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Health Action International

January 01, 1970

Health Action International (HAI) is a non-profit organization based in The Netherlands. Established in 1981, HAI works to expand access to essential medicines through research, policy analysis and intervention projects. The organization focuses on snakebite envenoming, access to insulin and developing European policies on medicines. HAI is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an official non-state actor.[1]

Health Action International Inc
Formation1981; 43 years ago (1981)
TypeNonprofit NGO
PurposeAccess to medicines
HeadquartersAmsterdam, The Netherlands
Region served
International
Official language
English
Executive Director
Dr Tim Reed
Staff
17
Websitehaiweb.org

History edit

HAI was founded in Geneva in early 1981[2] following an International Baby Food Action Network[3] (IFBAN) conference and before a global conference on International Women and Health meeting to be held in Geneva.[4]: 71 [5] After limiting marketing of infant formulas to the third world, three groups came together to co-sponsor this meeting, the International Organization of Consumers Unions (IOCU),[6] the BUKO Pharma-Kampagne, an organization that watches over the marketing practices of German pharmaceutical companies and the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS),[7][5][8][4]: 71  and brought together 50 anthropologists, physicians, pharmacists and organizers[3] from 27 countries to form an "international antibody"[3] against pharmaceutical marketing practices and used "innovative techniques to get their message to the delegates".[9]: 139  It was similar to IFBAN but was organized to replace branded drugs with generics.[4]: 72 [10] The US Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association said "we take this as a serious potential problem, both from a marketing threat here and now and for a WHO resolution in the future."[4]: 72 

HAI was immediately criticized by the pharmaceutical industry who implied a connection with Moscow[11] The German Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association (BPI) published an article on the formation of HAI and connected it to a conference in November 1981 in Moscow of the World Federation of Trade Unions.[4]: 72-74  Claus Roepnack, then CEO of a German pharmaceutical company, Hoechst AG, asked whether the activists of HAI meant to overthrow "existing social and economic systems in favor of authoritarian regimes".[4]: 72 [12] In 1987, the Thai newspaper The Nation made similar allegations.[4]: 72 

In 1982, HAI proposed a draft for “an international code on pharmaceuticals”[13] at the 35th World Health Assembly (WHA) meeting in an attempt to regulate the conduct of multinational drug companies,[4]: 80-82  especially in developing countries.[10] The attempt was unsuccessful,[3] and the WHA declined to discuss the proposal.[10][8][14]

In 1984, HAI produced a video, Hard to Swallow, in collaboration with Oxfam about the experiences of Dianna Melrose of pharmaceutical sales rep practices in Peru.[4]: 16  That same year, HAI lobbied the WHA delegates and published a number of publications to incorporate responsible drug use into the WHO's Essential Drugs Monitor. Not all of HAI's initiatives against the pharmaceutical industry were appreciated by the WHO.[4]: 83-93 

At one point, Asian operations were housed in Penang, Malaysia and a European operation was located in The Hague in the 90's but moved its headquarters to Amsterdam.[15]

A two-year project started in 1986 helped to reduce the use of Neomycin in antidiarrhetic products globally from 12% down to 7%.[4]: 78 

At the 41st World Health Assembly in 1987, HAI organised a large lobby of delegates to advocate for stronger controls on advertising by the pharmaceutical industry.[16] It advocated for an independent drug code similar to the US FDA but under the WHO which would replace the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations drug marketing code.[15]

In 1988, HAI began discussions around issues with the Bamako Initiative.[4]: 126-129  This initiative was a plan for UNICEF and other donors to supply drugs to Sub-Saharan African countries which would be sold a little above cost. The profits from these sales would be used to buy more drugs in a self-sustaining way. This work modified HAI's purpose to move towards health policy rather than just responsible medicine use.[4]: 128 

In 1989, the organization testified in front of the FDA arguing against the approval of Norplant, a hormone capsule implant developed by Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories and designed as a long-acting contraceptive. It was approved and used by about a million women. HAI claimed that the implant had not been rigorously scientifically tested and warned of serious problems, among them its removal, infection at the implant site, and unknown long-term side effects.[17]

In response to 2001 WHA resolution, HAI together with the WHO a established a survey methodology to assess global drug prices and accessibility.[18][19][20][21][22]

Purpose edit

HAI works to increase access to essential medicines and encourage responsible medicine use.[8][2][7][23][10][24][3] Projects included neglected tropical diseases, access to insulin, sexual and reproductive health commodities, controlled medicines and transparency of medicine prices. According to Silverman et al. (1992), HAI and IOCU are the two organizations that have had the greatest impact on drug company activities in the third world.[15]

Snakebites edit

 
Map showing the approximate world distribution of snakes.
 
