandum of understanding that called for a broad range of reforms, from guaranteeing equal media access for candidates to allowing expatriate voting, that would level the slanted political playing field underlying the Hariri-Jumblatt coalition's grip on power. The FPM-Hezbollah memorandum met with virtually unanimous assent in the Shiite community and, according to a poll by the Beirut Center for Research and Information, 77% approval in the Christian community.[11] The memorandum called for a reform of electoral law including proportional representation.[12]

Fneish, Energy and Water Minister in the cabinet, was quoted as saying "We are a political force that took part in the polls under the banner of defending the resistance and protecting Lebanon and got among the highest level of popular backing ... Hezbollah's resistance (against Israel) does not in any way contradict its political role. If joining the government and parliament is a national duty, then so is defending the country."[13]

The five Shi’ite members of the cabinet resigned on 11 November 2006 because of Siniora's agreement to the UN draft plan for the formation of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon to investigate the assassination of Rafik Hariri, who was killed on 14 February 2005.[14] The Special Tribunal, along with an independent investigation carried out by Lebanese brigadier general Wissam Al-Hassan, found compelling evidence for the responsibility of Hezbollah in the assassination.[15][16][17]

Anti-government protest and sit-in edit

Main article: 2006–08 Lebanese protests
 
The Dec 10 2006 pro-Hezbollah rally in Beirut

On 1 December 2006,[18] hundreds of thousands of demonstrators amassed peacefully in downtown Beirut,[19] a day after Hassan Nasrallah in a televised address had called on people from "different regions, thoughts, beliefs, religions, ideologies and different traditions" to take part[20] "for the formation of a National Unity government", because they "want to preserve Lebanon's independence and its sovereignty, prevent Lebanon from falling under any foreign tutelage, to strengthen the foundations of security, stability and civil peace, to cooperate in addressing the suffocating social and economic crisis, to address the political crises through true representation of all Lebanese movements and groups, to give real participation in the country's administration and to deal with various crises and face various existing challenges local, regional and international",[21]

Police estimated the crowd to number approximately 800,000, while Hezbollah claimed it was larger.[19] By nighttime, several thousand protestors remained to begin a sit-in, setting up tents and vowing to not leave until Prime Minister Fouad Siniora resigns.[22][23]

2008 Siniora Government edit

In the 2008 Government, again led by Siniora, another national unity government, Hezbollah and Amal each had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet. Muhammad Fneish was the Hezbollah minister, while Fawzi Salloukh was closely associated with Hezbollah.

2011 Mikati Government edit

In the 2011 Government, led by Najib Mikati, a national unity government, Hezbollah and Amal each again had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet. The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish.

2013 Salam Government edit

In the April 2013 Government, led by Tammam Salam, a national unity government, Hezbollah and Amal each again had two ministers in the 24-member cabinet. The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish.

2016 Hariri Government edit

In the December 2016 Government, led by Saad Hariri, a national unity government, Hezbollah had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet and Amal had three. The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish.

2019 Hariri Government edit

In the January 2019 Government, again led by Hariri, a national unity government, Hezbollah had two ministers in the 30-member cabinet and Amal had three. The Hezbollah ministers were Muhammad Fneish and Mahmoud Kmati. The government was forced to resign on the 29 October 2019 following mass protests

2020 Diab Government edit

In the January 2020 Government, led by Hassan Diab, a national unity government, Amal and Hezbollah had two ministers each in the 20-member cabine. Hamad Hasan and Imad Hoballah were the Hezbollah ministers. On 10 August 2020, the government resigned following public anger over the explosions that took place in Beirut six days earlier.[24]

Position of Hezbollah militias edit

The Taif Agreement signed in October 1989 to end of the Lebanese civil war, besides other things, called for the disarmament of all national and non-national militias. Hezbollah was allowed to stay armed in its capacity as a "resistance force" rather than a militia, fighting Israel in the south, a privilege obtained – according to the Swedish academic Magnus Ranstorp – in part by using its leverage as holder of a number of Western hostages.[25] UNSC Resolution 1559, adopted on 2 September 2004, besides other things, called on all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias to disband. However, on 7 May 2005, Lebanese prime minister, Najib Mikati, declared: "Our terminology -- Hezbollah -- is not a militia. It's a resistance."[26]

