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Haush

January 01, 1970

The Haush or Manek'enk were an indigenous people who lived on the Mitre Peninsula of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. They were related culturally and linguistically to the Selk'nam (also known as Ona) people who also lived on the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, and to the Tehuelche people of southern mainland Patagonia.

Haush
Manek'enk
Map showing the location of the Haush in the Southern Patagonia
Regions with significant populations
Argentina
Languages
Haush
Religion
Traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Selk'nam, Tehuelche, Teushen
1917 map of Tierra del Fuego showing some Selk'nam, Yahgan, and Haush settlement sites

Name edit

Haush was the name given them by the Selk'nam people, while the Yahgan (also known as Yámana) people called them Italum Ona, meaning Eastern Ona.[1] Several authors state that their name for themselves was Manek'enk or Manek'enkn.[2][3] Martin Gusinde reported, however, that in the Haush language Manek'enkn simply meant people in general.[4] Furlong notes that Haush has no meaning in the Selk'nam language, while haush means kelp in the Yahgan language. Since the Selk'nam probably met the Yahgan people primarily in Haush territory, Furlong speculates that the Selk'nam borrowed haush as the name of the people from the Yahgan language.[5]

Origins edit

Most authors believe that the Haush were the first people to occupy Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. The Haush are related to the Selk'nam and Tehuelche, and the three groups are presumed to have developed from a predecessor group in mainland Patagonia. The three groups were hunters, particularly of guanacos, and do not have any history of using watercraft.[3][6]

As the Haush and Selk'nam did not use watercraft, the Straits of Magellan would have been a formidable barrier to reaching the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego.[a] The Selk'nam had a tradition that a land bridge had once connected the island to the mainland, but later collapsed. Lothrop dismissed that as geologically implausible. Furlong suggested that canoe Indians (Yahgan or Kawésqar (Alacalufe) people) carried the Haush and Selk'nam across the Straits.[8][5]

Territory edit

The Haush may have occupied all of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego several thousand years ago, before the Selk'nam reached the island. Many place names in what was Selk'nam territory in historical times are identified as Haush. After crossing over from the mainland, the Selk'nam are presumed to have killed or absorbed most of the Haush, and pushed the remnants into the Mitre Peninsula.[3][5][6][9]

The Haush territory was split into two sub-areas. The northern sub-area, adjacent to Selk'nam territory, extended along the east coast of the island from Cape San Pablo to Caleta Falsa on Polycarpo Bay. The southern sub-area extended from Caleta Falsa around the eastern end of the Mitre Peninsula to Sloggett Bay. The northern sub-area has more favorable conditions for habitation. The southern sub-area, which is now virtually uninhabited, has harsher conditions, being colder and having more rain, fog and wind than the northern sub-area.[10] Furlong states that the Haush territory was from Cape San Pablo to Good Success Bay, with only an occasional trip as far west as Sloggett Bay, and that their principal settlements were at Cape San Pablo, Polycarpo Cove, False Cove, Thetis Bay, Cape San Diego and Good Success Bay.[11]

The Haush were patrilineal and patrilocal. They were divided into at least ten family units, each possessing a strip of land running from inland hunting grounds to the seashore. Nuclear families (five or six people) would migrate individually through their extended family's territory, occasionally joining up with other nuclear families. Groups from several territories would gather for rites, exchanging gifts, and exploiting stranded whales.[6][11]

Culture edit

The Haush were hunter-gatherers. The Haush obtained a large part of their food from marine sources. Analysis of bones from burial sites on Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego indicate that the pre-European contact Selk'nam obtained most of the meat they ate from guanacos and other land animals, while the pre-European contact Haush, like the Yahgan, obtained the majority of the meat they ate from marine sources, including seals and sea lions.[12] As guanacos were relatively scarce in Haush territory, they probably traded with the Selk'nam for guanaco skins.[13]

They shared many customs with their neighbors the Selk'nam, such as using small bows and stone-tipped arrows, using animal skins (from guanacos, as did the Selk'nam, but also from seals) for the few items of clothing they used (capes, foot coverings and, for the women, small "figleafs"), and an initiation ritual for male youth.[14] Their languages, part of the Chonan family, were similar, although mutually intelligible "only with difficulty".[15]

European contact edit

At the time of European encounter and settlement, the Haush inhabited the far eastern tip of the island on Mitre Peninsula. Land to their west, still in the northeast of Tierra del Fuego, was occupied by the Selk'nam, a related linguistic and cultural group, but distinct.[16]

