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Hawaii mamo

March 16, 2024

The Hawaiʻi mamo (Drepanis pacifica) is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It was endemic to Hawaii Island. It became extinct due to habitat loss, mosquitoes, introduced predators such as the small Indian mongoose, and overcollecting.

Hawaiʻi mamo
Specimen

Extinct (1898) (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Presumed Extinct (1898) (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Drepanis
Species:
†D. pacifica
Binomial name
†Drepanis pacifica
(Gmelin, 1788)

Description edit

 
Illustration

The bird's natural habitat was limited to the Big Island (Hawaii Island).[3][4] This bird averaged 9 inches (22.86 cm) in length. It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump, undertail coverts, shoulders, and legs. There was a white patch on the primaries. It had small, black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits. It had a slightly decurved blackish bill, some three inches long. Juveniles may have been brown.[5]

This shy species lived in the forest canopy and fed particularly on nectar of lobelioids from the tree-plant's curved, tubular flowers. The mamo was said to favor feed on the hāhā plant,[4][7] encompassing Cyanea and Clermontia spp. of lobelioids, but these are also commonly called ‘ōhā[8] and other authorities refer to the mamo's feeding plant as ‘ōhā, synonymous with ʻōhāhā.[9][10][11][a] [b] There is anecdotal evidence they may have been partly insectivorous.[16] According to Henry C. Palmer, the bird was also fond of the berries of the hāhā, and ironically the berry juice could be made into birdlime.[17]

Its call was a long, plaintive whistle.[18][c]

In Hawaiian culture edit

The mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre-European Hawaiian society. Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats (featherwork) for royalty.[19] Feather collecting contributed to the bird's decline. The famous yellow cloak of Kamehameha I is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80,000 birds to complete.[19]

The natives caught the bird by noose or by birdlime, and would lure it by imitating its call.[20] The call is said to be "a single rather long and plaintive note"[18] so this may have been a song rather than a call.[4] The Hawaiian recipe for their sticky birdlime consisted of sap from breadfruit (Hawaiian: ʻulu)[21][22][23] and lobelioids (ʻōhā).[21][24]

The native feather-hunter (poe kawili) had developed (at the behest of King Kamehameha[22][15]) the practice of sparing and releasing any birdlime-caught birds with only a few (yellow) feathers to be harvested, namely the ʻōʻō and the mamo.[25][26] However by the 19th century, the kapu against killing mamo and ʻōʻō was not being strictly observed and these birds were being eaten by natives, as ornithologist Henry W. Henshaw suspected,[15] and native historian David Malo has confirmed.[27] Henshaw attributes the acceleration towards extinction to adoption of shotgun-hunting over traditional birdliming.[15]

Settler impact and extinction edit

Turnaround video

Due to their bright colors, the birds were also popular with European collectors.

European settlers changed the mamo's habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching, which damaged the bird's food source. Cattle roamed loose in the forests, destroying the understory ecosystem. Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control rats, but they also preyed on native birds. Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians, the mamo quickly disappeared.

Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived habitat destruction. There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums. The bird had not been particularly scarce until the 1880's.[20][28] But the last live specimen was obtained by Henry C. Palmer in 1892 (this birds has been reported as tame unafraid when captured;[20] Palmer's specimen fed on "sugar and water eagerly", and would stay perched on a twig in the tent[20]).[29][32] The last confirmed sighting dates to July 1898 near Kaumana on the Island of Hawaiʻi, as reported by a collector, Henry W. Henshaw,[33] Henshaw in correspondence to Rothschildrevealed that when he spotted and he stalked a family of them, he actually shot and wounded one of them, though it escaped.[34][35]

