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Health promotion

Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."[1]

Scope edit

The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and then the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".[2]

Health promotion involves public policy that addresses health determinants such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions.[3] More recent work has used the term Health in All Policies (HiAP) to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies. Health promotion is aligned with health equity and can be a focus of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) dedicated to social justice or human rights. Health literacy can be developed in schools, while aspects of health promotion such as breastfeeding promotion can depend on laws and rules of public spaces. One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society, to that end, it is seen in preventive healthcare rather than a treatment and curative care focused medical model.[citation needed][4]

There is a tendency among some public health officials, governments, and the medical–industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills, also known as health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors.[5] However, recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals' philosophical beliefs about morality, politics, and science.[6]

History edit

This first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 Lalonde report from the Government of Canada,[7] which contained a health promotion strategy "aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health".[8] Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 Healthy People report of the Surgeon General of the United States,[7] which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help... [people] to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well-being".[9]

At least two publications led to a "broad empowerment/environmental" definition of health promotion in the mid-1980s:[7]

  • In the year 1984 the WHO Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health".[10] In addition to methods to change lifestyles, the WHO Regional Office advocated "legislation, fiscal measures, organizational change, community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards" as health promotion methods.[10]
  • In 1986, Jake Epp, Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, released Achieving health for all: a framework for health promotion which also came to be known as the "Epp report".[7][11] This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments".[11]
  • 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 1986, which resulted in the "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion".[12] According to the Ottawa Charter, health promotion:[12]
    • "is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being"
    • "aims at making... [political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors] favourable through advocacy for health"
    • "focuses on achieving equity in health"
    • "demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social organizations."

The "American" definition of health promotion, first promulgated by the American Journal of Health Promotion in the late 1980s, focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio-behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach. Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated. The Health Promotion Glossary 2021 reinforces the international 1986 definition.[citation needed]

The WHO, in collaboration with other organizations, has subsequently co-sponsored international conferences including the 2015 Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges.[citation needed]

In November 2019, researchers reported, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide.[13][14]

Settings-Based Approach edit

The WHO's settings approach to health promotion, Healthy Settings, looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation, equity, empowerment, and partnership to actions that promote health. According to the WHO, a setting is "the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing."[15] There are 11 recognized settings in this approach: cities, villages, municipalities and communities, schools, workplaces, markets, homes, islands, hospitals, prisons, and universities.[citation needed][16]

Health Promoting Hospitals edit

Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients, staff, and the community. This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts, strategies, and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital. Specifically, this means setting up a management structure, involving medical and non-medical staff in health promotion communication, devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects, and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff, patients, and the community.[citation needed]

The International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services is the official, international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles, standards, and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings.[17]

Workplace Setting edit

The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live, work, play and love. A common setting is the workplace. The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee. In 1996, the U.S. Public Health Service issued a report titled "Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General" that provided a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual's health status at that time. The report showed that over 60% of Americans were not regularly active and that 25% are not active at all. There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements. Health promotion can be performed in various locations. Among the settings that have received special attention are the community, health care facilities, schools, and worksites.[18] Worksite health promotion, also known by terms such as "workplace health promotion", has been defined as "the combined efforts of employers, employees and society to improve the health and well-being of people at work".[19][20] WHO states that the workplace "has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century" because it influences "physical, mental, economic and social well-being" and "offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience".[21]

Worksite health promotion programs (also called "workplace health promotion programs", "worksite wellness programs", or "workplace wellness programs") include adequate sleep,[22] cooking classes,[23] exercise,[22][24] nutrition,[23] physical activity,[25][26][27] smoking cessation,[22][23][28] stress management,[citation needed][23][29] and, weight loss.[30]

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors."[31] Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression, reduce obesity (especially when combined with an improved diet), reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes; and finally improve stamina, strength, and energy.[citation needed]

Reviews and meta-analyses published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following:

  • A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed "strong evidence... for an effect on dietary intake, inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity, and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators".[32]
  • In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of "comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite," Pelletier (2005) noted "positive clinical and cost outcomes" but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality.[33]
  • A "meta-evaluation" of 56 studies published 1982–2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26.8% in sick leave absenteeism, a decrease of 26.1% in health costs, a decrease of 32% in workers' compensation costs and disability management claims costs, and a cost-benefit ratio of 5.81.[34]
  • A meta-analysis of 46 studies published in 1970–2005 found moderate, statistically significant effects of work health promotion, especially exercise, on "work ability" and "overall well-being"; furthermore, "sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle".[35]
  • A meta-analysis of 22 studies published 1997–2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to "small" reductions in depression and anxiety.[36]
  • A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health-promotion programs have attributes such as: assessing employees' health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs; attaining high participation rates; promoting self care; targeting several health issues simultaneously; and offering different types of activities (e.g., group sessions as well as printed materials).[37]

A study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016.[38] This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors (including psychosocial stress) in the workplace setting.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Health Promotion Glossary of Terms 2021, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021, p. 1, ISBN 9789240038349
  2. ^ Participants at the 1st Global Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1986. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  3. ^ "Social Determinants of Health - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov". health.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  4. ^ "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: An International Conference on Health Promotion". Public Health Agency of Canada. November 17–21, 1986. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  5. ^ Bunton R, Macdonald G (2002). Health promotion: disciplines, diversity, and developments (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23569-3.
  6. ^ Byrd N, Białek M (2021). "Your Health vs. My Liberty: Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic". Cognition. 212: 104649. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104649. PMC 8599940. PMID 33756152.
  7. ^ a b c d Minkler M (Spring 1989). "Health education, health promotion and the open society: an historical perspective". Health Educ Q. 16 (1): 17–30. doi:10.1177/109019818901600105. PMID 2649456. S2CID 10410928.
  8. ^ Lalonde M. A new perspective on the health of Canadians. A working document. Archived May 8, 2009, at WebCite Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1974.
  9. ^ Healthy people: the Surgeon General's report on health promotion and disease prevention. January 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General, 1979. DHEW (PHS) Publication No. 79-55071. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  10. ^ a b "A discussion document on the concept and principles of health promotion". Health Promot. 1 (1): 73–6. May 1986. doi:10.1093/heapro/1.1.73. PMID 10286854.
  11. ^ a b Epp J (1986). "Achieving health for all. A framework for health promotion". Health Promot. 1 (4): 419–28. doi:10.1093/heapro/1.4.419. PMID 10302169.
  12. ^ a b The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986. March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  13. ^ Arizona State University (November 26, 2019). "Caring for family is what motivates people worldwide - International study including 27 countries shows people prioritize loved ones over everything else". EurekAlert!. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  14. ^ Ko, Ahra, et al. (2020). "Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 15 (1): 173–201. doi:10.1177/1745691619872986. PMID 31791196. S2CID 208611389. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
  15. ^ . WHO. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  16. ^ "Healthy settings". World Health Organization (WHO) Health Promotion. October 28, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  17. ^ "About us". HPH. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  18. ^ Tones K, Tilford S (2001). Health promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity (3rd ed.). Cheltenham UK: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-7487-4527-2.
  19. ^ European Network for Workplace Health Promotion. Workplace health promotion. November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  20. ^ World Health Organization. Workplace health promotion. Benefits. December 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  21. ^ World Health Organization. Workplace health promotion. The workplace: a priority setting for health promotion. December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  22. ^ a b c Byrne DW, Rolando LA, Aliyu MH, McGown PW, Connor LR, Awalt BM, Holmes MC, Wang L, Yarbrough MI (2016). "Modifiable Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors: 10-Year Health Outcomes From a Health Promotion Program". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 51 (6): 1027–1037. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.012. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 27866595.
