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Healthcare in Somalia

January 01, 1970

Healthcare in Somalia is largely in the private sector. It is regulated by the Ministry of Health of the Federal Government of Somalia. In March 2013, the central authorities launched the Health Sector Strategic Plans (HSSPs), a new national health system that aims to provide universal basic healthcare to all citizens by 2016. Somalia has the highest prevalence of mental illness in the world, according to the World Health organization.[1] Some polls have ranked Somalis as the happiest people in Sub-Saharan Africa.[2]

Life expectancy in Somalia, 1950 to 2019

History edit

During the medieval era, traditional forms of medicine were often used. During the colonial era, due to the distrust that existed in northwest Somalia towards British colonial administrators, there was minimal development in healthcare training. The BMA (British Military Administration) diminished the inflow of Italians into southern Somalia which hampered the building of facilities.[3]

Until the collapse of the federal government in 1991, the organizational and administrative structure of Somalia's healthcare sector was overseen by the Ministry of Health. Regional medical officials enjoyed some authority, but healthcare was largely centralized. The socialist government of former President of Somalia Siad Barre had put an end to private medical practice in 1972.[4] Much of the national budget was devoted to military expenditure, leaving few resources for healthcare, among other services.[5]

 
The Benadir Hospital in Mogadishu consists of a maternity unit and a pediatric unit

Somalia's public healthcare system was largely destroyed during the ensuing civil war. As with other previously nationalized sectors, informal providers have filled the vacuum and replaced the former government monopoly over healthcare, with access to facilities witnessing a significant increase.[6] Many new healthcare centers, clinics, hospitals and pharmacies have in the process been established through home-grown Somali initiatives.[6] The cost of medical consultations and treatment in these facilities is low, at $5.72 per visit in health centers (with a population coverage of 95%), and $1.89–3.97 per outpatient visit and $7.83–13.95 per bed day in primary through tertiary hospitals.[7]

Comparing the 2005–2010 period with the half-decade just prior to the outbreak of the conflict (1985–1990), life expectancy actually increased from an average of 47 years for men and women to 54 years for men and 57 years for women.[8]

[9][10]

Child mortality and morbidity

The last three decades of armed conflicts, lack of functioning government, economic collapse, and disintegration of the health system and other public services - together with recurrent droughts and famines – has turned Somalia into one of the world's most difficult environments for survival. This is bluntly reflected in the poor child health conditions, as twenty per cent of the children die before they reach the age of five, more than one third are underweight, and almost fifty percent experience stunting.[11] The under-five mortality rate in Somalia is among the highest in the world, while the prevalence of malnutrition has remained at record high levels for decades. It is therefore likely that malnutrition contributes to more than half of the under-five deaths in Somalia. Pneumonia, diarrhoea and neonatal causes account for a large proportion of childhood deaths.[12]

The number of one-year-olds fully immunized against measles rose from 30% in 1985–1990 to 40% in 2000–2005,[9][13] and for tuberculosis, it grew nearly 20% from 31% to 50% over the same period.[9][13] In keeping with the trend, the number of infants with low birth weight fell from 16 per 1000 to 0.3, a 15% drop in total over the same timeframe.[9][14] Between 2005 and 2010 as compared to the 1985–1990 period, infant mortality per 1,000 births also fell from 108 to 85.[9][10][15] Significantly,

Maternal mortality

Maternal mortality per 100,000 births fell from 1,600 in the pre-war 1985–1990 half-decade to 850 in the 2015.[9][16][17] The number of physicians per 100,000 people also rose from 3.4 to 4 over the same timeframe,[9][13] as did the percentage of the population with access to sanitation services, which increased from 18% to 26%.[9][13]