Map showing the global distribution of snakebite morbidity.

HAI works in Kenya, Uganda, Zambia and at the global level with WHO to gather snakebite incidence and treatments, including research and community education on first-aid and prevention.[25] HAI also works with local governments for policies to improved access to effective and safe antivenoms, and proper training for healthcare workers.[26][27] At the global level, HAI works with international partners such as the WHO Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) Department and the Global Snakebite Initiative.[28][29][30] HAI played an important role in including snakebite as a WHO Category A Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) status in, a WHO resolution and development of global strategy to decrease burden of snakebite .[31][30][32]

Access to insulin edit

HAI produced a study of the global insulin market in 2018.[33] It then developed policies and tools to increase insulin access, and studied the cost of insulin production and estimated the number of people with type 2 diabetes.[34] HAI received a $3.5 million grant from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust in 2018 to study insulin access in low and middle income countries.[35]

European policy edit

HAI works to expand access to affordable medicines, promote medicine safety and enhance therapeutic value. HAI uses the TRIPS Agreement,[36][37] issuing policy recommendations on health technology assessment (HTA) and raising awareness on the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on prescribing behaviours.[38][39]

In 2011, HAI received a 218,000 Euro grant from the EU to look at strategies to improve access to medicines.[40]

References edit

  1. ^ "Listing of HAI by the WHO as an official actor" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  2. ^ a b Lee PR, Lurie P, Silverman MM, Lydecker M (1991). "Drug promotion and labeling in developing countries: an update". J Clin Epidemiol. 44 (Suppl 2): 49S–55S. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90113-n. PMID 2045842.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e Greene, Jeremy (2011). "Making medicines essential: The emergent centrality of pharmaceuticals in global health". BioSocieties. 6 (1): 10–33. doi:10.1057/biosoc.2010.39. S2CID 144971333.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chetley, Andrew (1990). A Healthy Business?: World Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry (1st ed.). Zed Books. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0862327354.
  5. ^ a b Fazal, Anwar (1983). "The right pharmaceuticals at the right prices: Consumer perspectives". World Development. 11 (3): 265–269. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(83)90035-9. ISSN 0305-750X.
  6. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica Entry on Consumers International". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b Reich, Michael R. (1987). "Essential drugs: economics and politics in international health". Health Policy. 8 (1): 39–57. doi:10.1016/0168-8510(87)90129-1.
  8. ^ a b c Laing R, Waning B, Gray A, Ford N, 't Hoen E (2003). "25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges". Lancet. 361 (9370): 1723–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13375-2. hdl:10144/28005. PMID 12767751. S2CID 12172286.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Walt, Gil (1996). Health Policy: An Introduction to Process and Power. Zed Books. p. 139. ISBN 978-1856492645.
  10. ^ a b c d Andia, Tatiana; Chorev, Nitsan (2017). "Making knowledge legitimate: transnational advocacy networks' campaigns against tobacco, infant formula and pharmaceuticals". Global Networks. 17 (2): 255–280. doi:10.1111/glob.12156. ISSN 1470-2266.
  11. ^ Lofgren H (2004). "Pharmaceuticals and the consumer movement: the ambivalences of 'patient power'". Aust Health Rev. 28 (2): 228–37. doi:10.1071/AH040228. PMID 15527403.
  12. ^ "Pharma Brief" (PDF). Bukopharma.de (in German) (4). 1986. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  13. ^ Patel, Surendra J. (1983). "Editor's introduction". World Development. 11 (3): 165–167. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(83)90021-9. ISSN 0305-750X.
  14. ^ Halperin, Jerome A. (2016). "Multinational and International Regulation of Pharmaceuticals and US Policy". Drug Information Journal. 17 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1177/009286158301700304. ISSN 0092-8615. S2CID 154403294.
  15. ^ a b c Silverman, Milton; Lydecker, Mia; Lee, Philip (1992). Bad Medicine: The Prescription Drug Industry in the Third World (1st ed.). Stanford University Press. pp. 185–188. ISBN 978-0804716697.
  16. ^ (PDF). apps.who.int. 1988. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2017.
  17. ^ Duncan, Laura (November 1995). "Norplant: The Next Mass Tort". ABA Journal. 81.