Hezbollah militias and Israel fought the 2006 Lebanon War, which began on 12 July 2006, precipitated by the 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid. On 5 August 2006, Lebanese prime minister, Fouad Siniora, said that "the continued presence of Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands in the Shebaa Farms region is what contributes to the presence of Hezbollah weapons. The international community must help us in (getting) an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms so we can solve the problem of Hezbollah's arms".[27]

On 11 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (UNSCR 1701) in an effort to end the hostilities. The resolution was approved by both the Lebanese and Israeli governments and called for disarmament of Hezbollah, for withdrawal of the IDF from Lebanon, and for the deployment of the Lebanese Armed Forces in the south. The conflict ended on 14 August 2006.

In 2009, a Hezbollah commander, speaking on condition of anonymity, said, "[W]e have far more rockets and missiles [now] than we did in 2006."[28] As at October 2019, Hezbollah has still not disarmed or disbanded its militias nor has the Lebanese army deployed to south Lebanon, on the border with Israel.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Table also includes MPs of Berri's bloc/alliance and are not directly affiliated with the party.

References edit

  1. ^ Al Jazeera English - Archive - Timeline: Lebanon Conflict
  2. ^ "Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release, Marouni Slams 'Treason Accusations". Naharnet. April 18, 2013.
  3. ^ Hezbollah 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Council on Foreign Relations. Referenced February 11, 2008.
  4. ^ "Introduction of Hezbollah in Lebanon". China Daily. 7/13/2006. Referenced February 11, 2008.
  5. ^ "Members of Lebanon's new government". The Daily Star. February 15, 2014.
  6. ^ "Lebanon announces cabinet line-up under chairmanship of Hariri". Kuwait News Network. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
  7. ^ "Hezbollah's Raad slams UN chief". Now Lebanon. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012.
  8. ^ Knudsen, Are (2007). "The Law, the Loss and the Lives of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon" (PDF). CMI. 1. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  9. ^ YaLibnan Wednesday, "Lineup of Lebanon's new Cabinet"; 20 July, 2005 2006-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ LebaneseBloggers, " The Lineup: Check the Name", 15 July, 2005
  11. ^ a b The Counter-revolution of the Cedars 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Memorandum of Joint Understanding between Hezbollah and the Free Patriotic Movement 2006-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Gulf Times (Reuters) Hezbollah seeks talks over arms
  14. ^ Khashan, Hilal (Winter 2011). "Saad Hariri's Moment of Truth". Middle East Quarterly. XVIII (1): 65–71. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  15. ^ nytimes.com 15/2/2015
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-02-23. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  17. ^ Issacharoff, Avi (2010-11-09). "Report: Hariri tribunal to link top Hezbollah figures to assassination". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
  18. ^ MPLBelgique.org (December 1, 2011). "Rétrospective – décembre 2006 : Retour sur le mouvement d’opposition au gouvernement Siniora… où joie et bonne humeur contrastent avec la haine prônée aujourd’hui par le clan Hariri".
  19. ^ a b Associated Press (December 2, 2006). "Hizbollah supporters protest in Beirut" 2010-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  20. ^ AlJazeera International 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, 11/30/2006
  21. ^ Nasrallah`s speech on the invitation to participate in an open sit-in in Beirut 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ The New York Times (December 1, 2006). "Protesters Seek Leader's Ouster in Lebanon". Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  23. ^ BBC News (December 1, 2006). "Political ferment in Lebanon". Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  24. ^ "Beirut explosion: Lebanon's government resigns as public anger mounts". BBC News. August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  25. ^ Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 105
  26. ^ "Hezbollah disarmament unclear". CNN. May 7, 2005. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  27. ^ . AP. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-04 – via Highbeam.
  28. ^ . Jerusalem Post. 8 November 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012.

