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Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition

January 07, 2023

The Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition occurred between 1886 and 1894 in the American Southwest. Sponsored by Mary Tileston Hemenway, a wealthy widow and philanthropist, the expedition was initially led by Frank Hamilton Cushing, who was replaced in 1889 by Jesse Walter Fewkes. It was considered to be a major scientific archaeological expedition, notable for the discovery of the prehistoric Hohokam culture.

Camp Cibola (1888), the expedition's headquarters near Zuni

The expeditionary records held by Cushing were in storage until 1930. Emil Haury, a Harvard University student, was the first to study these, and he published a monograph on Pueblo de Los Muertos in 1945. The site had been investigated in detail by the Hemenway Expedition and dated to the Hohokam culture.

Background

Mary Tileston Hemenway was a wealthy widow and philanthropist in New England who was impressed with Frank Hamilton Cushing's anthropological work studying the Zuni Indians in northwestern New Mexico and his enthusiasm for further investigations.[1] Her ambition was to establish a private museum in Salem, Massachusetts based on archaeological finds, to be known as the Pueblo Museum, for the study of American Indians.[2]

For this purpose she collaborated with Cushing to establish an expedition team with a board of directors to manage the operations. Cushing said that his ambition for the expedition was: “a rock of ages ... the foundation of something good and great for archeology and the sciences of humanity”.[1] The expedition's agenda was to conduct archaeological and anthropological investigations in Fort Wingate, New Mexico and the Salt River Valley, near Phoenix, Arizona.

Personnel

 
Cushing at Zuni, ca. 1881–82., by John Karl Hillers
 
Fewkes, 1910

Expedition

The expedition began in December 1886, departing from Albion, New York. It was the first of its kind undertaken in the American Southwest.[3] The expedition's main base, Camp Hemenway, was located in Tempe, Arizona.[3] It established at least two other bases: Camp Baxter, Arizona and Camp Cibola, New Mexico.[5]

In the summer of 1888, the expedition moved northeast to Zuni,[6] where Camp Cibola served as base camp. Hemenway's son, Augustus Hemenway Jr., and the board of directors terminated Cushing's services in 1889. He had fallen ill but they also believed that his exploration methods were not systematic.[4] Jesse Walter Fewkes, an ethnologist and Harvard University classmate of August Hemenway Jr.,[4] was appointed as the new leader, though he lacked archeological experience.[1]

When Mary Hemenway died in 1894, the board of directors terminated the expedition. It was then investigating the ethnological culture of the Hopi.[3][1]

Archaeological finds

The expedition excavated hundreds of skulls, mostly brachycephalic, from the ruins at Las Acequias, Los Guanacos, Los Muertos, and Halonawan, near Zuni.[7]

Aftermath

19th century

 
Hohokam culture's Casa Grande from the northeast ca. 1890.

Suffering from illness and depression after losing his leadership position, Cushing published a few partial papers before his sudden death in 1900. His report manuscripts were unpublished.[1] After Cushing's death, the Hodges retained his manuscripts.

Several members of the expedition team contributed to Hemenway Expedition Records, 1886–1914, which was published in 1886.[8] Bandelier published Copies Made Under A.F. Bandelier, a Member of the Hemenway Expedition, of Ancient Documents Existing in Mexico, Santa Fè, New Mexico, and Other Places in the Southwestern U.S.,[9] and Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition: Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States (1890).[10]

Baxter's work, The Old New world: An account of the explorations of the Hemenway southwestern archæological expedition in 1887–88, under the direction of Frank Hamilton Cushing, was published in 1883.[11] while Fewkes's Note Book on Hemenway Expedition was published in 1891.[12] In 1893, Matthews, Wortman, and John Shaw Billings published The Human Bones of the Hemenway Collection in the United States Army Medical Museum at Washington (1893).[13]

In 1895, the Hemenway family donated a box containing records and the expedition's artifacts to Harvard’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

20th century

The artifacts box remained unopened at the Peabody until the 1930s, when Alfred Tozzer asked a student, Emil Haury, to do his dissertation on the contents. Haury’s report, published in 1945, was a monograph on La Pueblo de Los Muertos.[3] It provided insight into the ancestral history of the Zuni and the development of the prehistoric Hohokam culture.[1] Haury did not have access to the expedition's reports and manuscripts housed at the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles, and the Huntington Free Library in New York City.[3]

Haury's monograph included a Foreword by Hodge. He surprisingly belittled the work of the expedition and demonstrated a lack of gratitude to his brother-in-law's memory.[1] By taking Hodge on the expedition, Cushing had enabled him to gain field experience that later helped Hodge obtain a key position in 1905 at the Bureau of American Ethnology (now part of the Smithsonian Institution).