The first contact between the Haush and Europeans occurred in 1619, when the Garcia de Nodal expedition reached the eastern end of the Mitre Peninsula, in a bay that the expedition named Bahia Buen Suceso (Good Success Bay). There they encountered fifteen Haush men, who helped the Spaniards secure water and wood for their ships. The Spaniards reported seeing fifty huts in the Haush camp, by far the largest gathering of Haush ever reported.[17]

A Jesuit priest on a ship that visited Good Success Bay in 1711 described the Haush as "quite docile". The first expedition led by James Cook encountered the Haush in 1769. Captain Cook wrote that the Haush "are perhaps as miserable a set of people as are this day upon earth."[18] HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin aboard, visited Tierra del Fuego in 1832. Darwin noted the resemblance of the Haush to the "Patagonians" he had seen earlier in the voyage, and stated they were very different from the "stunted, miserable wretches further westward", apparently referring to the Yahgan.[19][18]

The Haush population declined after European contact. In 1915, Furlong estimated that about twenty families, or 100 Haush, were left early in the 19th century,[13] but later estimated that 200 to 300 Haush remained in 1836. By 1891, only 100 were estimated to be left, and by 1912, fewer than ten.[20]

Salesian missionaries ministered to the Manek'enk, and produced texts that document their culture and language. Father José María Beauvoir prepared a vocabulary. Lucas Bridges, an Anglo-Argentine born in the region, whose father had been an Anglican missionary in Tierra del Fuego, compiled a dictionary of the Haush language.[21]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Furlong states that the Haush were not "a canoe people, though there seems to be some evidence that during the quieter season of the year some of them used canoes."[7] Lothrop reported that the Haush "had never used a boat."[8]

References edit

  1. ^ Lothrop (2002), p. 24.
  2. ^ Cooper (1915), p. 447.
  3. ^ a b c Lothrop (2002), p. 106.
  4. ^ Chapman & Hester (1973), p. 186.
  5. ^ a b c Furlong (1915), p. 434.
  6. ^ a b c Chapman & Hester (1973), p. 188.
  7. ^ Furlong (1917), p. 181.
  8. ^ a b Lothrop (2002), p. 201.
  9. ^ Chapman (2010), p. xix.
  10. ^ Chapman & Hester (1973), pp. 191–192.
  11. ^ a b Furlong (1917), p. 182.
  12. ^ Yesner et al. (2003), pp. 279–291.
  13. ^ a b Furlong (1915), p. 435.
  14. ^ Lothrop (2002), p. 109.
  15. ^ Lothrop (2002), p. 49.
  16. ^ Furlong (1915), pp. 432–444, 446–447.
  17. ^ Chapman (2010), pp. 22–23.
  18. ^ a b Chapman (1982), p. 10.
  19. ^ Darwin (1913), Chapter X.
  20. ^ Furlong (1917), p. 175.
  21. ^ Cooper (1915), p. 446.

Sources edit

  • Chapman, Anne; Hester, Thomas R. (1973). "New data on the archaeology of the Haush, Tierra del Fuego". Journal de la société des américanistes. 62 (1): 185–208. doi:10.3406/jsa.1973.2088.
  • Chapman, Anne (1982). Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selk'nam of Tierra Del Fuego. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-23884-7.
  • Chapman, Anne (2010). European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn, Before and After Darwin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51379-1.
  • Cooper, John M. (December 1915). "Fuegian and Chonoan Tribal Relations". Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: 446–447. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  • Darwin, Charles (1913) [1845]. Journal of Researches (The Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle) (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. Chapter X. Tierra del Fuego – via Project Gutenberg.
  • Furlong, Charles Wellington (March 1917). "Tribal Distribution and Settlements of the Fuegians, Comprising Nomenclature, Etymology, Philology, and Populations". Geographical Review. 3 (3): 169–187. doi:10.2307/207659. JSTOR 207659.
  • Furlong, Charles Wellington (December 1915). "The Haush And Ona, Primitive Tribes Of Tierra Del Fuego". Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  • Lothrop, Samuel Kirkland (2002) [1928]. The Indians of Tierra del Fuego. Patagonia inedita. Vol. 20 (Reprint ed.). Ushuaia: Zagier & Urruty. ISBN 1-879568-92-6.
  • Yesner, David R.; Torres, Maria Jose Figuerero; Guichon, Ricardo A.; Borrero, Luis A. (2003). "Stable isotope analysis of human bone and ethnohistoric subsistence patterns in Tierra del Fuego". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 22 (3): 279–291. doi:10.1016/S0278-4165(03)00040-0. hdl:11336/34251.