External links edit

  • Hezbollah's Democratic Demands by Mohammed Ben Jelloun, Swans Commentary, January 15, 2007.
  • Hizbullah's two republics Al-Ahram Weekly, February 15–21, 2007.
  • A Voice of Resistance: the Point of View of Hizballah - perceptions, goals and strategies of an Islamic movement in Lebanon, by Mats Wärn, Department of Political Science, Stockholm University
  • Staying the Course: the "Lebanonization" of Hizbollah - the integration of an Islamist movement into a pluralist political system, by Mats Wärn, Department of Political Science, Stockholm University

January 01, 1970
hezbollah, political, activities, along, with, amal, movement, hezbollah, main, parties, representing, shia, community, lebanon, largest, religious, bloc, amal, made, commitment, carrying, activities, through, political, means, remains, partial, fighting, forc. Along with the Amal Movement Hezbollah is one of the two main parties representing the Shia community Lebanon s largest religious bloc Amal has made a commitment to carrying out its activities through political means but remains a partial fighting force aiding Hezbollah when the need arises 1 Hezbollah has been a part of Lebanese governments since November 2005 Contents 1 Elected members 2 Hezbollah role in government 2 1 2005 Siniora Government 2 2 Anti government protest and sit in 2 3 2008 Siniora Government 2 4 2011 Mikati Government 2 5 2013 Salam Government 2 6 2016 Hariri Government 2 7 2019 Hariri Government 2 8 2020 Diab Government 3 Position of Hezbollah militias 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksElected members editSee also Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc and March 8 Alliance The Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc is the political wing of Hezbollah in the Lebanese parliament 2 Hezbollah through the bloc has participated in the Lebanese parliament 3 since the 1992 Lebanese general election when it won 12 of the 128 seats Hezbollah won 7 seats at the 1996 election and 10 at the 2000 election The Bloc and Amal formed and dominate the March 8 Alliance At the 2005 election the Alliance won 27 3 of the seats including all 23 seats in southern Lebanon Hezbollah and Amal won 14 seats each 4 Both parties have been part of national unity governments since November 2005 Hezbollah has had two ministers in these governments and has endorsed a third while Amal has had three ministers 5 6 At the 2009 election Hezbollah won 12 seats while Amal won 13 At the 2018 election Hezbollah won 13 seats while Amal won 16 The Bloc is currently led by Hezbollah member and prominent Shi a politician Mohammad Raad 7 At the 1998 municipal elections Hezbollah won control of about 15 of contested municipalities In 2004 Hezbollah won control of 21 of municipalities citation needed Election year ofoverall votes ofoverall vote ofoverall seats won a Leader 1992 8 128 nbsp Hassan Nasrallah 1996 6 25 7 128 nbsp 1 2000 7 81 10 128 nbsp 3 2005 10 93 14 128 nbsp 4 2009 12 128 nbsp 2 2018 289 174 16 44 12 128 nbsp 2022 359 577 19 89 15 128 nbsp 3Hezbollah role in government edit2005 Siniora Government edit Fouad Siniora formed a national unity government in July 2005 consisted of all the main political blocs in the Lebanese parliament except for the Free Patriotic Movement FPM led bloc headed by General Michel Aoun For the first time Hezbollah was represented in the cabinet 8 holding two of the 30 cabinet positions and endorsing a third Fawzi Salloukh Muhammad Fneish and Trad Hamadeh 9 10 Although Hezbollah joined the 2005 government reportedly in exchange for assurances regarding its military apparatus it has remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 coalition s hegemonic ambitions 11 On the other hand FPM and Hezbollah have allied to resist the 14 March coalition s bid for hegemony In February 2006 after weeks of committee level negotiations Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah signed a memorandum of understanding that called for a broad range of reforms from guaranteeing equal media access for candidates to allowing expatriate voting that would level the slanted political playing field underlying the Hariri Jumblatt coalition s grip on power The FPM Hezbollah memorandum met with virtually unanimous assent in the Shiite community and according to a poll by the Beirut Center for Research and Information 77 approval in the Christian community 11 The memorandum called for a reform of electoral law including proportional representation 12 Fneish Energy and Water Minister in the cabinet was quoted as saying We are a political force that took part in the polls under the banner of defending the resistance and protecting Lebanon and got among the highest level of popular backing Hezbollah