  23. ^ a b c d Journath G, Hammar N, Vikström M, Linnersjö A, Walldius G, Krakau I, Lindgren P, de Faire U, Hellenius M (2020). "A Swedish primary healthcare prevention programme focusing on promotion of physical activity and a healthy lifestyle reduced cardiovascular events and mortality: 22-year follow-up of 5761 study participants and a reference group". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54 (21): 1294–1299. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101749. ISSN 1473-0480. PMC 7588408. PMID 32680841.
  24. ^ González-Dominguez ME, Romero-Sánchez JM, Ares-Camerino A, Marchena-Aparicio JC, Flores-Muñoz M, Infantes-Guzmán I, León-Asuero JM, Casals-Martín F (2017). "A Million Steps: Developing a Health Promotion Program at the Workplace to Enhance Physical Activity". Workplace Health & Safety. 65 (11): 512–516. doi:10.1177/2165079917705146. ISSN 2165-0969. PMID 28719762. S2CID 43473795.
  25. ^ Bezzina B A, Ashton L, Watson T, James CL (2023). "Health and wellness in the Australian coal mining industry: An analysis of pre-post findings from the RESHAPE workplace health promotion program". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0288244. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1888244B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288244. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10328312. PMID 37418458.
  26. ^ Huang S, Hung W, Shyu M, Chou T, Chang K, Wai JP (2023). "Field Test of an m-Health Worksite Health Promotion Program to Increase Physical Activity in Taiwanese Employees: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial". Workplace Health & Safety. 71 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1177/21650799221082304. ISSN 2165-0969. PMID 35657298. S2CID 249313373.
  27. ^ Franco E, Urosa J, Barakat R, Refoyo I (March 8, 2021). "Physical Activity and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Spanish Employees in a Health-Promotion Program before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Sanitas-Healthy Cities Challenge". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (5): 2735. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052735. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7967464. PMID 33800372.
  28. ^ Mache S, Vitzthum K, Groneberg DA, Harth V (2019). "Effects of a multi-behavioral health promotion program at worksite on smoking patterns and quit behavior". Work (Reading, Mass.). 62 (4): 543–551. doi:10.3233/WOR-192889. ISSN 1875-9270. PMID 31104040. S2CID 159039058.
  29. ^ Ornek OK, Esin MN (November 4, 2020). "Effects of a work-related stress model based mental health promotion program on job stress, stress reactions and coping profiles of women workers: a control groups study". BMC Public Health. 20 (1): 1658. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09769-0. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 7641806. PMID 33148247.
  30. ^ Walker L, Smith N, Delon C (2021). "Weight loss, hypertension and mental well-being improvements during COVID-19 with a multicomponent health promotion programme on Zoom: a service evaluation in primary care". BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 4 (1): 102–110. doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000219. ISSN 2516-5542. PMC 7887868. PMID 34308117.
  31. ^ Prevention Cf. . www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  32. ^ Engbers LH, van Poppel MN, Chin A, Paw MJ, van Mechelen W (July 2005). "Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review". Am J Prev Med. 29 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.03.001. PMID 15958254.
  33. ^ Pelletier KR (October 2005). "A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VI 2000–2004". J. Occup. Environ. Med. 47 (10): 1051–8. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000174303.85442.bf. PMID 16217246. S2CID 30828898.
  34. ^ Chapman LS (2005). "Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies: 2005 update" (PDF). Am J Health Promot. 19 (6): 1–11. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.TAHP-1. PMID 16022209. S2CID 208067183. (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2010.
  35. ^ Kuoppala J, Lamminpää A, Husman P (November 2008). "Work health promotion, job well-being, and sickness absences—a systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Occup. Environ. Med. 50 (11): 1216–27. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31818dbf92. PMID 19001948. S2CID 7330866.
  36. ^ Martin A, Sanderson K, Cocker F (January 2009). "Meta-analysis of the effects of health promotion intervention in the workplace on depression and anxiety symptoms". Scand J Work Environ Health. 35 (1): 7–18. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1295. PMID 19065280.
  37. ^ Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ (2008). "The health and cost benefits of work site health-promotion programs". Annu Rev Public Health. 29: 303–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090930. PMID 18173386.
  38. ^ Pega F, Nafradi B, Momen N, Ujita Y, Streicher K, Prüss-Üstün A, Technical Advisory Group (2021). "Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury". Environment International. 154: 106595. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595. PMC 8204267. PMID 34011457.