  18. ^ Van Puymbroeck RV (2010). "Basic survival needs and access to medicines--coming to grips with TRIPS: conversion + calculation". J Law Med Ethics. 38 (3): 520–49. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00510.x. PMID 20880239. S2CID 30614257.
  19. ^ Fang Y, Wagner AK, Yang S, Jiang M, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D (2013). "Access to affordable medicines after health reform: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys in Shaanxi Province, western China". Lancet Glob Health. 1 (4): e227-37. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70072-X. PMID 25104348.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Anson A, Ramay B, de Esparza AR, Bero L (2012). "Availability, prices and affordability of the World Health Organization's essential medicines for children in Guatemala". Globalization and Health. 8: 22. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-8-22. PMC 3503802. PMID 22747646.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, Ball D, Laing R (2009). "Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis". Lancet. 373 (9659): 240–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61762-6. PMID 19042012. S2CID 916706.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Sharma A, Bhandari PM, Neupane D, Kaplan WA, Mishra SR (2018). "Challenges constraining insulin access in Nepal-a country with no local insulin production". Int Health. 10 (3): 182–190. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihy012. PMID 29617832.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Walt G (1993). "WHO under stress: implications for health policy". Health Policy. 24 (2): 125–44. doi:10.1016/0168-8510(93)90030-S. PMID 10126754.
  24. ^ "Campaigning for Stronger Drug Policies". The Lancet. 322 (8364): 1435–1436. 1983. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90975-3. ISSN 0140-6736. S2CID 54255965.
  25. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (24 May 2018). "Mambas, medicine and one girl's race to survive Kenya's biting problem". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  26. ^ Eveleens, Ilona (21 August 2018). "Slangenbeten zijn een vergeten ziekte ten zuiden van de Sahara" (in Dutch). de Verdieping Trouw. de Verdieping Trouw. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  27. ^ "La morsure de serpent, un fléau oublié qui empoisonne toujours l'Afrique" (in French). Le Monde. Le Monde. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  28. ^ Chakraborty, Ajanta (23 February 2019). "New WHO strategy aims to halve the global impact of snakebite". The Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  29. ^ MCFARLING, USHA LEE (12 June 2017). "Snakebite finally makes a WHO list of top global health priorities". STAT. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  30. ^ a b Harrison RA, Casewell NR, Ainsworth SA, Lalloo DG (2019). "The time is now: a call for action to translate recent momentum on tackling tropical snakebite into sustained benefit for victims". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 113 (12): 835–838. doi:10.1093/trstmh/try134. PMC 6903789. PMID 30668842.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "Striking Back: Snakebites Gain Global Attention". plos.org. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  32. ^ Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Zwi, Anthony B.; Norton, Robyn; Jagnoor, Jagnoor (1 August 2023). "How and why snakebite became a global health priority: a policy analysis". BMJ Global Health. 8 (8): e011923. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011923. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 10445399. PMID 37604596.
  33. ^ Boseley, Sarah (20 November 2018). "Insulin shortage could affect 40 million people with type 2 diabetes". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  34. ^ Lay, Kat (25 September 2018). "NHS paying too much for insulin". The Times. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  35. ^ "$3.5 million grant from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust". The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  36. ^ Lee, Kelley; Buse, Kent; Fustukian, Suzanne (2002). Health Policy in a Globalising World (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0521009430. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  37. ^ Fletcher, Elaine (16 May 2018). "TRIPS Flexibilities in High Demand". Health Policy Watch. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  38. ^ Ed Silverman, Ed (20 March 2018). "Pharma payments to docs in Europe are often inadequately reported or hard to find". STAT. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  39. ^ Francesca Bruce, Francesca (1 February 2018). "Mandatory Joint Clinical Assessments For EU HTAs May Be 'Counterproductive'". Pink Sheet Pharma Intelligence. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  40. ^ "EU Health Programme: 2011 Call for Proposals, Abstracts of Actions selected for funding" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 17 May 2019.