According to United Nations Population Fund data on the midwifery workforce, there is a total of 429 midwives (including nurse-midwives) in Somalia, with a density of 1 midwife per 1,000 live births. Eight midwifery institutions presently exist in the country, two of which are private. Midwifery education programs on average last from 12 to 18 months, and operate on a sequential basis. The number of student admissions per total available student places is a maximum 100%, with 180 students enrolled as of 2009. Midwifery is regulated by the government, and a license is required to practice professionally. A live registry is also in place to keep track of licensed midwives. In addition, midwives in the country are officially represented by a local midwives association, with 350 registered members.[18]

 
A Somali boy receiving a polio vaccination

According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 97.9% of Somalia's women and girls underwent female circumcision,[19] a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East.[20][21] Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to protect chastity, deter promiscuity, and offer protection from assault.[22][23] By 2013, UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1- to 14-year-old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25% following a social and religious awareness campaign.[24] About 93% of Somalia's male population is also reportedly circumcised.[25]

Somalia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent. This is attributed to the Muslim nature of Somali society and adherence of Somalis to Islamic morals.[26] While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults,[26] a more recent estimate from 2014 now places it at only 0.5% of the nation's adult population.[27]

Although healthcare is now largely concentrated in the private sector, the country's public healthcare system is in the process of being rebuilt, and is overseen by the Ministry of Health.[28] The current Minister of Health is Ahmed Mohamed Mohamud.[29] The autonomous Puntland region maintains its own Ministry of Health,[30] as does the Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.[31]

Health sector strategic plans edit

 
Caring for a bone fracture

In March 2013, the federal government under former Minister of Health Maryam Qaasim launched the Health Sector Strategic Plans (HSSPs) for each of Somalia's constituent zones. The new national health system aims to provide universal basic healthcare to all citizens by 2016. While the government's institutional capacity is developing, UN agencies would in the interim through public-private partnerships administer immunization among other associated health programs. The HSSPs are valued at US$350 million in total, with between 70%-75% earmarked for health services. Once finalized, the new national healthcare system is expected to ameliorate human capital in the health sector, as well as improve funding for health programs and overall health infrastructure.[32]

In May 2014, the Federal Government launched the Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) within the framework of the Health Sector Strategic Plans.[33] The EPHS was originally designed in 2008 by the Somali Ministry of Health, with the goal of establishing standards for national health services vis-a-vis governmental and private healthcare providers, as well as for partnered UN agencies and NGOs.[34] It aims to provide a holistic spectrum of free health services to all citizens, including in rural areas. With a focus on strengthening reproductive and emergency obstetric care services for women and children, the EPHS's core programmes are to eliminate communicable illness; ameliorate reproductive, neonatal, child and maternal health; improve health control and surveillance, including water and sanitation promotion; supply first-aid and treatment to the terminally ill or wounded; and to treat common illnesses, HIV and other STDs, and tuberculosis. The Somali health authorities are slated to implement the Essential Package of Health Services in nine regions, with UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO representatives providing additional support. The initiative will continue through to the end of 2016, and is expected to ensure that health facilities operate with better equipment, more healthcare workers, and for longer shifts. It is also centered on growing institutional capacity through training medical personnel, health sector reform, and policy development facilitation.[33]

Hospitals edit

Medical hospitals and facilities in Somalia's administrative provinces include:[35][36]