Further reading edit

  • Taylor RB, Ureda JR, Denham JW (1982). Health promotion: principles and clinical applications. Norwalk CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 978-0-8385-3670-4.
  • Dychtwald K (1986). Wellness and health promotion for the elderly. Rockville MD: Aspen Systems. ISBN 978-0-87189-238-6.
  • Green LW, Lewis FM (1986). Measurement and evaluation in health education and health promotion. Palo Alto CA: Mayfield. ISBN 978-0-87484-481-8.
  • Teague ML (1987). Health promotion programs: achieving high-level wellness in the later years. Indianapolis: Benchmark Press. ISBN 978-0-936157-08-5.
  • Heckheimer E (1989). Health promotion of the elderly in the community. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-2136-4.
  • Fogel CI, Lauver D (1990). Sexual health promotion. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-3799-0.
  • Hawe P, Degeling D, Hall J (1990). Evaluating health promotion: a health worker's guide. MacLennan & Petty. ISBN 978-0-86433-067-3.
  • Dines A, Cribb A (1993). Health promotion: concepts and practice. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-03543-4.
  • Downie RS, Tannahill C, Tannahill A (1996). Health promotion: models and values (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262592-2.
  • Seedhouse, David (1997). Health promotion: philosophy, practice, and prejudice. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-93910-8.
  • Bracht NF (1999). Health promotion at the community level: new advances (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-1844-8.
  • Green LW, Kreuter MW (1999). Health promotion planning: an educational and ecological approach (3rd ed.). Mountain View CA: Mayfield. ISBN 978-0-7674-0524-9.
  • Mittelmark, M; Kickbusch, I; Rootman, I; Scriven, A and Tones, K. (2008) Health Promotion Encyclopedia of Public Health. London: Elsevier
  • Naidoo J, Wills J (2000). Health promotion: foundations for practice (2nd ed.). Baillière Tindall. ISBN 978-0-7020-2448-1.
  • DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Kegler MC (2002). Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research: strategies for improving public health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-5566-3.
  • O'Donnell MP (2002). Health promotion in the workplace (3rd ed.). Albany: Delmar Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-2866-7.
  • Cox CC, American College of Sports Medicine (2003). ACSM's worksite health promotion manual: a guide to building and sustaining healthy worksites. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-4657-2.
  • Lucas K, Lloyd BB (2005). Health promotion: evidence and experience. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-4005-0.
  • Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH (2006). Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-7899-0.
  • Edelman CL, Mandle CL (2006). Health promotion throughout the life span (6th ed.). St. Louis MO: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-03128-8.
  • Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL, Parsons MA (2006). Health promotion in nursing practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-119436-6.
  • Scriven A, Garman S (2007). Promoting Health: Global Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2136-9. paperback ISBN 1-4039-2137-7.
  • Scriven A (2007). "Developing local alliance partnerships through community collaboration and participation". In Handsley, S., Lloyd, C.E., Douglas, J., Earle, S., Spurr, S.M. (eds.). Policy and Practice in Promoting Public Health. London: SAGE. ISBN 9781412930734.
  • Scriven, A, ed. (2005). Health Promoting Practice: the contribution of nurses and Allied Health Professionals. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-4039-3411-6.
  • Scriven, A (2010). Promoting Health: a Practical Guide (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Balliere Tindall/ Elsivier. ISBN 978-0-7020-3139-7.
  • Leddy, Susan (2006). Health promotion: mobilizing strengths to enhance health, wellness, and well-being. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-1405-5.
  • Chenoweth DH (2007). Worksite health promotion (2nd ed.). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-6041-7.
  • Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF (2008). Principles & foundations of health promotion and education (4th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-53235-0.
  • Murray RB, Zentner JP, Yakimo R (2009). Health promotion strategies through the life span (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-513866-3.
  • McKenzie JE, Thackeray R, Neiger BL (2009). Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs: a primer (5th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-49511-2.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Health promotion at Wikimedia Commons
  • Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
  • Health-EU Portal Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
  • EuroHealthNet: The European Partnership for Improving Health, Equity and Well-Being
  • Hu F, Cheung L, Otis B, Oliveira N, Musicus A, eds. (January 19, 2021). "The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living". www.hsph.harvard.edu. Boston: Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.