January 01, 1970
health, action, international, profit, organization, based, netherlands, established, 1981, works, expand, access, essential, medicines, through, research, policy, analysis, intervention, projects, organization, focuses, snakebite, envenoming, access, insulin,. Health Action International HAI is a non profit organization based in The Netherlands Established in 1981 HAI works to expand access to essential medicines through research policy analysis and intervention projects The organization focuses on snakebite envenoming access to insulin and developing European policies on medicines HAI is listed by the World Health Organization WHO as an official non state actor 1 Health Action International IncFormation1981 43 years ago 1981 TypeNonprofit NGOPurposeAccess to medicinesHeadquartersAmsterdam The NetherlandsRegion servedInternationalOfficial languageEnglishExecutive DirectorDr Tim ReedStaff17Websitehaiweb wbr org Contents 1 History 2 Purpose 3 Snakebites 4 Access to insulin 5 European policy 6 ReferencesHistory editHAI was founded in Geneva in early 1981 2 following an International Baby Food Action Network 3 IFBAN conference and before a global conference on International Women and Health meeting to be held in Geneva 4 71 5 After limiting marketing of infant formulas to the third world three groups came together to co sponsor this meeting the International Organization of Consumers Unions IOCU 6 the BUKO Pharma Kampagne an organization that watches over the marketing practices of German pharmaceutical companies and the United Nations Non Governmental Liaison Service NGLS 7 5 8 4 71 and brought together 50 anthropologists physicians pharmacists and organizers 3 from 27 countries to form an international antibody 3 against pharmaceutical marketing practices and used innovative techniques to get their message to the delegates 9 139 It was similar to IFBAN but was organized to replace branded drugs with generics 4 72 10 The US Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association said we take this as a serious potential problem both from a marketing threat here and now and for a WHO resolution in the future 4 72 HAI was immediately criticized by the pharmaceutical industry who implied a connection with Moscow 11 The German Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association BPI published an article on the formation of HAI and connected it to a conference in November 1981 in Moscow of the World Federation of Trade Unions 4 72 74 Claus Roepnack then CEO of a German pharmaceutical company Hoechst AG asked whether the activists of HAI meant to overthrow existing social and economic systems in favor of authoritarian regimes 4 72 12 In 1987 the Thai newspaper The Nation made similar allegations 4 72 In 1982 HAI proposed a draft for an international code on pharmaceuticals 13 at the 35th World Health Assembly WHA meeting in an attempt to regulate the conduct of multinational drug companies 4 80 82 especially in developing countries 10 The attempt was unsuccessful 3 and the WHA declined to discuss the proposal 10 8 14 In 1984 HAI produced a video Hard to Swallow in collaboration with Oxfam about the experiences of Dianna Melrose of pharmaceutical sales rep practices in Peru 4 16 That same year HAI lobbied the WHA delegates and published a number of publications to incorporate responsible drug use into the WHO s Essential Drugs Monitor Not all of HAI s initiatives against the pharmaceutical industry were appreciated by the WHO 4 83 93 At one point Asian operations were housed in Penang Malaysia and a European operation was located in The Hague in the 90 s but moved its headquarters to Amsterdam 15 A two year project started in 1986 helped to reduce the use of Neomycin in antidiarrhetic products globally from 12 down to 7 4 78 At the 41st World Health Assembly in 1987 HAI organised a large lobby of delegates to advocate for stronger controls on advertising by the pharmaceutical industry 16 It advocated for an independent drug code similar to the US FDA but under the WHO which would replace the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers amp Associations drug marketing code 15 In 1988 HAI began discussions around issues with the Bamako Initiative 4 126 129 This initiative was a plan for UNICEF and other donors to supply drugs to Sub Saharan African countries which would be sold a little above cost The profits from these sales would be used to buy more drugs in a self sustaining way This work modified HAI s purpose to move towards health policy rather than just responsible medicine use 4 128 In 1989 the organization testified in front of the FDA arguing against the approval of Norplant a hormone capsule implant developed by Wyeth Ayerst Laboratories and designed as a long acting contraceptive It was approved and used by about a million