Awdal
  • Dr. Aden Farah Abraar Regional Hospital
  • Borama Fistula Hospital
  • Alaale Hospital
  • Al Hayat Medical Centre
Bakool
  • Hudur Hospital
Banaadir
  • Adden Abdulle Hospital
  • Kalkaal Hospital
  • Banadir Hospital
  • Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital
  • Digfeer Hospital
  • Dr. Xasan Jis Memory Hospital
  • Erdoğan Hospital
  • Keysaney Hospital
  • Lazaretto Forlanini Hospital
  • Martini Hospital
  • Medina Hospital
  • SOS KDI M&C Hospital
  • Yardimeli Hospital (under construction)
  • Daryeel Specialist Hospital (since 2016, 4 darjiino)
  • Makka Hospital
  • MOGADISHU UROLOGICAL CENTER
Bari
  • Bosaso General Hospital
  • Qardho General Hospital
Bay
  • Bay Regional Hospital
  • Baidoa Hospital
  • Burhakaba Hospital
  • Dinsor Hospital
  • Filsan Medical Hospital
  • Tayo Hospital
Galguduud
Gedo
Hiran
  • Dove Voluntary Hospital
Lower Juba
  • Kismayo Hospital
  • Mareerey Hospital
  • Kismayo Medical Center
Lower Shebelle
  • Afgooye District Hospital
  • Belet Hawa Hospital
  • Brava Regional Hospital
  • Hayat 2 Hospital
  • Marka Regional Hospital
  • Qoryoley District Hospital
  • VMB Maternity Hospital
Middle Shebelle
  • Adale Medical Center
  • Jowhar Regional Hospital
  • Balcad General Hospital
Mudug
  • Galkayo South Hospital
  • Mudug Regional Hospital
  • Harardere District Referral Hospital
Nugal
  • Nugal General Hospital
Sanaag
  • Badhan Hospital
  • Dhahar Hospital
  • Erigavo Referral Hospital
  • Las Khorey Hospital
Sool
Togdheer
  • Burao General Hospital
  • Buhoodle District Hospital
  • Sheikh Hospital
Woqooyi Galbeed

Medical universities and facilities edit

See also edit

Alpha University

References edit

  1. ^ "An Overlooked Consequence of Civil War: Mental Illness in Somalia | Princeton Public Health Review".
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-20.
  3. ^ Rodger, F. C. "Clinical findings, course, and progress of Bietti's corneal degeneration in the Dahlak islands." The British journal of ophthalmology 57.9 (1973): 657.
  4. ^ Maxamed Siyaad Barre (1970) My country and my people: the collected speeches of Major-General Mohamed Siad Barre, President, the Supreme Revolutionary Council, Somali Democratic Republic, Vol. 3, Ministry of Information and National Guidance, p. 141.
  5. ^ "Better Off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Entrepreneurship and Statelessness: A Natural Experiment in the Making in Somalia". Scribd.com. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  7. ^ . Who.int. 6 December 2010. Archived from the original on June 26, 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  8. ^ "Somalia". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h UNDP (2001). Human Development Report 2001-Somalia. New York: UNDP.
  10. ^ a b "UNdata – Somalia". Data.un.org. 20 September 1960. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  11. ^ in Somalia. "Child health" (PDF).
  12. ^ WHO. "Child health" (PDF).
  13. ^ a b c d World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-2004. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.
  14. ^ World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-1999. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.
  15. ^ "The state of the world´s children 2016". UNICEF. June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ "UNFPA Somalia | Renewing the fight against maternal and new-born mortality in Somalia". somalia.unfpa.org. 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  17. ^ UNDP (2006). Human Development Report 2006. New York: UNDP.
  18. ^ "The State Of The World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  19. ^ . Who.int. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  20. ^ Rose Oldfield Hayes (1975). "Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis". American Ethnologist. 2 (4): 617–633. doi:10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030.
  21. ^ Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi (1998) Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity, Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41, ISBN 1555875785.
  22. ^ Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby (1995) Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide, Libraries Unlimited, p. 257, ISBN 1-56308-131-8.
  23. ^ Goldenstein, Rachel. "Female Genital Cutting: Nursing Implications". Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 25.1 (2014): 95-101. Web. 19 February 2014.
  24. ^ "Somalia: Female genital mutilation down". Associated Press via The Jakarta Post. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  25. ^ "Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis by Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, and Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference" (PDF). Center for International Development at Harvard University. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  26. ^ a b Ali-Akbar Velayati; Valerii Bakayev; Moslem Bahadori; Seyed-Javad Tabatabaei; Arash Alaei; Amir Farahbood; Mohammad-Reza Masjedi (2007). (PDF). Archives of Iranian Medicine. 10 (4): 486–97. PMID 17903054. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2008.
  27. ^ "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 24 June 2022.
  28. ^ "The Regional Office And Its Partners – Somalia". Emro.who.int. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  29. ^ . Midnimo. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  30. ^ Ministry of Health – Puntland State of Somalia 2018-04-17 at the Wayback Machine. Health.puntlandgovt.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-15.
  31. ^ "Somaliland – Government Ministries". Somalilandgov.com. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  32. ^ "Somalia aims to provide universal basic health care by 2016". News-Medical. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  33. ^ a b "JOINT PRESS RELEASE Essential Package of Health Services launched in Somalia to improve maternal and child health". Warbahinta. UNICEF. May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Launch of the Essential Package of Health Services, Mogadishu". British Embassy Mogadishu. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  35. ^ "Hospital in Somalia" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  36. ^ "Health Care Delivery in Somalia". Retrieved 7 July 2014.