health, promotion, stated, 1986, world, health, organization, ottawa, charter, health, promotion, process, enabling, people, increase, control, over, improve, their, health, contents, scope, history, settings, based, approach, health, promoting, hospitals, wor. Health promotion is as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health 1 Contents 1 Scope 2 History 3 Settings Based Approach 3 1 Health Promoting Hospitals 3 2 Workplace Setting 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksScope editThe WHO s 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and then the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants and thereby improve their health 2 Health promotion involves public policy that addresses health determinants such as income housing food security employment and quality working conditions 3 More recent work has used the term Health in All Policies HiAP to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies Health promotion is aligned with health equity and can be a focus of non governmental organizations NGOs dedicated to social justice or human rights Health literacy can be developed in schools while aspects of health promotion such as breastfeeding promotion can depend on laws and rules of public spaces One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society to that end it is seen in preventive healthcare rather than a treatment and curative care focused medical model citation needed 4 There is a tendency among some public health officials governments and the medical industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills also known as health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors 5 However recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals philosophical beliefs about morality politics and science 6 History editThis first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 Lalonde report from the Government of Canada 7 which contained a health promotion strategy aimed at informing influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health 8 Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 Healthy People report of the Surgeon General of the United States 7 which noted that health promotion seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help people to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well being 9 At least two publications led to a broad empowerment environmental definition of health promotion in the mid 1980s 7 In the year 1984 the WHO Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health 10 In addition to methods to change lifestyles the WHO Regional Office advocated legislation fiscal measures organizational change community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards as health promotion methods 10 In 1986 Jake Epp Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare released Achieving health for all a framework for health promotion which also came to be known as the Epp report 7 11 This report defined the three mechanisms of health promotion as self care mutual aid or the actions people take to help each other cope and healthy environments 11 1st International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa 1986 which resulted in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 12 According to the Ottawa Charter health promotion 12 is not just the responsibility of the health sector but goes beyond healthy life styles to well being aims at making political economic social cultural environmental behavioural and biological factors favourable through advocacy for health focuses on achieving equity in health demands coordinated action by all concerned by governments by health and other social organizations The American definition of health promotion first promulgated by the American Journal of Health Promotion in the late 1980s focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated The Health Promotion Glossary 2021 reinforces the international 1986 definition citation needed The WHO in collaboration with other organizations has subsequently co sponsored international conferences including the 2015 Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges citation needed In November 2019 researchers reported based on an international study of 27 countries that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide 13 14 Settings Based Approach editThe WHO s settings approach to health promotion Healthy Settings looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation equity empowerment and partnership to actions that promote health According to the WHO a setting is the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental organizational and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing 15 There are 11 recognized settings in this approach cities villages municipalities and communities schools workplaces markets homes islands hospitals prisons and universities citation needed 16 Health Promoting Hospitals edit Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients staff and the community This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts strategies and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital Specifically this means setting up a management structure involving medical and non medical staff in health promotion communication devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff patients and the community citation needed The International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services is the official international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles standards and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings 17 Workplace Setting edit Main article Workplace health promotion