s resistance against Israel does not in any way contradict its political role If joining the government and parliament is a national duty then so is defending the country 13 The five Shi ite members of the cabinet resigned on 11 November 2006 because of Siniora s agreement to the UN draft plan for the formation of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon to investigate the assassination of Rafik Hariri who was killed on 14 February 2005 14 The Special Tribunal along with an independent investigation carried out by Lebanese brigadier general Wissam Al Hassan found compelling evidence for the responsibility of Hezbollah in the assassination 15 16 17 Anti government protest and sit in edit Main article 2006 08 Lebanese protests nbsp The Dec 10 2006 pro Hezbollah rally in Beirut On 1 December 2006 18 hundreds of thousands of demonstrators amassed peacefully in downtown Beirut 19 a day after Hassan Nasrallah in a televised address had called on people from different regions thoughts beliefs religions ideologies and different traditions to take part 20 for the formation of a National Unity government because they want to preserve Lebanon s independence and its sovereignty prevent Lebanon from falling under any foreign tutelage to strengthen the foundations of security stability and civil peace to cooperate in addressing the suffocating social and economic crisis to address the political crises through true representation of all Lebanese movements and groups to give real participation in the country s administration and to deal with various crises and face various existing challenges local regional and international 21 Police estimated the crowd to number approximately 800 000 while Hezbollah claimed it was larger 19 By nighttime several thousand protestors remained to begin a sit in setting up tents and vowing to not leave until Prime Minister Fouad Siniora resigns 22 23 2008 Siniora Government edit In the 2008 Government again led by Siniora another national unity government Hezbollah and Amal each had two ministers in the 30 member cabinet Muhammad Fneish was the Hezbollah minister while Fawzi Salloukh was closely associated with Hezbollah 2011 Mikati Government edit In the 2011 Government led by Najib Mikati a national unity government Hezbollah and Amal each again had two ministers in the 30 member cabinet The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish 2013 Salam Government edit In the April 2013 Government led by Tammam Salam a national unity government Hezbollah and Amal each again had two ministers in the 24 member cabinet The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish 2016 Hariri Government edit In the December 2016 Government led by Saad Hariri a national unity government Hezbollah had two ministers in the 30 member cabinet and Amal had three The Hezbollah ministers were Hussein Hajj Hassan and Muhammad Fneish 2019 Hariri Government edit In the January 2019 Government again led by Hariri a national unity government Hezbollah had two ministers in the 30 member cabinet and Amal had three The Hezbollah ministers were Muhammad Fneish and Mahmoud Kmati The government was forced to resign on the 29 October 2019 following mass protests 2020 Diab Government edit In the January 2020 Government led by Hassan Diab a national unity government Amal and Hezbollah had two ministers each in the 20 member cabine Hamad Hasan and Imad Hoballah were the Hezbollah ministers On 10 August 2020 the government resigned following public anger over the explosions that took place in Beirut six days earlier 24 Position of Hezbollah militias editThe Taif Agreement signed in October 1989 to end of the Lebanese civil war besides other things called for the disarmament of all national and non national militias Hezbollah was allowed to stay armed in its capacity as a resistance force rather than a militia fighting Israel in the south a privilege obtained according to the Swedish academic Magnus Ranstorp in part by using its leverage as holder of a number of Western hostages 25 UNSC Resolution 1559 adopted on 2 September 2004 besides other things called on all Lebanese and non Lebanese militias to disband However on 7 May 2005 Lebanese prime minister Najib Mikati declared Our terminology Hezbollah is not a militia It s a resistance 26 Hezbollah militias and Israel fought the 2006 Lebanon War which began on 12 July 2006 precipitated by the 2006 Hezbollah cross border raid On 5 August 2006 Lebanese prime minister Fouad Siniora said that the continued presence of Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands in the Shebaa Farms region is what contributes to the presence of Hezbollah weapons The international community must help us in getting an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms so we can solve the problem of Hezbollah s arms 27 On 11 August 2006 the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 UNSCR 1701 in an effort to end the hostilities The resolution was approved by both the Lebanese and Israeli governments and called for disarmament of Hezbollah for withdrawal of the IDF from Lebanon and for the deployment of the Lebanese Armed Forces in the south The conflict ended on 14 August 2006 In 2009 a Hezbollah commander speaking on condition of anonymity said W e have far more rockets and missiles now than we did in 2006 28 As at October 2019 Hezbollah has still not disarmed or disbanded its militias nor has the Lebanese army deployed to south Lebanon on the border with Israel See also editIdeology of Hezbollah Hezbollah military activities Hezbollah foreign relations Loyalty to the Resistance BlocNotes edit Table also includes MPs of Berri s bloc alliance and are not directly affiliated with the party References edit Al Jazeera English Archive Timeline Lebanon Conflict Fadlallah Hits Back at March 14 over Karam Release Marouni Slams Treason Accusations Naharnet April 18 2013 Hezbollah Archived 2006 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Council on Foreign Relations Referenced February 11 2008 Introduction of Hezbollah in Lebanon China Daily 7 13 2006 Referenced February 11 2008 Members of Lebanon s new government The Daily Star February 15 2014 Lebanon announces cabinet line up under chairmanship of Hariri Kuwait News Network Retrieved 2016 12 31 Hezbollah s Raad slams UN chief Now Lebanon January 16 2012 Archived from the original on July 13 2012 Knudsen Are 2007 The Law the Loss and the Lives of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon PDF CMI 1 Retrieved 20 March 2013 YaLibnan Wednesday Lineup of Lebanon s new Cabinet 20 July 2005 Archived 2006 11 11 at the Wayback Machine LebaneseBloggers The Lineup Check the Name 15 July 2005 a b The Counter revolution of the Cedars Archived 2011 07 16 at the Wayback Machine Memorandum of Joint Understanding between Hezbollah and the Free Patriotic Movement Archived 2006 07 21 at the Wayback Machine Gulf Times Reuters Hezbollah seeks talks over arms Khashan Hilal Winter 2011 Saad Hariri s Moment of Truth Middle East Quarterly XVIII 1 65 71 Retrieved 11 March 2013 nytimes com 15 2 2015 CBC Investigation Who killed Lebanon s Rafik Hariri inquiry chief Archived from the original on 2020 02 23 Retrieved 2019 10 02 Issacharoff Avi 2010 11 09 Report Hariri tribunal to link top Hezbollah figures to assassination Haaretz Retrieved 2012 10 23 MPLBelgique org December 1 2011 Retrospective decembre 2006 Retour sur le mouvement d opposition au gouvernement Siniora ou joie et bonne humeur contrastent avec la haine pronee aujourd hui par le clan Hariri a b Associated Press December 2 2006 Hizbollah supporters protest in Beirut Archived 2010 09 01 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 1 2006 AlJazeera International Archived 2007 01 03 at the Wayback Machine 11 30 2006 Nasrallah s speech on the invitation to participate in an open sit in in Beirut Archived 2007 09 28 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times December 1 2006 Protesters Seek Leader s Ouster in Lebanon Retrieved December 1 2006 BBC News December 1 2006 Political ferment in Lebanon Retrieved December 1 2006 Beirut explosion Lebanon s government resigns as public anger mounts BBC News August 10 2020 Retrieved August 10 2020 Ranstorp Magnus Hizb allah in Lebanon The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis New York St Martins Press 1997 p 105 Hezbollah disarmament unclear CNN May 7 2005 Retrieved 2006 08 05 Israelis Hezbollah Clash Again in Lebanon AP July 20 2006 Archived from the original on June 11 2014 Retrieved 2014 05 04 via Highbeam Hizbullah says it s getting ready for a new war with Israel Jerusalem Post 8 November 2009 Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 External links editHezbollah s Democratic Demands by Mohammed Ben Jelloun Swans Commentary January 15 2007 Hizbullah s two republics Al Ahram Weekly February 15 21 2007 Hezbollah Most Powerful Political Movement in Lebanon A Voice of Resistance the Point of View of Hizballah perceptions goals and strategies of an Islamic movement in Lebanon by Mats Warn Department of Political Science Stockholm University Staying the Course the Lebanonization of Hizbollah the integration of an Islamist movement into a pluralist political system by Mats Warn Department of Political Science Stockholm University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hezbollah political activities amp oldid 1194328631, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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