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ Authorities in the 20th century refer to the plants as "lobelias".[10][12] Thus Degener construed Oha (ʻōhā) as "Hawaiian Lobelia" and Oha Kepau (ʻōhā kēpau) as "Hawaiian Clermontia".[13] However, all the plants named ʻōhā are now classed as Clermontia, and none retain the genus classification Lobelia (cf. Hawaiian lobelioids).
  2. ^ Pratt comments that the mamo's diet was probably not restricted to the hāhā and it likely opportunistically fed on other plants.[4] Palmer also mentions attempts to find the bird feeding on an "aku" plant.[14] Emerson writes "ke'a, oha, lehua and mamane" were by bird catchers to attract the mamo, as well as fruits.[9] Greenway adds Pritchardia palms.[12]
  3. ^ As additional testament of frugivorous habit, bird-catchers used the fruit of the banana or ʻie.ʻie (Freycinetia arborea) to attract the bird.[9]

References edit

Citations
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720848A94686625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Drepanis pacifica. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b Force, Roland W.; Yapp, William Brunsdon (1968). Art and Artifacts of the 18th Century: Objects in the Leverian Museum as Painted by Sarah Stone. Bishop Museum Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780715622384.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Pratt, H. Douglas (2005). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. OUP Oxford. pp. 269–270. ISBN 9780198546535.
  5. ^ http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Olson-Hume-Drepanis-plumages.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ Rothschild (1900), pp. 160–161.
  7. ^ Palmer's diary, 13 April 1892.[6]
  8. ^ Gon (2008) s.v. Hāhā: "Cyanea and Clermontia spp. Members of the Lobeliaceae (=Lobelioideae) are usually known as hāhā or ‘ōhā or ‘ōhāwai".
  9. ^ a b c Emerson (1894), p. 109.
  10. ^ a b Degener (1930), p. 288.
  11. ^ Cf. Palmer also wrote that a forest with "beautiful ohia-trees" might be a likely place to find the mamo (Drepanis pacifica), though the spelling does not match. (Resume of diary, January 1892, Rothschild (1900), p. (Di.) 6 and the "tree on which the Mamo chiefly feeds" apparently refers to this "Ohia" (Rothschild (1900), p. (Di.) 8).
  12. ^ a b Greenway, James C. (1931). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. p. 418.
  13. ^ Degener (1930), p. iv.
  14. ^ Rothschild (1900), p. (Di.) 8.
  15. ^ a b c d e Henshaw, H. W. (1902). Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Being a Complete List of the Birds of the Hawaiian Possessions, with Notes on Their Habits. Honolulu: Thomas G. Thrum. p. 418.
  16. ^ Henshaw reported seeing a pair (before extinction) chasing insects,[15] also quoted by Pratt[4]
  17. ^ a b Rothschild (1900), p. 162.
  18. ^ a b The call was demonstrated to Perkins (1903), p. 399).[20][4]
  19. ^ a b Quammen, David (1996). The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions. New York, NY, US: Scribner. p. 318. ISBN 0-684-80083-7.
  20. ^ a b c d e Munro, George C. (2012) [1960]. Birds of Hawaii. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462909544.
  21. ^ a b Emerson (1894), p. 106.
  22. ^ a b c Degener, Otto (1930). Illustrated Guide to the More Common Or Noteworthy Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park: With Descriptions of Ancient Hawaiian Customs and an Introduction to the Geologic History of the Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 129–130.
  23. ^ a b Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Skolmen, Roger G. (1949). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). Agriculture Handbook 679. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 100.
  24. ^ Palmer's noting that hāhā berries became birdlime, as already noted.[17] Otto Degener says " fruit of plants belonging to the groups called lobelia" (p. 129), where he cross-references to his explanation of "lobelia" known by the Hawaiian names oha (ʻōhā)(p. 288) as aforementioned.
  25. ^ Hiroa, Te Rangi (1944). . The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 53 (1): 10. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Apart from the few 'o'o that were killed for specific purposes, the birds caught with bird lime were plucked of their yellow feathers without harm and set free to maintain a future supply. As the duller black feathers of the mamo were not used, it is probable that they were never killed wittingly.
  26. ^ Little & Skolmen,[23] citing Degener.[22]
  27. ^ Malo, David (1903). Hawaiian Antiquities: (Moolelo Hawaii). Translated by Emerson, Nathaniel Bright. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette. pp. 63, 106–107. ISBN 9781785702181.
  28. ^ Though Force&Force (1968) writes that it became extinct by the 1880's.[3]
  29. ^ Pratt: "by a native collector, working for Henry Palmer" in 1892".[4] citing Munro (1960).
  30. ^ Rothschild (1900), p. 161.
  31. ^ Rothschild (1900), p. (Di.) 7.
  32. ^ 16 April 1892, captured by Ahulau, who set snare and birdlime on the hāhā.[30] cf. also resumé of Palmer's diary.[31]
  33. ^ Pratt,[4] citing Henshaw (1902).[15] Henshaw writes that a year after his own sighting, a native catcher reported hearing the bird's call, but nevertheless did not lead to capture, thus dating the extinction to 1899.
  34. ^ W. H. Henshaw, correspondence to Rothschild dated 9 October 1899, concerning the mamo sighting in July the year before, printed in Rothschild (1900), pp. 161–162
  35. ^ Flannery, Tim Fridtjof (2001). A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Illustrated by Peter Schouten. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780871137975.
Bibliography
  • Emerson, N. B. (1894). "Ancient Bird-Hunters". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1895. Honolulu: Thomas G. Thrum. pp. 101–111.
  • Rothschild, Walter (1893–1900). The Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighbouring Islands : with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possessions (PDF). London: R. H. Porter.; also copy @ biodiversitylibrary.org