The full expedition report was not published for more than 100 years. Cushing's archival records, in the form of partial reports, diaries and field notes, had to be transcribed, researched, and annotated. Between 1991 and 2001, Hinsley, a cultural historian, and Wilcox, an archaeologist, examined the Hemenway records. They published their reports of the expedition in three volumes.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Schlanger & Nordbladh 2008, pp. 37, 38–.
  2. ^ a b Hinsley, Curtis M.; Wilcox, David R. (2002). "The Lost Itinerary of Frank Hamilton Cushing". Excerpt. University of Arizona Press. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Guide to the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition Papers, 1886–1896. Collection Number: 9186". Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections Cornell University Library. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Stocking 1983, p. 61.
  5. ^ Kate 2004, p. 44.
  6. ^ Husher 1995, pp. 527–534.
  7. ^ Kate 2004, p. 187.
  8. ^ Bandelier et al. 1886.
  9. ^ Bandelier n.d.
  10. ^ Bandelier 1890.
  11. ^ Baxter 1883.
  12. ^ Fewkes 1891.
  13. ^ Matthews, Wortman & Billings 1893.

Bibliography

  • Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse (n.d.). Copies Made Under A.F. Bandelier, a Member of the Hemenway Expedition, of Ancient Documents Existing in Mexico, Santa Fè, New Mexico, and Other Places in the Southwestern U.S.
  • Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse (1890). Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition: Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States (Public domain ed.). J. Wilson and Son.
  • Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse; Cushing, Frank Hamilton; Dewey, Mary E.; Fewkes, Jesse Walter; Robert Gorham Fuller; Charles Garlick; Augustus Hemenway; Mary Hemenway; Frederick Webb Hodge; Herman Frederik Carel Kate; Thomas V. Keam; Margaret Magill; Alexander MacGregor Stephen; Jacob Lawson Wortman; Charles Clark Willoughby; Old South Church (Boston, Mass.); Smithsonian Institution; Bureau of American Ethnology; United States. Dept. of the Interior; United States. Office of Indian Affairs (1886). Hemenway Expedition Records, 1886–1914 (Public domain ed.).
  • Baxter, Sylvester (1883). The old New world: An account of the explorations of the Hemenway southwestern archæological expedition in 1887–88, under the direction of Frank Hamilton Cushing (Public domain ed.). Printed at the Salem Press.
  • Fewkes, Jesse Walter (1891). Note Book on Hemenway Expedition. Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition (1886–1894). Boston.
  • Husher, E. H. (1995). "The Hemenway Photography of E. H. Husher, 1888–1889". Journal of the Southwest. 37 (4). JSTOR 40169951.
  • Kate, Herman Frederik Carel (2004). Travels and Researches in Native North America, 1882–1883. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0826332813.
  • Matthews, Washington; Wortman, Jacob Lawson; Billings, John Shaw (1893). Human Bones of the Hemenway Collection in the United States Army Medical Museum: Wash. Matthews, J.L. Wortman, J.S. Billings.
  • Schlanger, Nathan; Nordbladh, Jarl (2008). Archives, Ancestors, Practices: Archaeology in the Light of Its History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845450663.
  • Stocking, George W. (1983). Observers Observed: Essays on Ethnographic Fieldwork. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0299094546.