External links edit

  • Hospitals in Somalia

January 01, 1970
healthcare, somalia, largely, private, sector, regulated, ministry, health, federal, government, somalia, march, 2013, central, authorities, launched, health, sector, strategic, plans, hssps, national, health, system, that, aims, provide, universal, basic, hea. Healthcare in Somalia is largely in the private sector It is regulated by the Ministry of Health of the Federal Government of Somalia In March 2013 the central authorities launched the Health Sector Strategic Plans HSSPs a new national health system that aims to provide universal basic healthcare to all citizens by 2016 Somalia has the highest prevalence of mental illness in the world according to the World Health organization 1 Some polls have ranked Somalis as the happiest people in Sub Saharan Africa 2 Life expectancy in Somalia 1950 to 2019 Contents 1 History 2 Health sector strategic plans 3 Hospitals 4 Medical universities and facilities 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory editDuring the medieval era traditional forms of medicine were often used During the colonial era due to the distrust that existed in northwest Somalia towards British colonial administrators there was minimal development in healthcare training The BMA British Military Administration diminished the inflow of Italians into southern Somalia which hampered the building of facilities 3 Until the collapse of the federal government in 1991 the organizational and administrative structure of Somalia s healthcare sector was overseen by the Ministry of Health Regional medical officials enjoyed some authority but healthcare was largely centralized The socialist government of former President of Somalia Siad Barre had put an end to private medical practice in 1972 4 Much of the national budget was devoted to military expenditure leaving few resources for healthcare among other services 5 nbsp The Benadir Hospital in Mogadishu consists of a maternity unit and a pediatric unitSomalia s public healthcare system was largely destroyed during the ensuing civil war As with other previously nationalized sectors informal providers have filled the vacuum and replaced the former government monopoly over healthcare with access to facilities witnessing a significant increase 6 Many new healthcare centers clinics hospitals and pharmacies have in the process been established through home grown Somali initiatives 6 The cost of medical consultations and treatment in these facilities is low at 5 72 per visit in health centers with a population coverage of 95 and 1 89 3 97 per outpatient visit and 7 83 13 95 per bed day in primary through tertiary hospitals 7 Comparing the 2005 2010 period with the half decade just prior to the outbreak of the conflict 1985 1990 life expectancy actually increased from an average of 47 years for men and women to 54 years for men and 57 years for women 8 9 10 Child mortality and morbidityThe last three decades of armed conflicts lack of functioning government economic collapse and disintegration of the health system and other public services together with recurrent droughts and famines has turned Somalia into one of the world s most difficult environments for survival This is bluntly reflected in the poor child health conditions as twenty per cent of the children die before they reach the age of five more than one third are underweight and almost fifty percent experience stunting 11 The under five mortality rate in Somalia is among the highest in the world while the prevalence of malnutrition has remained at record high levels for decades It is therefore likely that malnutrition contributes to more than half of the under five deaths in Somalia Pneumonia diarrhoea and neonatal causes account for a large proportion of childhood deaths 12 The number of one year olds fully immunized against measles rose from 30 in 1985 1990 to 40 in 2000 2005 9 13 and for tuberculosis it grew nearly 20 from 31 to 50 over the same period 9 13 In keeping with the trend the number of infants with low birth weight fell from 16 per 1000 to 0 3 a 15 drop in total over the same timeframe 9 14 Between 2005 and 2010 as compared to the 1985 1990 period infant mortality per 1 000 births also fell from 108 to 85 9 