The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live work play and love A common setting is the workplace The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee In 1996 the U S Public Health Service issued a report titled Physical Activity and Health A Report of the Surgeon General that provided a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual s health status at that time The report showed that over 60 of Americans were not regularly active and that 25 are not active at all There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements Health promotion can be performed in various locations Among the settings that have received special attention are the community health care facilities schools and worksites 18 Worksite health promotion also known by terms such as workplace health promotion has been defined as the combined efforts of employers employees and society to improve the health and well being of people at work 19 20 WHO states that the workplace has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century because it influences physical mental economic and social well being and offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience 21 Worksite health promotion programs also called workplace health promotion programs worksite wellness programs or workplace wellness programs include adequate sleep 22 cooking classes 23 exercise 22 24 nutrition 23 physical activity 25 26 27 smoking cessation 22 23 28 stress management citation needed 23 29 and weight loss 30 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors 31 Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression reduce obesity especially when combined with an improved diet reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes and finally improve stamina strength and energy citation needed Reviews and meta analyses published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed strong evidence for an effect on dietary intake inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators 32 In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite Pelletier 2005 noted positive clinical and cost outcomes but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality 33 A meta evaluation of 56 studies published 1982 2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26 8 in sick leave absenteeism a decrease of 26 1 in health costs a decrease of 32 in workers compensation costs and disability management claims costs and a cost benefit ratio of 5 81 34 A meta analysis of 46 studies published in 1970 2005 found moderate statistically significant effects of work health promotion especially exercise on work ability and overall well being furthermore sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle 35 A meta analysis of 22 studies published 1997 2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to small reductions in depression and anxiety 36 A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health promotion programs have attributes such as assessing employees health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs attaining high participation rates promoting self care targeting several health issues simultaneously and offering different types of activities e g group sessions as well as printed materials 37 A study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease i e an estimated 745 000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016 38 This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors including psychosocial stress in the workplace setting See also editBreastfeeding promotion Health 21 Health for all Health marketing Health policy Health promoting hospitals Health promotion in higher education Preventive healthcare Right to healthReferences edit Health Promotion Glossary of Terms 2021 Geneva World Health Organization 2021 p 1 ISBN 9789240038349 Participants at the 1st Global Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa Canada Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 1986 Retrieved September 15 2021 Social Determinants of Health Healthy People 2030 health gov health gov Retrieved November 18 2022 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion An International Conference on Health Promotion Public Health Agency of Canada November 17 21 1986 Retrieved October 28 2023 Bunton R Macdonald G 2002 Health promotion disciplines diversity and developments 2nd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 23569 3 Byrd N Bialek M 2021 Your Health vs My Liberty Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID 19 pandemic Cognition 212 104649 doi 10 1016 j cognition 2021 104649 PMC 8599940 PMID 33756152 a b c d Minkler M Spring 1989 Health education health promotion and the open society an historical perspective Health Educ Q 16 1 17 30 doi 10 1177 109019818901600105 PMID 2649456 S2CID 10410928 Lalonde M A new perspective on the health of Canadians A working document Archived May 8 2009 at WebCite Ottawa Government of Canada 1974 Healthy people the Surgeon General s report on health promotion and disease prevention Archived January 31 2009 at the Wayback Machine Washington DC U S Department of Health Education and Welfare Public Health Service Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General 1979 DHEW PHS Publication No 79 55071 Retrieved February 4 2009 a b A discussion document on the concept and principles of health promotion Health Promot 1 1 73 6 May 1986 doi 10 1093 heapro 1 1 73 PMID 10286854 a b Epp J 1986 Achieving health for all A framework for health promotion Health Promot 1 4 419 28 doi 10 1093 heapro 1 4 419 PMID 10302169 a b The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion First International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa 21 November 1986 Archived March 20 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4 2009 Arizona State University November 26 2019 Caring for family is what motivates people worldwide International study including 27 countries shows people prioritize loved ones over everything else EurekAlert Retrieved November 30 2019 Ko Ahra et al 2020 Family Matters Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation Perspectives on Psychological Science 15 1 173 201 doi 10 1177 1745691619872986 PMID 31791196 S2CID 208611389 Retrieved November 30 2019 WHO The WHO Health Promotion Glossary WHO Archived from the original on January 20 2022 Retrieved August 11 2020 Healthy settings World Health Organization WHO Health Promotion October 28 2023 Retrieved October 28 2023 About us HPH Retrieved October 28 2023 Tones K Tilford S 2001 Health promotion effectiveness efficiency and equity 3rd ed Cheltenham UK Nelson Thornes ISBN 978 0 7487 4527 2 European Network for Workplace Health Promotion Workplace health promotion Archived November 18 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4 2009 World Health Organization Workplace health promotion Benefits Archived December 3 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4 2009 World Health Organization Workplace health promotion The workplace a priority setting for health promotion Archived December 4 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 4 2009 a b c Byrne DW Rolando LA Aliyu MH McGown PW Connor LR Awalt BM Holmes MC Wang L Yarbrough MI 2016 Modifiable Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors 10 Year Health Outcomes From a Health Promotion Program American Journal of Preventive Medicine 51 6 1027 1037 doi 10 1016 j amepre 2016 09 012 ISSN 1873 2607 PMID 27866595 a b c d Journath G Hammar N Vikstrom M Linnersjo A Walldius G Krakau I Lindgren P de Faire U Hellenius M 2020 A Swedish primary healthcare prevention programme focusing on promotion of physical activity and a healthy lifestyle reduced cardiovascular events and mortality 22 year follow up of 5761 study participants and a reference group British Journal of Sports Medicine 54 21 1294 1299 doi 10 1136 bjsports 2019 101749 ISSN 1473 0480 PMC 7588408 PMID 32680841 Gonzalez Dominguez ME Romero Sanchez JM Ares Camerino A Marchena Aparicio JC Flores Munoz M Infantes Guzman I Leon Asuero JM Casals Martin F 2017 A Million Steps Developing a Health Promotion Program at the Workplace to Enhance Physical Activity Workplace Health amp Safety 65 11 512 516 doi 10 1177 2165079917705146 ISSN 2165 0969 PMID 28719762 S2CID 43473795 Bezzina B A Ashton L Watson T James CL 2023 Health and wellness in the Australian coal mining industry An analysis of pre post findings from the RESHAPE workplace health promotion program PLOS ONE 18 7 e0288244 Bibcode 2023PLoSO 1888244B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0288244 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 10328312 PMID 37418458 Huang S Hung W Shyu M Chou T Chang K Wai JP 2023 Field Test of an m Health Worksite Health Promotion Program to Increase Physical Activity in Taiwanese Employees A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Workplace Health amp Safety 71 1 14 21 doi 10 1177 21650799221082304 ISSN 2165 0969 PMID 35657298 S2CID 249313373 Franco E Urosa J Barakat R Refoyo I March 8 2021 Physical Activity and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Spanish Employees in a Health Promotion Program before and during the COVID 19 Pandemic The Sanitas Healthy Cities Challenge International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 5 2735 doi 10 3390 ijerph18052735 ISSN 1660 4601 PMC 7967464 PMID 33800372 Mache S Vitzthum K Groneberg DA Harth V 2019 Effects of a multi behavioral health promotion program at worksite on smoking patterns and quit behavior Work Reading Mass 62 4 543 551 doi 10 3233 WOR 192889 ISSN 1875 9270 PMID 31104040 S2CID 159039058 Ornek OK Esin MN November 4 2020 Effects of a work related stress model based mental health promotion program on job stress stress reactions and coping profiles of women workers a control groups study BMC Public Health 20 1 1658 doi 10 1186 s12889 020 09769 0 ISSN 1471 2458 PMC 7641806 PMID 33148247 Walker L Smith N Delon C 2021 Weight loss hypertension and mental well being improvements during COVID 19 with a multicomponent health promotion programme on Zoom a service evaluation in primary care BMJ Nutrition Prevention amp Health 4 1 102 110 doi 10 1136 bmjnph 2020 000219 ISSN 2516 5542 PMC 7887868 PMID 34308117 Prevention Cf CDC Workplace Health Implementation Physical Activity www cdc gov Archived from the original on October 17 2015 Retrieved September 27 2015 Engbers LH van Poppel MN Chin A Paw MJ van Mechelen W July 2005 Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes a systematic review Am J Prev Med 29 1 61 70 doi 10 1016 j amepre 2005 03 001 PMID 15958254 Pelletier KR October 2005 A review and analysis of the clinical and cost effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite update VI 2000 2004 J Occup Environ Med 47 10 1051 8 doi 10 1097 01 jom 0000174303 85442 bf PMID 16217246 S2CID 30828898 Chapman LS 2005 Meta evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies 2005 update PDF Am J Health Promot 19 6 1 11 doi 10 4278 0890 1171 19 4 TAHP 1 PMID 16022209 S2CID 208067183 Archived PDF from the original on December 7 2010 Kuoppala J Lamminpaa A Husman P November 2008 Work health promotion job well being and sickness absences a systematic review and meta analysis J Occup Environ Med 50 11 1216 27 doi 10 1097 JOM 0b013e31818dbf92 PMID 19001948 S2CID 7330866 Martin A Sanderson K Cocker F January 