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Wikipedia

Hepatology

February 15, 2024

This article is about the branch of internal medicine. For the compound literary or narrative work, see heptalogy. For the study of amphibians, see herpetology. For the study of liverworts, see hepaticology. For the journal, see Hepatology (journal).

Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders. Although traditionally considered a sub-specialty of gastroenterology, rapid expansion has led in some countries to doctors specializing solely on this area, who are called hepatologists.

Hepatologist
Occupation
NamesDoctor, Medical Specialist
Occupation type
Specialty
Activity sectors
Medicine
Description
Education required

OR

OR

OR

  • Bacculareus Medicinae, Bacculareus Chirurgiae (M.B.Ch.B)

AND

  • Internal Medicine Specialiazation

AND

  • Gastroenterology Subspecialization

AND

  • Extra training as a Gastroenterologist in Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology
Fields of
employment
Hospitals, clinics
Fluoroscopic image of common bile duct

Diseases and complications related to viral hepatitis and alcohol are the main reason for seeking specialist advice. More than two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus at some point in their life, and approximately 350 million have become persistent carriers.[1] Up to 80% of liver cancers can be attributed to either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. In terms of mortality, the former is second only to smoking among known agents causing cancer. With more widespread implementation of vaccination and strict screening before blood transfusion, lower infection rates are expected in the future.[citation needed] In many countries, however, overall alcohol consumption is increasing, and consequently the number of people with cirrhosis and other related complications is commensurately increasing.[citation needed]

Schematic diagram of hepato-biliary system

Scope of specialty edit

As for many medical specialties, patients are most likely to be referred by family physicians (i.e., GP) or by physicians from different disciplines. The reasons might be:

History edit

 
Dr. B Blumberg, awarded Nobel prize 1976 for discovery of hepatitis B virus

Evidence from autopsies on Egyptian mummies suggests that liver damage from the parasitic infection bilharziasis was widespread in the ancient society.[2] It is possible that the Greeks may have been aware of the liver's ability to exponentially duplicate as illustrated by the story of Prometheus. However, knowledge about liver disease in antiquity is questionable. Most of the important advances in the field have been made in the last 50 years.[when?]

The word hepatology is from Ancient Greek ἧπαρ (hepar) or ἡπατο- (hepato-), meaning "liver", and -λογία (-logia), meaning "study".

Disease classification edit

1. International Classification of Disease (ICD 2007) – WHO classification:

  • Chapter XI: Diseases of the digestive system[13]
    • K70-K77 Diseases of liver
    • K80-K87 Disorders of gallbladder, biliary tract and pancreas

2. MeSH (medical subject heading):sam

  • G02.403.776.409.405 same as "Gastroenterology"[14]
  • C06.552 Liver Diseases[15]
  • C06.130 Biliary Tract Diseases[16]
  • C06.689 Pancreatic diseases[17]

3. National Library of Medicine Catalogue[18]

  • WI 700-740 Liver and biliary tree Diseases[19]
  • WI 800-830 Pancrease[20]

Also see Hepato-biliary diseases

Important procedures edit

References edit

  1. ^ "WHO | Hepatitis B". Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  2. ^ Rosalie David A, Contis G (1996). "Paleopathology on schistosomiasis in Egyptian mummies". Parasitol. Today (Regul. Ed.). 12 (4): 167. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(96)80811-8. PMID 15275234.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 February 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  4. ^ "History of Liver, Gallbladder, and Spleen". Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  5. ^ a b H. S.J. Lee, ed. (1999). Dates in Gastroenterology: A Chronological Record of Progress in Gastroenterology over the Last Millennium (Landmarks in Medicine). Informa Healthcare. ISBN 1-85070-502-X.
  6. ^ Moodley J; Singh B; Lalloo S; Pershad S; et al. (2001). "Non-operative management of haemobilia". The British Journal of Surgery. 88 (8): 1073–76. doi:10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01825.x. PMID 11488792. S2CID 8124234.
  7. ^ "Victor Charles Hanot". Whonamedit.com. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  8. ^ "eMedicine - History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation : Article by Beth A Carter, MD". Emedicine.com. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  10. ^ STARZL TE; MARCHIORO TL; VONKAULLA KN; HERMANN G; et al. (1963). "Homotransplantation Of The Liver In Humans". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics. 117: 659–76. PMC 2634660. PMID 14100514.
  11. ^ "Baruch S. Blumberg - Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  12. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2020-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "G02.403.776.409.405 same as "Gastroenterology"". Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Liver Diseases". Nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  16. ^ "Biliary Tract Diseases". Nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Pancreatic Diseases". Nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  18. ^ "NLM Classification Home Page". Nih.gov. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  19. ^ . wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  20. ^ . wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