January 01, 1970
haush, manek, were, indigenous, people, lived, mitre, peninsula, isla, grande, tierra, fuego, they, were, related, culturally, linguistically, selk, also, known, people, also, lived, isla, grande, tierra, fuego, tehuelche, people, southern, mainland, patagonia. The Haush or Manek enk were an indigenous people who lived on the Mitre Peninsula of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego They were related culturally and linguistically to the Selk nam also known as Ona people who also lived on the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and to the Tehuelche people of southern mainland Patagonia HaushManek enkMap showing the location of the Haush in the Southern PatagoniaRegions with significant populationsArgentinaLanguagesHaushReligionTraditional tribal religionRelated ethnic groupsSelk nam Tehuelche Teushen 1917 map of Tierra del Fuego showing some Selk nam Yahgan and Haush settlement sites Contents 1 Name 2 Origins 3 Territory 4 Culture 5 European contact 6 Notes 7 References 8 SourcesName editHaush was the name given them by the Selk nam people while the Yahgan also known as Yamana people called them Italum Ona meaning Eastern Ona 1 Several authors state that their name for themselves was Manek enk or Manek enkn 2 3 Martin Gusinde reported however that in the Haush language Manek enkn simply meant people in general 4 Furlong notes that Haush has no meaning in the Selk nam language while haush means kelp in the Yahgan language Since the Selk nam probably met the Yahgan people primarily in Haush territory Furlong speculates that the Selk nam borrowed haush as the name of the people from the Yahgan language 5 Origins editMost authors believe that the Haush were the first people to occupy Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego The Haush are related to the Selk nam and Tehuelche and the three groups are presumed to have developed from a predecessor group in mainland Patagonia The three groups were hunters particularly of guanacos and do not have any history of using watercraft 3 6 As the Haush and Selk nam did not use watercraft the Straits of Magellan would have been a formidable barrier to reaching the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego a The Selk nam had a tradition that a land bridge had once connected the island to the mainland but later collapsed Lothrop dismissed that as geologically implausible Furlong suggested that canoe Indians Yahgan or Kawesqar Alacalufe people carried the Haush and Selk nam across the Straits 8 5 Territory editThe Haush may have occupied all of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego several thousand years ago before the Selk nam reached the island Many place names in what was Selk nam territory in historical times are identified as Haush After crossing over from the mainland the Selk nam are presumed to have killed or absorbed most of the Haush and pushed the remnants into the Mitre Peninsula 3 5 6 9 The Haush territory was split into two sub areas The northern sub area adjacent to Selk nam territory extended along the east coast of the island from Cape San Pablo to Caleta Falsa on Polycarpo Bay The southern sub area extended from Caleta Falsa around the eastern end of the Mitre Peninsula to Sloggett Bay The northern sub area has more favorable conditions for habitation The southern sub area which is now virtually uninhabited has harsher conditions being colder and having more rain fog and wind than the northern sub area 10 Furlong states that the Haush territory was from Cape San Pablo to Good Success Bay with only an occasional trip as far west as Sloggett Bay and that their principal settlements were at Cape San Pablo Polycarpo Cove False Cove Thetis Bay Cape San Diego and Good Success Bay 11 The Haush were patrilineal and patrilocal They were divided into at least ten family units each possessing a strip of land running from inland hunting grounds to the seashore Nuclear families five or six people would migrate individually through their extended family s territory occasionally joining up with other nuclear families Groups from several territories would gather for rites exchanging gifts and exploiting stranded whales 6 11 Culture editThe Haush were hunter gatherers The Haush obtained a large part of their food from marine sources Analysis of bones from burial sites on Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego indicate that the pre European contact Selk nam obtained most of the meat they ate from guanacos and other land animals while the pre European contact Haush like the Yahgan obtained the majority of the meat they ate from marine sources including seals and sea lions 12 As guanacos were relatively scarce in Haush territory they probably traded with the Selk nam for guanaco skins 13 They shared many customs with their