Heterogynaidae is a minor and disputed lineage (only eight described species in a single genus, Heterogyna) of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar, Botswana, Turkmenistan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Eastern Mediterranean area. The majority are dark in color and range in size from approximately 1.5 to 5.0 mm. Most specimens have been collected in arid climates, but one species from Madagascar is known to occur in a humid forest habitat. Although males have functional wings, heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous, a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps. Wing venation is reduced in both sexes. All species are diurnal, with the exception of H. nocticola. Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorialparasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark. This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior. It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomaltergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism, but this is also unconfirmed.
The Heterogynaidae were historically considered the sister taxon to the remainder of the Apoidea, but recent studies utilizing molecular characters do not support this hypothesis. While monophyly of the genus is strongly supported, it is now considered to be related to the Crabronidae[1] or, most recently, a lineage within the Bembicidae.[2]
Referencesedit
^Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. (2017). "Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1019–1025. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.1019B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027. PMID 28376325.
^Manuela Sann, Oliver Niehuis, Ralph S. Peters, Christoph Mayer, Alexey Kozlov, Lars Podsiadlowski, Sarah Bank, Karen Meusemann, Bernhard Misof, Christoph Bleidorn and Michael Ohl (2018) Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18:71. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1155-8
Day, M.C. (1984). "The enigmatic genus Heterogyna Nagy (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Heterogyninae)". Systematic Entomology. 9 (3): 293–307. Bibcode:1984SysEn...9..293D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1984.tb00054.x. S2CID 84501607.
Goulet, H., Huber, J.T. (1993) Hymenoptera of the World. Agriculture Canada Research Branch, publication 1894/E. 668pp.
Ohl, M. & Bleidorn, C. (2006) "The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wasp family Heterogynaidae based on molecular data, with a new description of a new, nocturnal species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)". Systematic Entomology, 31, 321–337.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heterogyna.
This Apoidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
heterogyna, idae, minor, disputed, lineage, only, eight, described, species, single, genus, small, spheciform, wasps, occurring, madagascar, botswana, turkmenistan, oman, united, arab, emirates, eastern, mediterranean, area, majority, dark, color, range, size,. Heterogynaidae is a minor and disputed lineage only eight described species in a single genus Heterogyna of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar Botswana Turkmenistan Oman the United Arab Emirates and the Eastern Mediterranean area The majority are dark in color and range in size from approximately 1 5 to 5 0 mm Most specimens have been collected in arid climates but one species from Madagascar is known to occur in a humid forest habitat Although males have functional wings heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps Wing venation is reduced in both sexes All species are diurnal with the exception of H nocticola Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces such as under tree bark This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomal tergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism but this is also unconfirmed HeterogynaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder HymenopteraFamily HeterogynaidaeGenus HeterogynaNagy 1969SpeciesHeterogyna botswana Heterogyna fantsilotra Heterogyna kugleri Heterogyna madecassa Heterogyna nocticola Heterogyna polita Heterogyna protea Heterogyna ravenalaThe Heterogynaidae were historically considered the sister taxon to the remainder of the Apoidea but recent studies utilizing molecular characters do not support this hypothesis While monophyly of the genus is strongly supported it is now considered to be related to the Crabronidae 1 or most recently a lineage within the Bembicidae 2 References edit Branstetter Michael G Danforth Bryan N Pitts James P Faircloth Brant C Ward Philip S Buffington Matthew L Gates Michael W Kula Robert R Brady Sean G 2017 Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees Current Biology 27 7 1019 1025 Bibcode 2017CBio 27 1019B doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 03 027 PMID 28376325 Manuela Sann Oliver Niehuis Ralph S Peters Christoph Mayer Alexey Kozlov Lars Podsiadlowski Sarah Bank Karen Meusemann Bernhard Misof Christoph Bleidorn and Michael Ohl 2018 Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees BMC Evolutionary Biology 18 71 doi 10 1186 s12862 018 1155 8 Day M C 1984 The enigmatic genus Heterogyna Nagy Hymenoptera Sphecidae Heterogyninae Systematic Entomology 9 3 293 307 Bibcode 1984SysEn 9 293D doi 10 1111 j 1365 3113 1984 tb00054 x S2CID 84501607 Goulet H Huber J T 1993 Hymenoptera of the World Agriculture Canada Research Branch publication 1894 E 668pp Ohl M amp Bleidorn C 2006 The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wasp family Heterogynaidae based on molecular data with a new description of a new nocturnal species Hymenoptera Apoidea Systematic Entomology 31 321 337 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heterogyna nbsp This Apoidea related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heterogyna amp oldid 1214897943, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