10 15 Significantly Maternal mortalityMaternal mortality per 100 000 births fell from 1 600 in the pre war 1985 1990 half decade to 850 in the 2015 9 16 17 The number of physicians per 100 000 people also rose from 3 4 to 4 over the same timeframe 9 13 as did the percentage of the population with access to sanitation services which increased from 18 to 26 9 13 According to United Nations Population Fund data on the midwifery workforce there is a total of 429 midwives including nurse midwives in Somalia with a density of 1 midwife per 1 000 live births Eight midwifery institutions presently exist in the country two of which are private Midwifery education programs on average last from 12 to 18 months and operate on a sequential basis The number of student admissions per total available student places is a maximum 100 with 180 students enrolled as of 2009 Midwifery is regulated by the government and a license is required to practice professionally A live registry is also in place to keep track of licensed midwives In addition midwives in the country are officially represented by a local midwives association with 350 registered members 18 nbsp A Somali boy receiving a polio vaccination According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate about 97 9 of Somalia s women and girls underwent female circumcision 19 a pre marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East 20 21 Encouraged by women in the community it is primarily intended to protect chastity deter promiscuity and offer protection from assault 22 23 By 2013 UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1 to 14 year old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25 following a social and religious awareness campaign 24 About 93 of Somalia s male population is also reportedly circumcised 25 Somalia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent This is attributed to the Muslim nature of Somali society and adherence of Somalis to Islamic morals 26 While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 the first case report year was 1 of adults 26 a more recent estimate from 2014 now places it at only 0 5 of the nation s adult population 27 Although healthcare is now largely concentrated in the private sector the country s public healthcare system is in the process of being rebuilt and is overseen by the Ministry of Health 28 The current Minister of Health is Ahmed Mohamed Mohamud 29 The autonomous Puntland region maintains its own Ministry of Health 30 as does the Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia 31 Health sector strategic plans edit nbsp Caring for a bone fracture In March 2013 the federal government under former Minister of Health Maryam Qaasim launched the Health Sector Strategic Plans HSSPs for each of Somalia s constituent zones The new national health system aims to provide universal basic healthcare to all citizens by 2016 While the government s institutional capacity is developing UN agencies would in the interim through public private partnerships administer immunization among other associated health programs The HSSPs are valued at US 350 million in total with between 70 75 earmarked for health services Once finalized the new national healthcare system is expected to ameliorate human capital in the health sector as well as improve funding for health programs and overall health infrastructure 32 In May 2014 the Federal Government launched the Essential Package of Health Services EPHS within the framework of the Health Sector Strategic Plans 33 The EPHS was originally designed in 2008 by the Somali Ministry of Health with the goal of establishing standards for national health services vis a vis governmental and private healthcare providers as well as for partnered UN agencies and NGOs 34 It aims to provide a holistic spectrum of free health services to all citizens including in rural areas With a focus on strengthening reproductive and emergency obstetric care services for women and children the EPHS s core programmes are to eliminate communicable illness ameliorate reproductive neonatal child and maternal health improve health control and surveillance including water and sanitation promotion supply first aid and treatment to the terminally ill or wounded and to