February 15, 2024
hepatology, this, article, about, branch, internal, medicine, compound, literary, narrative, work, heptalogy, study, amphibians, herpetology, study, liverworts, hepaticology, journal, journal, branch, medicine, that, incorporates, study, liver, gallbladder, bi. This article is about the branch of internal medicine For the compound literary or narrative work see heptalogy For the study of amphibians see herpetology For the study of liverworts see hepaticology For the journal see Hepatology journal Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver gallbladder biliary tree and pancreas as well as management of their disorders Although traditionally considered a sub specialty of gastroenterology rapid expansion has led in some countries to doctors specializing solely on this area who are called hepatologists HepatologistOccupationNamesDoctor Medical SpecialistOccupation typeSpecialtyActivity sectorsMedicineDescriptionEducation requiredDoctor of Medicine M D OR Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine D O OR Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery M B B S OR Bacculareus Medicinae Bacculareus Chirurgiae M B Ch B AND Internal Medicine SpecialiazationAND Gastroenterology SubspecializationAND Extra training as a Gastroenterologist in Hepatology and Transplant HepatologyFields ofemploymentHospitals clinicsFluoroscopic image of common bile ductDiseases and complications related to viral hepatitis and alcohol are the main reason for seeking specialist advice More than two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus at some point in their life and approximately 350 million have become persistent carriers 1 Up to 80 of liver cancers can be attributed to either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus In terms of mortality the former is second only to smoking among known agents causing cancer With more widespread implementation of vaccination and strict screening before blood transfusion lower infection rates are expected in the future citation needed In many countries however overall alcohol consumption is increasing and consequently the number of people with cirrhosis and other related complications is commensurately increasing citation needed Schematic diagram of hepato biliary systemContents 1 Scope of specialty 2 History 3 Disease classification 4 Important procedures 5 ReferencesScope of specialty editAs for many medical specialties patients are most likely to be referred by family physicians i e GP or by physicians from different disciplines The reasons might be Drug overdose Paracetamol overdose is common Gastrointestinal bleeding from portal hypertension related to liver damage Abnormal blood test suggesting liver disease Enzyme defects leading to bigger liver in children commonly named storage disease of liver Jaundice Hepatitis virus positivity in blood perhaps discovered on screening blood tests Ascites or swelling of abdomen from fluid accumulation commonly due to liver disease but can be from other diseases like heart failure All patients with advanced liver disease e g cirrhosis should be under specialist care To undergo ERCP for diagnosing diseases of biliary tree or their management Fever with other features suggestive of infection involving mentioned organs Some exotic tropical diseases like hydatid cyst kala azar or schistosomiasis may be suspected Microbiologists would be involved as well Systemic diseases affecting liver and biliary tree e g haemochromatosis Follow up of liver transplant Pancreatitis commonly due to alcohol or gallstone Cancer of above organs Usually multi disciplinary approach is undertaken with involvement of oncologist and other experts History edit nbsp Dr B Blumberg awarded Nobel prize 1976 for discovery of hepatitis B virusEvidence from autopsies on Egyptian mummies suggests that liver damage from the parasitic infection bilharziasis was widespread in the ancient society 2 It is possible that the Greeks may have been aware of the liver s ability to exponentially duplicate as illustrated by the story of Prometheus However knowledge about liver disease in antiquity is questionable Most of the important advances in the field have been made in the last 50 years when In 400 BC Hippocrates mentioned liver abscess in aphorisms 3 Roman anatomist Galen thought the liver was the principal organ of the body He also identified its relationship with the gallbladder