neighbors the Selk nam such as using small bows and stone tipped arrows using animal skins from guanacos as did the Selk nam but also from seals for the few items of clothing they used capes foot coverings and for the women small figleafs and an initiation ritual for male youth 14 Their languages part of the Chonan family were similar although mutually intelligible only with difficulty 15 European contact editAt the time of European encounter and settlement the Haush inhabited the far eastern tip of the island on Mitre Peninsula Land to their west still in the northeast of Tierra del Fuego was occupied by the Selk nam a related linguistic and cultural group but distinct 16 The first contact between the Haush and Europeans occurred in 1619 when the Garcia de Nodal expedition reached the eastern end of the Mitre Peninsula in a bay that the expedition named Bahia Buen Suceso Good Success Bay There they encountered fifteen Haush men who helped the Spaniards secure water and wood for their ships The Spaniards reported seeing fifty huts in the Haush camp by far the largest gathering of Haush ever reported 17 A Jesuit priest on a ship that visited Good Success Bay in 1711 described the Haush as quite docile The first expedition led by James Cook encountered the Haush in 1769 Captain Cook wrote that the Haush are perhaps as miserable a set of people as are this day upon earth 18 HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin aboard visited Tierra del Fuego in 1832 Darwin noted the resemblance of the Haush to the Patagonians he had seen earlier in the voyage and stated they were very different from the stunted miserable wretches further westward apparently referring to the Yahgan 19 18 The Haush population declined after European contact In 1915 Furlong estimated that about twenty families or 100 Haush were left early in the 19th century 13 but later estimated that 200 to 300 Haush remained in 1836 By 1891 only 100 were estimated to be left and by 1912 fewer than ten 20 Salesian missionaries ministered to the Manek enk and produced texts that document their culture and language Father Jose Maria Beauvoir prepared a vocabulary Lucas Bridges an Anglo Argentine born in the region whose father had been an Anglican missionary in Tierra del Fuego compiled a dictionary of the Haush language 21 Notes edit Furlong states that the Haush were not a canoe people though there seems to be some evidence that during the quieter season of the year some of them used canoes 7 Lothrop reported that the Haush had never used a boat 8 References edit Lothrop 2002 p 24 Cooper 1915 p 447 a b c Lothrop 2002 p 106 Chapman amp Hester 1973 p 186 a b c Furlong 1915 p 434 a b c Chapman amp Hester 1973 p 188 Furlong 1917 p 181 a b Lothrop 2002 p 201 Chapman 2010 p xix Chapman amp Hester 1973 pp 191 192 a b Furlong 1917 p 182 Yesner et al 2003 pp 279 291 a b Furlong 1915 p 435 Lothrop 2002 p 109 Lothrop 2002 p 49 Furlong 1915 pp 432 444 446 447 Chapman 2010 pp 22 23 a b Chapman 1982 p 10 Darwin 1913 Chapter X Furlong 1917 p 175 Cooper 1915 p 446 Sources editChapman Anne Hester Thomas R 1973 New data on the archaeology of the Haush Tierra del Fuego Journal de la societe des americanistes 62 1 185 208 doi 10 3406 jsa 1973 2088 Chapman Anne 1982 Drama and Power in a Hunting Society The Selk nam of Tierra Del Fuego CUP Archive ISBN 978 0 521 23884 7 Chapman Anne 2010 European Encounters with the Yamana People of Cape Horn Before and After Darwin Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 51379 1 Cooper John M December 1915 Fuegian and Chonoan Tribal Relations Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists 446 447 Retrieved November 12 2020 Darwin Charles 1913 1845 Journal of Researches The Voyage of H M S Beagle 2nd ed London John Murray Chapter X Tierra del Fuego via Project Gutenberg Furlong Charles Wellington March 1917 Tribal Distribution and Settlements of the Fuegians Comprising Nomenclature Etymology Philology and Populations Geographical Review 3 3 169 187 doi 10 2307 207659 JSTOR 207659 Furlong Charles Wellington December 1915 The Haush And Ona Primitive Tribes Of Tierra Del Fuego Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists Retrieved 2009 08 16 Lothrop Samuel Kirkland 2002 1928 The Indians of Tierra del Fuego Patagonia inedita Vol 20 Reprint ed Ushuaia Zagier amp Urruty ISBN 1 879568 92 6 Yesner David R Torres Maria Jose Figuerero Guichon Ricardo A Borrero Luis A 2003 Stable isotope analysis of human bone and ethnohistoric subsistence patterns in Tierra del Fuego Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22 3 279 291 doi 10 1016 S0278 4165 03 00040 0 hdl 11336 34251 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haush amp oldid 1210021877, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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