women HAI claimed that the implant had not been rigorously scientifically tested and warned of serious problems among them its removal infection at the implant site and unknown long term side effects 17 In response to 2001 WHA resolution HAI together with the WHO a established a survey methodology to assess global drug prices and accessibility 18 19 20 21 22 Purpose editHAI works to increase access to essential medicines and encourage responsible medicine use 8 2 7 23 10 24 3 Projects included neglected tropical diseases access to insulin sexual and reproductive health commodities controlled medicines and transparency of medicine prices According to Silverman et al 1992 HAI and IOCU are the two organizations that have had the greatest impact on drug company activities in the third world 15 Snakebites edit nbsp Map showing the approximate world distribution of snakes nbsp Map showing the global distribution of snakebite morbidity HAI works in Kenya Uganda Zambia and at the global level with WHO to gather snakebite incidence and treatments including research and community education on first aid and prevention 25 HAI also works with local governments for policies to improved access to effective and safe antivenoms and proper training for healthcare workers 26 27 At the global level HAI works with international partners such as the WHO Neglected Tropical Disease NTD Department and the Global Snakebite Initiative 28 29 30 HAI played an important role in including snakebite as a WHO Category A Neglected Tropical Disease NTD status in a WHO resolution and development of global strategy to decrease burden of snakebite 31 30 32 Access to insulin editHAI produced a study of the global insulin market in 2018 33 It then developed policies and tools to increase insulin access and studied the cost of insulin production and estimated the number of people with type 2 diabetes 34 HAI received a 3 5 million grant from The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust in 2018 to study insulin access in low and middle income countries 35 European policy editHAI works to expand access to affordable medicines promote medicine safety and enhance therapeutic value HAI uses the TRIPS Agreement 36 37 issuing policy recommendations on health technology assessment HTA and raising awareness on the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on prescribing behaviours 38 39 In 2011 HAI received a 218 000 Euro grant from the EU to look at strategies to improve access to medicines 40 References edit Listing of HAI by the WHO as an official actor PDF Retrieved 14 May 2019 a b Lee PR Lurie P Silverman MM Lydecker M 1991 Drug promotion and labeling in developing countries an update J Clin Epidemiol 44 Suppl 2 49S 55S doi 10 1016 0895 4356 91 90113 n PMID 2045842 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d e Greene Jeremy 2011 Making medicines essential The emergent centrality of pharmaceuticals in global health BioSocieties 6 1 10 33 doi 10 1057 biosoc 2010 39 S2CID 144971333 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chetley Andrew 1990 A Healthy Business World Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry 1st ed Zed Books pp 71 73 ISBN 978 0862327354 a b Fazal Anwar 1983 The right pharmaceuticals at the right prices Consumer perspectives World Development 11 3 265 269 doi 10 1016 0305 750X 83 90035 9 ISSN 0305 750X Encyclopaedia Britannica Entry on Consumers International Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 17 May 2019 a b Reich Michael R 1987 Essential drugs economics and politics in international health Health Policy 8 1 39 57 doi 10 1016 0168 8510 87 90129 1 a b c Laing R Waning B Gray A Ford N t Hoen E 2003 25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists progress and challenges Lancet 361 9370 1723 9 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 03 13375 2 hdl 10144 28005 PMID 12767751 S2CID 12172286 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Walt Gil 1996 Health Policy An Introduction to Process and Power Zed Books p 139 ISBN 978 1856492645 a b c d Andia Tatiana Chorev Nitsan 2017 Making knowledge legitimate transnational advocacy networks campaigns against tobacco infant formula and pharmaceuticals Global Networks 17 2 255 280 doi 10 1111 glob 12156 ISSN 1470 2266 Lofgren H 2004 Pharmaceuticals and the consumer movement the ambivalences of patient power Aust Health Rev 28 2 228 37 doi 10 1071 AH040228 PMID 15527403 Pharma Brief PDF Bukopharma de in German 4 1986 Retrieved 15 May 2019 Patel Surendra J 1983 Editor s introduction World Development 11 3 165 167 doi 10 1016 0305 750X 83 90021 9 ISSN 0305 750X Halperin Jerome A 2016 Multinational and International Regulation of Pharmaceuticals and US Policy Drug Information Journal 17 3 153 161 doi 10 1177 009286158301700304 ISSN 0092 8615 S2CID 154403294 a