treat common illnesses HIV and other STDs and tuberculosis The Somali health authorities are slated to implement the Essential Package of Health Services in nine regions with UNICEF UNFPA and WHO representatives providing additional support The initiative will continue through to the end of 2016 and is expected to ensure that health facilities operate with better equipment more healthcare workers and for longer shifts It is also centered on growing institutional capacity through training medical personnel health sector reform and policy development facilitation 33 Hospitals editMedical hospitals and facilities in Somalia s administrative provinces include 35 36 Awdal Dr Aden Farah Abraar Regional Hospital Borama Fistula Hospital Alaale Hospital Al Hayat Medical Centre Bakool Hudur Hospital Banaadir Adden Abdulle Hospital Kalkaal Hospital Banadir Hospital Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital Digfeer Hospital Dr Xasan Jis Memory Hospital Erdogan Hospital Keysaney Hospital Lazaretto Forlanini Hospital Martini Hospital Medina Hospital SOS KDI M amp C Hospital Yardimeli Hospital under construction Daryeel Specialist Hospital since 2016 4 darjiino Makka Hospital MOGADISHU UROLOGICAL CENTER Bari Bosaso General Hospital Qardho General Hospital Bay Bay Regional Hospital Baidoa Hospital Burhakaba Hospital Dinsor Hospital Filsan Medical Hospital Tayo Hospital Galguduud Abudwak Maternity and Children s Hospital Adaado Hospital Dusamareb Hospital El Dher District Referral Hospital Istalin Hospital Gedo East Bardera Mothers and Children s Hospital Garbahaarey Hospital Khalil Hospital Luuq Hospital West Bardera Maternity Unit Hiran Dove Voluntary Hospital Lower Juba Kismayo Hospital Mareerey Hospital Kismayo Medical Center Lower Shebelle Afgooye District Hospital Belet Hawa Hospital Brava Regional Hospital Hayat 2 Hospital Marka Regional Hospital Qoryoley District Hospital VMB Maternity Hospital Middle Shebelle Adale Medical Center Jowhar Regional Hospital Balcad General Hospital Mudug Galkayo South Hospital Mudug Regional Hospital Harardere District Referral Hospital Nugal Nugal General Hospital Sanaag Badhan Hospital Dhahar Hospital Erigavo Referral Hospital Las Khorey Hospital Sool Las Anod Hospital Taleh Hospital Togdheer Burao General Hospital Buhoodle District Hospital Sheikh Hospital Woqooyi Galbeed Almedina Multispeciality Hospital Arab Medical Union Hospital Berbera District Hospital Edna Adan Maternity Hospital Gabiley District Hospital Gargaar Multispeciality Hospital Haldoor Hospital Hargeisa Canadian Medical Center Hargeisa Group Hospital Hargeisa Neurology Hospital Hargeisa International Hospital Kaah Community Hospital New Hargeisa Hospital Manhal Speciality Hospital Masala Specialist Hospital M A S Children s Teaching Hospital Royal Care HospitalMedical universities and facilities editUpper Jubba University Baidoa Somalia Campus College of Health Science CHS Amoud University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences Benadir University Mustaqbal Universityhttp mustaqbaluniversity edu so University Of Somalia Uniso University of Southern Somalia Abraar University University of Health Sciences Bosaaso Horn Of Africa University New Generation University Bay University Burao Institute of Health Sciences Sool university East Africa University Edna Adan Maternity Hospital Erdogan Hospital Hargeisa Institute of Health Sciences Hargeisa University Indian Ocean University Jazeera University Kismayo University Livestock university Mogadishu Private School of Nursing Mogadishu Public School of Nursing Mogadishu University Nugaal University Plasma University Puntland School of Nursing Somaliland University of Technology University of Burao University of HargeisaSee also edit nbsp Somalia portal COVID 19 pandemic in Somalia Lists of hospitals in Africa Alpha UniversityReferences edit An Overlooked Consequence of Civil War Mental Illness in Somalia Princeton Public Health Review Africa Somalia Ranked Happiest Country in Sub Saharan Africa allAfrica com Archived from the original on 2016 03 20 Rodger F C Clinical findings course and progress of Bietti s corneal degeneration in the Dahlak islands The British journal of ophthalmology 57 9 1973 657 Maxamed Siyaad Barre 1970 My