External links

  Media related to Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition at Wikimedia Commons

January 07, 2023
hemenway, southwestern, archaeological, expedition, occurred, between, 1886, 1894, american, southwest, sponsored, mary, tileston, hemenway, wealthy, widow, philanthropist, expedition, initially, frank, hamilton, cushing, replaced, 1889, jesse, walter, fewkes,. The Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition occurred between 1886 and 1894 in the American Southwest Sponsored by Mary Tileston Hemenway a wealthy widow and philanthropist the expedition was initially led by Frank Hamilton Cushing who was replaced in 1889 by Jesse Walter Fewkes It was considered to be a major scientific archaeological expedition notable for the discovery of the prehistoric Hohokam culture Camp Cibola 1888 the expedition s headquarters near Zuni The expeditionary records held by Cushing were in storage until 1930 Emil Haury a Harvard University student was the first to study these and he published a monograph on Pueblo de Los Muertos in 1945 The site had been investigated in detail by the Hemenway Expedition and dated to the Hohokam culture Contents 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Expedition 4 Archaeological finds 5 Aftermath 5 1 19th century 5 2 20th century 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksBackground EditMary Tileston Hemenway was a wealthy widow and philanthropist in New England who was impressed with Frank Hamilton Cushing s anthropological work studying the Zuni Indians in northwestern New Mexico and his enthusiasm for further investigations 1 Her ambition was to establish a private museum in Salem Massachusetts based on archaeological finds to be known as the Pueblo Museum for the study of American Indians 2 For this purpose she collaborated with Cushing to establish an expedition team with a board of directors to manage the operations Cushing said that his ambition for the expedition was a rock of ages the foundation of something good and great for archeology and the sciences of humanity 1 The expedition s agenda was to conduct archaeological and anthropological investigations in Fort Wingate New Mexico and the Salt River Valley near Phoenix Arizona Personnel Edit Cushing at Zuni ca 1881 82 by John Karl Hillers Fewkes 1910 Cushing the expedition s director brought along his wife Emily and her sister Margaret Magill as artist Frederick Webb Hodge was working as an executive assistant at the Smithsonian Institution Magill and Hodge fell in love and married in 1891 3 4 Sylvester Baxter journalist and editor of the Boston Herald served as the expedition s secretary treasurer 2 Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier was a historian Herman Frederik Carel ten Kate served as the physical anthropologist Jesse Walter Fewkes ethnologist who was chosen in 1889 to succeed Cushing as expedition leader Charles A Garlick a former topographer with the U S Geographical Survey served as the field manager Dr Jacob Lawson Wortman of the Army Medical Museum was to preserve any finds of skeletal remains Army surgeon Washington Matthews took care of the medical needs of the team Expedition EditThe expedition began in December 1886 departing from Albion New York It was the first of its kind undertaken in the American Southwest 3 The expedition s main base Camp Hemenway was located in Tempe Arizona 3 It established at least two other bases Camp Baxter Arizona and Camp Cibola New Mexico 5 In the summer of 1888 the expedition moved northeast to Zuni 6 where Camp Cibola served as base camp Hemenway s son Augustus Hemenway Jr and the board of directors terminated Cushing s services in 1889 He had fallen ill but they also believed that his exploration methods were not systematic 4 Jesse Walter Fewkes an ethnologist and Harvard University classmate of August Hemenway Jr 4 was appointed as the new leader though he lacked archeological experience 1 When Mary Hemenway died in 1894 the board of directors terminated the expedition It was then investigating the ethnological culture of the Hopi 3 1 Archaeological finds EditThe expedition excavated hundreds of skulls mostly brachycephalic from the ruins at Las Acequias Los Guanacos Los Muertos and Halonawan near Zuni 7 Aftermath Edit19th century Edit Hohokam culture s Casa Grande from the northeast ca 1890 Suffering from illness and depression after losing his leadership position Cushing published a few partial papers before his sudden death in 1900 His report manuscripts were unpublished 1 After Cushing s death the Hodges retained his manuscripts Several members of the expedition team contributed to Hemenway Expedition Records 1886 1914 which was published in 1886 8 Bandelier published Copies Made Under A F Bandelier a Member of the Hemenway Expedition of Ancient Documents Existing in Mexico Santa Fe New Mexico and Other