External links edit

March 16, 2024
hawaii, mamo, hawaiʻi, mamo, drepanis, pacifica, extinct, species, hawaiian, honeycreeper, endemic, hawaii, island, became, extinct, habitat, loss, mosquitoes, introduced, predators, such, small, indian, mongoose, overcollecting, hawaiʻi, mamospecimenconservat. The Hawaiʻi mamo Drepanis pacifica is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper It was endemic to Hawaii Island It became extinct due to habitat loss mosquitoes introduced predators such as the small Indian mongoose and overcollecting Hawaiʻi mamoSpecimenConservation statusExtinct 1898 IUCN 3 1 1 Presumed Extinct 1898 NatureServe 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily FringillidaeSubfamily CarduelinaeGenus DrepanisSpecies D pacificaBinomial name Drepanis pacifica Gmelin 1788 Contents 1 Description 2 In Hawaiian culture 3 Settler impact and extinction 4 Explanatory notes 5 References 6 External linksDescription edit nbsp IllustrationThe bird s natural habitat was limited to the Big Island Hawaii Island 3 4 This bird averaged 9 inches 22 86 cm in length It was mostly black with bright yellow feathers on its rump undertail coverts shoulders and legs There was a white patch on the primaries It had small black eyes and was the centerpiece of portraits It had a slightly decurved blackish bill some three inches long Juveniles may have been brown 5 This shy species lived in the forest canopy and fed particularly on nectar of lobelioids from the tree plant s curved tubular flowers The mamo was said to favor feed on the haha plant 4 7 encompassing Cyanea and Clermontia spp of lobelioids but these are also commonly called ōha 8 and other authorities refer to the mamo s feeding plant as ōha synonymous with ʻōhaha 9 10 11 a b There is anecdotal evidence they may have been partly insectivorous 16 According to Henry C Palmer the bird was also fond of the berries of the haha and ironically the berry juice could be made into birdlime 17 Its call was a long plaintive whistle 18 c In Hawaiian culture editThe mamo was one of the most honored birds in pre European Hawaiian society Its yellow feathers were used to create capes and hats featherwork for royalty 19 Feather collecting contributed to the bird s decline The famous yellow cloak of Kamehameha I is estimated to have taken the reigns of eight monarchs and the golden feathers of 80 000 birds to complete 19 The natives caught the bird by noose or by birdlime and would lure it by imitating its call 20 The call is said to be a single rather long and plaintive note 18 so this may have been a song rather than a call 4 The Hawaiian recipe for their sticky birdlime consisted of sap from breadfruit Hawaiian ʻulu 21 22 23 and lobelioids ʻōha 21 24 The native feather hunter poe kawili had developed at the behest of King Kamehameha 22 15 the practice of sparing and releasing any birdlime caught birds with only a few yellow feathers to be harvested namely the ʻōʻō and the mamo 25 26 However by the 19th century the kapu against killing mamo and ʻōʻō was not being strictly observed and these birds were being eaten by natives as ornithologist Henry W Henshaw suspected 15 and native historian David Malo has confirmed 27 Henshaw attributes the acceleration towards extinction to adoption of shotgun hunting over traditional birdliming 15 Settler impact and extinction edit source source source source source source source Turnaround videoDue to their bright colors the birds were also popular with European collectors European