country and my people the collected speeches of Major General Mohamed Siad Barre President the Supreme Revolutionary Council Somali Democratic Republic Vol 3 Ministry of Information and National Guidance p 141 Better Off Stateless Somalia Before and After Government Collapse PDF Retrieved 27 June 2010 a b Entrepreneurship and Statelessness A Natural Experiment in the Making in Somalia Scribd com 1 October 2008 Retrieved 30 December 2010 Estimates of Unit Costs for Patient Services for Somalia Who int 6 December 2010 Archived from the original on June 26 2006 Retrieved 12 June 2011 Somalia World Health Organization Retrieved 2016 09 09 a b c d e f g h UNDP 2001 Human Development Report 2001 Somalia New York UNDP a b UNdata Somalia Data un org 20 September 1960 Retrieved 12 June 2011 in Somalia Child health PDF WHO Child health PDF a b c d World Bank and UNDP 2003 Socio Economic Survey Somalia 2004 Washington D C New York UNDP and World Bank World Bank and UNDP 2003 Socio Economic Survey Somalia 1999 Washington D C New York UNDP and World Bank The state of the world s children 2016 UNICEF June 2016 Retrieved 6 July 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help UNFPA Somalia Renewing the fight against maternal and new born mortality in Somalia somalia unfpa org 2016 02 10 Retrieved 2016 09 09 UNDP 2006 Human Development Report 2006 New York UNDP The State Of The World s Midwifery United Nations Population Fund Retrieved 23 June 2014 Prevalence of FGM Who int 9 December 2010 Archived from the original on July 16 2009 Retrieved 30 December 2010 Rose Oldfield Hayes 1975 Female genital mutilation fertility control women s roles and the patrilineage in modern Sudan a functional analysis American Ethnologist 2 4 617 633 doi 10 1525 ae 1975 2 4 02a00030 Herbert L Bodman Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi 1998 Women in Muslim societies diversity within unity Lynne Rienner Publishers p 41 ISBN 1555875785 Suzanne G Frayser Thomas J Whitby 1995 Studies in human sexuality a selected guide Libraries Unlimited p 257 ISBN 1 56308 131 8 Goldenstein Rachel Female Genital Cutting Nursing Implications Journal of Transcultural Nursing 25 1 2014 95 101 Web 19 February 2014 Somalia Female genital mutilation down Associated Press via The Jakarta Post 16 April 2013 Retrieved 17 May 2013 Male Circumcision and AIDS The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis by Eric Werker Amrita Ahuja and Brian Wendell NEUDC 2007 Papers Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference PDF Center for International Development at Harvard University Retrieved 30 December 2010 a b Ali Akbar Velayati Valerii Bakayev Moslem Bahadori Seyed Javad Tabatabaei Arash Alaei Amir Farahbood Mohammad Reza Masjedi 2007 Religious and cultural traits in HIV AIDS epidemics in sub Saharan Africa PDF Archives of Iranian Medicine 10 4 486 97 PMID 17903054 Archived from the original PDF on 13 April 2008 Somalia The World Factbook Langley Virginia Central Intelligence Agency 24 June 2022 The Regional Office And Its Partners Somalia Emro who int Retrieved 30 December 2010 SOMALIA PM Said Cabinet will work tirelessly for the people of Somalia Midnimo 17 January 2014 Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 17 January 2014 Ministry of Health Puntland State of Somalia Archived 2018 04 17 at the Wayback Machine Health puntlandgovt com Retrieved on 2011 12 15 Somaliland Government Ministries Somalilandgov com Retrieved 30 December 2010 Somalia aims to provide universal basic health care by 2016 News Medical 25 March 2013 Retrieved 6 July 2014 a b JOINT PRESS RELEASE Essential Package of Health Services launched in Somalia to improve maternal and child health Warbahinta UNICEF May 2014 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Launch of the Essential Package of Health Services Mogadishu British Embassy Mogadishu Retrieved 7 July 2014 Hospital in Somalia PDF WHO Retrieved 7 July 2014 Health Care Delivery in Somalia Retrieved 7 July 2014 External links editHospitals in Somalia Medical schools in Somalia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Healthcare in Somalia amp oldid 1206940679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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