Places in the Southwestern U S 9 and Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States 1890 10 Baxter s work The Old New world An account of the explorations of the Hemenway southwestern archaeological expedition in 1887 88 under the direction of Frank Hamilton Cushing was published in 1883 11 while Fewkes s Note Book on Hemenway Expedition was published in 1891 12 In 1893 Matthews Wortman and John Shaw Billings published The Human Bones of the Hemenway Collection in the United States Army Medical Museum at Washington 1893 13 In 1895 the Hemenway family donated a box containing records and the expedition s artifacts to Harvard s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 20th century Edit The artifacts box remained unopened at the Peabody until the 1930s when Alfred Tozzer asked a student Emil Haury to do his dissertation on the contents Haury s report published in 1945 was a monograph on La Pueblo de Los Muertos 3 It provided insight into the ancestral history of the Zuni and the development of the prehistoric Hohokam culture 1 Haury did not have access to the expedition s reports and manuscripts housed at the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles and the Huntington Free Library in New York City 3 Haury s monograph included a Foreword by Hodge He surprisingly belittled the work of the expedition and demonstrated a lack of gratitude to his brother in law s memory 1 By taking Hodge on the expedition Cushing had enabled him to gain field experience that later helped Hodge obtain a key position in 1905 at the Bureau of American Ethnology now part of the Smithsonian Institution The full expedition report was not published for more than 100 years Cushing s archival records in the form of partial reports diaries and field notes had to be transcribed researched and annotated Between 1991 and 2001 Hinsley a cultural historian and Wilcox an archaeologist examined the Hemenway records They published their reports of the expedition in three volumes 1 References Edit a b c d e f g h Schlanger amp Nordbladh 2008 pp 37 38 a b Hinsley Curtis M Wilcox David R 2002 The Lost Itinerary of Frank Hamilton Cushing Excerpt University of Arizona Press Retrieved 4 February 2014 a b c d e f Guide to the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition Papers 1886 1896 Collection Number 9186 Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections Cornell University Library Retrieved 19 January 2013 a b c Stocking 1983 p 61 Kate 2004 p 44 Husher 1995 pp 527 534 Kate 2004 p 187 Bandelier et al 1886 Bandelier n d Bandelier 1890 Baxter 1883 Fewkes 1891 Matthews Wortman amp Billings 1893 Bibliography EditBandelier Adolph Francis Alphonse n d Copies Made Under A F Bandelier a Member of the Hemenway Expedition of Ancient Documents Existing in Mexico Santa Fe New Mexico and Other Places in the Southwestern U S Bandelier Adolph Francis Alphonse 1890 Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States Public domain ed J Wilson and Son Bandelier Adolph Francis Alphonse Cushing Frank Hamilton Dewey Mary E Fewkes Jesse Walter Robert Gorham Fuller Charles Garlick Augustus Hemenway Mary Hemenway Frederick Webb Hodge Herman Frederik Carel Kate Thomas V Keam Margaret Magill Alexander MacGregor Stephen Jacob Lawson Wortman Charles Clark Willoughby Old South Church Boston Mass Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology United States Dept of the Interior United States Office of Indian Affairs 1886 Hemenway Expedition Records 1886 1914 Public domain ed Baxter Sylvester 1883 The old New world An account of the explorations of the Hemenway southwestern archaeological expedition in 1887 88 under the direction of Frank Hamilton Cushing Public domain ed Printed at the Salem Press Fewkes Jesse Walter 1891 Note Book on Hemenway Expedition Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition 1886 1894 Boston Husher E H 1995 The Hemenway Photography of E H Husher 1888 1889 Journal of the Southwest 37 4 JSTOR 40169951 Kate Herman Frederik Carel 2004 Travels and Researches in Native North America 1882 1883 UNM Press ISBN 978 0826332813 Matthews Washington Wortman Jacob Lawson Billings John Shaw 1893 Human Bones of the Hemenway Collection in the United States Army Medical Museum Wash Matthews J L Wortman J S Billings Schlanger Nathan Nordbladh Jarl 2008 Archives Ancestors Practices Archaeology in the Light of Its History Berghahn Books ISBN 978 1845450663 Stocking George W 1983 Observers Observed Essays on Ethnographic Fieldwork Univ of Wisconsin Press p 61 ISBN 978 0299094546 External links Edit Media related to Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition at Wikimedia Commons Portals Arizona History New Mexico Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition amp oldid 1087543821, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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