settlers changed the mamo s habitat to support agriculture and cattle ranching which damaged the bird s food source Cattle roamed loose in the forests destroying the understory ecosystem Small Indian mongooses were introduced to control rats but they also preyed on native birds Even though this was discovered early and was well known to the Hawaiians the mamo quickly disappeared Introduced disease may have killed any birds that survived habitat destruction There are many specimens of this bird in American and European museums The bird had not been particularly scarce until the 1880 s 20 28 But the last live specimen was obtained by Henry C Palmer in 1892 this birds has been reported as tame unafraid when captured 20 Palmer s specimen fed on sugar and water eagerly and would stay perched on a twig in the tent 20 29 32 The last confirmed sighting dates to July 1898 near Kaumana on the Island of Hawaiʻi as reported by a collector Henry W Henshaw 33 Henshaw in correspondence to Rothschildrevealed that when he spotted and he stalked a family of them he actually shot and wounded one of them though it escaped 34 35 Explanatory notes edit Authorities in the 20th century refer to the plants as lobelias 10 12 Thus Degener construed Oha ʻōha as Hawaiian Lobelia and Oha Kepau ʻōha kepau as Hawaiian Clermontia 13 However all the plants named ʻōha are now classed as Clermontia and none retain the genus classification Lobelia cf Hawaiian lobelioids Pratt comments that the mamo s diet was probably not restricted to the haha and it likely opportunistically fed on other plants 4 Palmer also mentions attempts to find the bird feeding on an aku plant 14 Emerson writes ke a oha lehua and mamane were by bird catchers to attract the mamo as well as fruits 9 Greenway adds Pritchardia palms 12 As additional testament of frugivorous habit bird catchers used the fruit of the banana or ʻie ʻie Freycinetia arborea to attract the bird 9 References editCitations BirdLife International 2016 Drepanis pacifica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22720848A94686625 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22720848A94686625 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Drepanis pacifica NatureServe Explorer 2 0 explorer natureserve org Retrieved 1 May 2023 a b Force Roland W Yapp William Brunsdon 1968 Art and Artifacts of the 18th Century Objects in the Leverian Museum as Painted by Sarah Stone Bishop Museum Press p 46 ISBN 9780715622384 a b c d e f g h Pratt H Douglas 2005 The Hawaiian Honeycreepers Drepanidinae OUP Oxford pp 269 270 ISBN 9780198546535 http julianhume co uk wp content uploads 2010 07 Olson Hume Drepanis plumages pdf bare URL PDF Rothschild 1900 pp 160 161 Palmer s diary 13 April 1892 6 Gon 2008 s v Haha Cyanea and Clermontia spp Members of the Lobeliaceae Lobelioideae are usually known as haha or ōha or ōhawai a b c Emerson 1894 p 109 a b Degener 1930 p 288 Cf Palmer also wrote that a forest with beautiful ohia trees might be a likely place to find the mamo Drepanis pacifica though the spelling does not match Resume of diary January 1892 Rothschild 1900 p Di 6 and the tree on which the Mamo chiefly feeds apparently refers to this Ohia Rothschild 1900 p Di 8 a b Greenway James C 1931 Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World New York American Committee for International Wild Life Protection p 418 Degener 1930 p iv Rothschild 1900 p Di 8 a b c d e Henshaw H W 1902 Birds of the Hawaiian Islands Being a Complete List of the Birds of the