2009 Meta analysis of the effects of health promotion intervention in the workplace on depression and anxiety symptoms Scand J Work Environ Health 35 1 7 18 doi 10 5271 sjweh 1295 PMID 19065280 Goetzel RZ Ozminkowski RJ 2008 The health and cost benefits of work site health promotion programs Annu Rev Public Health 29 303 23 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 29 020907 090930 PMID 18173386 Pega F Nafradi B Momen N Ujita Y Streicher K Pruss Ustun A Technical Advisory Group 2021 Global regional and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries 2000 2016 A systematic analysis from the WHO ILO Joint Estimates of the Work related Burden of Disease and Injury Environment International 154 106595 doi 10 1016 j envint 2021 106595 PMC 8204267 PMID 34011457 Further reading editTaylor RB Ureda JR Denham JW 1982 Health promotion principles and clinical applications Norwalk CT Appleton Century Crofts ISBN 978 0 8385 3670 4 Dychtwald K 1986 Wellness and health promotion for the elderly Rockville MD Aspen Systems ISBN 978 0 87189 238 6 Green LW Lewis FM 1986 Measurement and evaluation in health education and health promotion Palo Alto CA Mayfield ISBN 978 0 87484 481 8 Teague ML 1987 Health promotion programs achieving high level wellness in the later years Indianapolis Benchmark Press ISBN 978 0 936157 08 5 Heckheimer E 1989 Health promotion of the elderly in the community Philadelphia W B Saunders ISBN 978 0 7216 2136 4 Fogel CI Lauver D 1990 Sexual health promotion Philadelphia W B Saunders ISBN 978 0 7216 3799 0 Hawe P Degeling D Hall J 1990 Evaluating health promotion a health worker s guide MacLennan amp Petty ISBN 978 0 86433 067 3 Dines A Cribb A 1993 Health promotion concepts and practice Blackwell Science ISBN 978 0 632 03543 4 Downie RS Tannahill C Tannahill A 1996 Health promotion models and values 2nd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 262592 2 Seedhouse David 1997 Health promotion philosophy practice and prejudice New York Wiley ISBN 978 0 471 93910 8 Bracht NF 1999 Health promotion at the community level new advances 2nd ed Thousand Oaks SAGE ISBN 978 0 7619 1844 8 Green LW Kreuter MW 1999 Health promotion planning an educational and ecological approach 3rd ed Mountain View CA Mayfield ISBN 978 0 7674 0524 9 Mittelmark M Kickbusch I Rootman I Scriven A and Tones K 2008 Health Promotion Encyclopedia of Public Health London Elsevier Naidoo J Wills J 2000 Health promotion foundations for practice 2nd ed Bailliere Tindall ISBN 978 0 7020 2448 1 DiClemente RJ Crosby RA Kegler MC 2002 Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research strategies for improving public health San Francisco Jossey Bass ISBN 978 0 7879 5566 3 O Donnell MP 2002 Health promotion in the workplace 3rd ed Albany Delmar Thomson Learning ISBN 978 0 7668 2866 7 Cox CC American College of Sports Medicine 2003 ACSM s worksite health promotion manual a guide to building and sustaining healthy worksites Champaign IL Human Kinetics ISBN 978 0 7360 4657 2 Lucas K Lloyd BB 2005 Health promotion evidence and experience SAGE ISBN 978 0 7619 4005 0 Bartholomew LK Parcel GS Kok G Gottlieb NH 2006 Planning health promotion programs an intervention mapping approach 2nd ed San Francisco Jossey Bass ISBN 978 0 7879 7899 0 Edelman CL Mandle CL 2006 Health promotion throughout the life span 6th ed St Louis MO Mosby Elsevier ISBN 978 0 323 03128 8 Pender NJ Murdaugh CL Parsons MA 2006 Health promotion in nursing practice 5th ed Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 119436 6 Scriven A Garman S 2007 Promoting Health Global Perspectives Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 4039 2136 9 paperback ISBN 1 4039 2137 7 Scriven A 2007 Developing local alliance partnerships through community collaboration and participation In Handsley S Lloyd C E Douglas J Earle S Spurr S M eds Policy and Practice in Promoting Public Health London SAGE ISBN 9781412930734 Scriven A ed 2005 Health Promoting Practice the contribution of nurses and Allied Health Professionals Basingstoke Palgrave ISBN 978 1 4039 3411 6 Scriven A 2010 Promoting Health a Practical Guide 6th ed Edinburgh Balliere Tindall Elsivier ISBN 978 0 7020 3139 7 Leddy Susan 2006 Health promotion mobilizing strengths to enhance health wellness and well being Philadelphia F A Davis ISBN 978 0 8036 1405 5 Chenoweth DH 2007 Worksite health promotion 2nd ed Champaign IL Human Kinetics ISBN 978 0 7360 6041 7 Cottrell RR Girvan JT McKenzie JF 2008 Principles amp foundations of health promotion and education 4th ed San Francisco Benjamin Cummings ISBN 978 0 321 53235 0 Murray RB Zentner JP Yakimo R 2009 Health promotion strategies through the life span 8th ed Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 513866 3 McKenzie JE Thackeray R Neiger BL 2009 Planning implementing and evaluating health promotion programs a primer 5th ed San Francisco Benjamin Cummings ISBN 978 0 321 49511 2 External links edit nbsp Media related to Health promotion at Wikimedia Commons Healthy Cities WHO EURO Office Health EU Portal Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU EuroHealthNet The European Partnership for Improving Health Equity and Well Being Hu F Cheung L Otis B Oliveira N Musicus A eds January 19 2021 The Nutrition Source Healthy Living Guide 2020 2021 A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living www hsph harvard edu Boston Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Archived from the original on October 5 2021 Retrieved October 11 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Health promotion amp oldid 1204192266, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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