and spleen 4 Around 100 CE Aretaeus of Cappadocia wrote on jaundice 5 In the medieval period Avicenna noted the importance of urine in diagnosing liver conditions In 1770 French anatomist Antoine Portal noted bleeding due to oesophageal varices 6 In 1844 Gabriel Valentin showed pancreatic juices break down food in digestion 1846 Justus Von Leibig discovered pancreatic juice tyrosine 5 1862 Austin Flint described the production of stercorin 1875 Victor Charles Hanot described cirrhotic jaundice and other diseases of the liver 7 In 1958 Moore developed a standard technique for canine orthotopic liver transplantation 8 The first human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Dr Thomas E Starzl on a three year old male afflicted with biliary atresia after perfecting the technique on canine livers 9 10 Baruch S Blumberg discovered hepatitis B virus in 1966 and developed the first vaccine against it 1969 He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976 11 In 1989 investigators from the CDC Daniel W Bradley and Chiron Michael Houghton identified the hepatitis C virus which had previously been known as non A non B hepatitis and could not be detected in the blood supply 12 Only in 1992 was a blood test created that could detect hepatitis C in donated blood 12 The word hepatology is from Ancient Greek ἧpar hepar or ἡpato hepato meaning liver and logia logia meaning study Disease classification edit1 International Classification of Disease ICD 2007 WHO classification Chapter XI Diseases of the digestive system 13 K70 K77 Diseases of liver K80 K87 Disorders of gallbladder biliary tract and pancreas2 MeSH medical subject heading sam G02 403 776 409 405 same as Gastroenterology 14 C06 552 Liver Diseases 15 C06 130 Biliary Tract Diseases 16 C06 689 Pancreatic diseases 17 3 National Library of Medicine Catalogue 18 WI 700 740 Liver and biliary tree Diseases 19 WI 800 830 Pancrease 20 Also see Hepato biliary diseasesImportant procedures editEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP Transhepatic pancreato cholangiography TPC Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TIPSS Liver transplant and pancreas transplantReferences edit WHO Hepatitis B Retrieved 2010 03 17 Rosalie David A Contis G 1996 Paleopathology on schistosomiasis in Egyptian mummies Parasitol Today Regul Ed 12 4 167 doi 10 1016 0169 4758 96 80811 8 PMID 15275234 Aphorisms mb txt Archived from the original on 11 February 2005 Retrieved 30 November 2021 History of Liver Gallbladder and Spleen Retrieved 18 May 2007 a b H S J Lee ed 1999 Dates in Gastroenterology A Chronological Record of Progress in Gastroenterology over the Last Millennium Landmarks in Medicine Informa Healthcare ISBN 1 85070 502 X Moodley J Singh B Lalloo S Pershad S et al 2001 Non operative management of haemobilia The British Journal of Surgery 88 8 1073 76 doi 10 1046 j 0007 1323 2001 01825 x PMID 11488792 S2CID 8124234 Victor Charles Hanot Whonamedit com Retrieved 18 May 2007 eMedicine History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation Article by Beth A Carter MD Emedicine com Retrieved 18 May 2007 History of Liver Transplantation Archived from the original on August 30 2009 Retrieved 8 September 2009 STARZL TE MARCHIORO TL VONKAULLA KN HERMANN G et al 1963 Homotransplantation Of The Liver In Humans Surgery Gynecology amp Obstetrics 117 659 76 PMC 2634660 PMID 14100514 Baruch S Blumberg Autobiography Nobelprize org Retrieved 18 May 2007 a b Brief History HCV 10 pdf PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 09 25 Retrieved 2013 06 18 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2009 04 22 Retrieved 2020 10 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link G02 403 776 409 405 same as Gastroenterology Nlm nih gov Retrieved 30 November 2021 Liver Diseases Nih gov Retrieved 24 December 2016 Biliary Tract Diseases Nih gov Retrieved 24 December 2016 Pancreatic Diseases Nih gov Retrieved 24 December 2016 NLM Classification Home Page Nih gov Retrieved 24 December 2016 NLM Classification Schedule WI wwwcf nlm nih gov Archived from the original on 19 October 2004 Retrieved 17 January 2022 NLM Classification Schedule WI wwwcf nlm nih gov Archived from the original on 19 October 2004 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hepatology amp oldid 1182331301, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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