Hawaiian Possessions with Notes on Their Habits Honolulu Thomas G Thrum p 418 Henshaw reported seeing a pair before extinction chasing insects 15 also quoted by Pratt 4 a b Rothschild 1900 p 162 a b The call was demonstrated to Perkins 1903 p 399 20 4 a b Quammen David 1996 The Song of the Dodo Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions New York NY US Scribner p 318 ISBN 0 684 80083 7 a b c d e Munro George C 2012 1960 Birds of Hawaii Tokyo Tuttle Publishing ISBN 9781462909544 a b Emerson 1894 p 106 a b c Degener Otto 1930 Illustrated Guide to the More Common Or Noteworthy Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park With Descriptions of Ancient Hawaiian Customs and an Introduction to the Geologic History of the Islands Honolulu Star Bulletin pp 129 130 a b Little Elbert L Jr Skolmen Roger G 1949 Common Forest Trees of Hawaii Native and Introduced Agriculture Handbook 679 U S Department of Agriculture p 100 Palmer s noting that haha berries became birdlime as already noted 17 Otto Degener says fruit of plants belonging to the groups called lobelia p 129 where he cross references to his explanation of lobelia known by the Hawaiian names oha ʻōha p 288 as aforementioned Hiroa Te Rangi 1944 The Local Evolution of Hawaiian Feather Capes and Cloaks The Journal of the Polynesian Society 53 1 10 Archived from the original on 2008 10 14 Apart from the few o o that were killed for specific purposes the birds caught with bird lime were plucked of their yellow feathers without harm and set free to maintain a future supply As the duller black feathers of the mamo were not used it is probable that they were never killed wittingly Little amp Skolmen 23 citing Degener 22 Malo David 1903 Hawaiian Antiquities Moolelo Hawaii Translated by Emerson Nathaniel Bright Honolulu Hawaiian Gazette pp 63 106 107 ISBN 9781785702181 Though Force amp Force 1968 writes that it became extinct by the 1880 s 3 Pratt by a native collector working for Henry Palmer in 1892 4 citing Munro 1960 Rothschild 1900 p 161 Rothschild 1900 p Di 7 16 April 1892 captured by Ahulau who set snare and birdlime on the haha 30 cf also resume of Palmer s diary 31 Pratt 4 citing Henshaw 1902 15 Henshaw writes that a year after his own sighting a native catcher reported hearing the bird s call but nevertheless did not lead to capture thus dating the extinction to 1899 W H Henshaw correspondence to Rothschild dated 9 October 1899 concerning the mamo sighting in July the year before printed in Rothschild 1900 pp 161 162 Flannery Tim Fridtjof 2001 A Gap in Nature Discovering the World s Extinct Animals Illustrated by Peter Schouten Atlantic Monthly Press p 88 ISBN 9780871137975 BibliographyEmerson N B 1894 Ancient Bird Hunters Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1895 Honolulu Thomas G Thrum pp 101 111 Gon Samuel M ʻOhukaniʻōhiʻa III 2008 Revised List of the Hawaiian Names of Plants Native and Introduced with brief descriptions and notes as to medicinal or other valuesRothschild Walter 1893 1900 The Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighbouring Islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possessions PDF London R H Porter also copy biodiversitylibrary orgExternal links edit Naturalis nl 3D view of Drepanis pacifica specimen RMNH 110 030 requires QuickTime browser plugin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hawaii mamo amp oldid 1213842212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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