b c Silverman Milton Lydecker Mia Lee Philip 1992 Bad Medicine The Prescription Drug Industry in the Third World 1st ed Stanford University Press pp 185 188 ISBN 978 0804716697 World Health Organization Essential Drugs Monitor PDF apps who int 1988 Archived from the original PDF on 25 July 2017 Duncan Laura November 1995 Norplant The Next Mass Tort ABA Journal 81 Van Puymbroeck RV 2010 Basic survival needs and access to medicines coming to grips with TRIPS conversion calculation J Law Med Ethics 38 3 520 49 doi 10 1111 j 1748 720X 2010 00510 x PMID 20880239 S2CID 30614257 Fang Y Wagner AK Yang S Jiang M Zhang F Ross Degnan D 2013 Access to affordable medicines after health reform evidence from two cross sectional surveys in Shaanxi Province western China Lancet Glob Health 1 4 e227 37 doi 10 1016 S2214 109X 13 70072 X PMID 25104348 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Anson A Ramay B de Esparza AR Bero L 2012 Availability prices and affordability of the World Health Organization s essential medicines for children in Guatemala Globalization and Health 8 22 doi 10 1186 1744 8603 8 22 PMC 3503802 PMID 22747646 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Cameron A Ewen M Ross Degnan D Ball D Laing R 2009 Medicine prices availability and affordability in 36 developing and middle income countries a secondary analysis Lancet 373 9659 240 9 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 08 61762 6 PMID 19042012 S2CID 916706 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sharma A Bhandari PM Neupane D Kaplan WA Mishra SR 2018 Challenges constraining insulin access in Nepal a country with no local insulin production Int Health 10 3 182 190 doi 10 1093 inthealth ihy012 PMID 29617832 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Walt G 1993 WHO under stress implications for health policy Health Policy 24 2 125 44 doi 10 1016 0168 8510 93 90030 S PMID 10126754 Campaigning for Stronger Drug Policies The Lancet 322 8364 1435 1436 1983 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 83 90975 3 ISSN 0140 6736 S2CID 54255965 Ratcliffe Rebecca 24 May 2018 Mambas medicine and one girl s race to survive Kenya s biting problem The Guardian The Guardian Retrieved 14 May 2019 Eveleens Ilona 21 August 2018 Slangenbeten zijn een vergeten ziekte ten zuiden van de Sahara in Dutch de Verdieping Trouw de Verdieping Trouw Retrieved 14 May 2019 La morsure de serpent un fleau oublie qui empoisonne toujours l Afrique in French Le Monde Le Monde 19 March 2019 Retrieved 14 May 2019 Chakraborty Ajanta 23 February 2019 New WHO strategy aims to halve the global impact of snakebite The Times of India The Times of India Retrieved 14 May 2019 MCFARLING USHA LEE 12 June 2017 Snakebite finally makes a WHO list of top global health priorities STAT Retrieved 14 May 2019 a b Harrison RA Casewell NR Ainsworth SA Lalloo DG 2019 The time is now a call for action to translate recent momentum on tackling tropical snakebite into sustained benefit for victims Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 113 12 835 838 doi 10 1093 trstmh try134 PMC 6903789 PMID 30668842 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Striking Back Snakebites Gain Global Attention plos org 8 May 2018 Retrieved 14 May 2019 Bhaumik Soumyadeep Zwi Anthony B Norton Robyn Jagnoor Jagnoor 1 August 2023 How and why snakebite became a global health priority a policy analysis BMJ Global Health 8 8 e011923 doi 10 1136 bmjgh 2023 011923 ISSN 2059 7908 PMC 10445399 PMID 37604596 Boseley Sarah 20 November 2018 Insulin shortage could affect 40 million people with type 2 diabetes The Guardian The Guardian Retrieved 14 May 2019 Lay Kat 25 September 2018 NHS paying too much for insulin The Times Retrieved 14 May 2019 3 5 million grant from The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust The Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust Retrieved 17 May 2019 Lee Kelley Buse Kent Fustukian Suzanne 2002 Health Policy in a Globalising World 1st ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 91 ISBN 978 0521009430 Retrieved 15 May 2019 Fletcher Elaine 16 May 2018 TRIPS Flexibilities in High Demand Health Policy Watch Retrieved 14 May 2019 Ed Silverman Ed 20 March 2018 Pharma payments to docs in Europe are often inadequately reported or hard to find STAT Retrieved 14 May 2019 Francesca Bruce Francesca 1 February 2018 Mandatory Joint Clinical Assessments For EU HTAs May Be Counterproductive Pink Sheet Pharma Intelligence Retrieved 14 May 2019 EU Health Programme 2011 Call for Proposals Abstracts of Actions selected for funding PDF European Commission Retrieved 17 May 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Health Action International amp oldid 1211495395, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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