Haro 11 (H11) is a small galaxy at a distance of 300,000,000 light-years (92,000,000 parsecs)(redshift z=0.020598).[1] It is situated in the southern constellation of Sculptor. Visually, it appears to be an irregular galaxy, as the ESO image to the right shows. H11 is named after Guillermo Haro, a Mexican astronomer who first included it in a study published in 1956 about blue galaxies.[2] H11 is a starburst galaxy that has 'super star clusters' within it and is one of nine galaxies in the local universe known to emit Lyman continuum photons (LyC).[3][4][5][6][7]
The Schmidt Camera at the Tonantzintla Observatory.
Guillermo Haro first described H11 in a study published in 1956 listing 44 galaxies that were blue.[2] The observations had been carried out at the Tonantzintla Observatory in Mexico using the Schmidt Camera. Since then, The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) gives 123 citations for H11.[1] The first study showing the possible escape of Lyman continuum photons was published in 2006, using data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE).[5] The study's aim was to select "an extreme starburst dwarf, the Blue Compact Galaxy Haro 11, with the aim of determining the Lyman continuum escape fraction from UV spectroscopy."[5]
The image in the information box above right was made combining data from ESO's Very Large Telescope and the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.[8] A team of astronomers at Stockholm University, Sweden, and the Geneva Observatory, Switzerland, identified 200 separate clusters of very young, massive stars, many of which are less than 10 million years old.[8] The observations have led the astronomers to conclude that H11 is most likely the result of a merger between a galaxy that is rich in stars and a younger, gas-rich galaxy.[8]
Lyman Continuum Photonsedit
Haro 11 is one of nine galaxies in the local universe that have been identified as leaking Lyman Continuum photons.[3][6][9][10][7]
LyC leakage is crucial to the process known as Reionization which is theorised to have occurred between redshift z=11 and z=7, that is to say within the first 10% of the age of the Universe.[11] Reionization, or The Epoch of Reionization (EofR), is the period during which the gas in the early Universe went from being almost completely neutral to a state in which it became almost completely ionized.[12] The EofR is intimately linked to many fundamental questions in cosmology, structure formation and evolution.[12]
The Kinematics of Haro 11edit
In November 2015, a study was published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics by Göran Östlin et al. which examined the kinematics of H11 using observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, Paranal, Chile.[13] The study also compared H11 to The Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038), a pair of interacting galaxies. The abstract states: "In this work, we investigate the kinematics of stars and ionised gas in Haro 11, one of the most luminous blue compact galaxies in the local Universe."[13] Further on, the abstract states: "Hence the complexities reveal real dynamical disturbances providing further evidence for a merger in Haro 11."[13] The abstract finishes with: "Haro 11 shows many resemblances with the famous Antennae galaxies both morphologically and kinematically, but it is much denser, which is the likely explanation for the higher star formation efficiency in Haro 11."[13]
Further Studiesedit
A picture of Haro 11 taken in 2002 by Daniel Kunth and team with the HST ACS as part of program 9470.
In September 2003, as a result of Program 9470, Daniel Kunth and team published the first images of Haro 11 using the then newly installed ACS on the HST (specifically the Solar Blind Channel) in a study titled: "The First Deep Advanced Camera for Surveys Lyalpha Images of Local Starburst Galaxies".[14][15] The abstract for Kunth et al. states: "The ACS imaging reveals a complex Lyalpha morphology, with sometimes strong offsets between the emission of Lyalpha and the location of stellar light, ionized gas traced by Halpha, and the neutral gas. Overall, more Lyalpha photons escape from the more metal- and dust-rich galaxy ESO 350-IG038 [Haro 11]."[15]
^A. Adamo; G. Östlin; E. Zackrisson; M. Hayes; et al. (2010). "Super star clusters in Haro 11: properties of a very young starburst and evidence for a near-infrared flux excess". MNRAS. 407 (2): 870–890. arXiv:1005.1658. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.407..870A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16983.x. S2CID 118543125.
^ abcN. Bergvall; E. Zackrisson; B.-G. Andersson; J. Masegosa; et al. (2006). "First detection of Lyman continuum escape from a local starburst galaxy. I. Observations of the luminous blue compact galaxy Haro 11 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 448 (2): 513–524. arXiv:astro-ph/0601608. Bibcode:2006A&A...448..513B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053788. S2CID 16069221.
^ abE. Leitet; N. Bergvall; N. Piskunov; B.-G. Andersson (2011). "Reducing low signal-to-noise FUSE spectra: confirmation of Lyman continuum escape from Haro 11". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 532: A107. arXiv:1106.1178. Bibcode:2011A&A...532A.107L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015654. S2CID 118375055.
^ abY. I. Izotov; D. Schaerer; T. X. Thuan; G. Worseck; N. G. Guseva; I. Orlitova; A. Verhamme (October 2016). "Detection of high Lyman continuum leakage from four low-redshift compact star-forming galaxies". MNRAS. 461 (4): 3683–3701. arXiv:1605.05160. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.461.3683I. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1205. S2CID 118864897.
^ abc"Frenzied Star Birth in Haro 11". The European Southern Observatory. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^E. Leitet; N. Bergvall; M. Hayes; S. Linné; et al. (27 February 2013). "Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies. Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247-232". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 553: A106. arXiv:1302.6971. Bibcode:2013A&A...553A.106L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118370. S2CID 118476876.
^K. Nakajima & M. Ouchi (2014). "Ionization state of inter-stellar medium in galaxies: evolution, SFR-M*-Z dependence, and ionizing photon escape". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (1): 900–916. arXiv:1309.0207. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442..900N. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu902. S2CID 118617426.
^ ab. Astron. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ abcdG. Östlin; T. Marquart; R. Cumming; K. Fathi; N. Bergvall; A. Adamo; P. Amram; M. Hayes (September 2015). "Kinematics of Haro 11: The miniature Antennae". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 583 (id.A55): A55. arXiv:1508.00541. Bibcode:2015A&A...583A..55O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323233. S2CID 58927070.
^Daniel Kunth (September 2002). "Deep Lyman alpha images of starburst galaxies HST Proposal 9470". STSCI. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
^ abD. Kunth, C. Leitherer, J.M. Mas-Hesse, G. Östlin, A. Petrosian; Leitherer; Mas‐Hesse; Östlin; Petrosian (November 2003). "The First Deep Advanced Camera for Surveys Lyalpha Images of Local Starburst Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 597 (1): 263–268. arXiv:astro-ph/0307555. Bibcode:2003ApJ...597..263K. doi:10.1086/378396. S2CID 119978181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External linksedit
Simulation of the Reionization of the Universe – A video link to YouTube
January 01, 1970
haro, small, galaxy, distance, light, years, parsecs, redshift, 020598, situated, southern, constellation, sculptor, visually, appears, irregular, galaxy, image, right, shows, named, after, guillermo, haro, mexican, astronomer, first, included, study, publishe. Haro 11 H11 is a small galaxy at a distance of 300 000 000 light years 92 000 000 parsecs redshift z 0 020598 1 It is situated in the southern constellation of Sculptor Visually it appears to be an irregular galaxy as the ESO image to the right shows H11 is named after Guillermo Haro a Mexican astronomer who first included it in a study published in 1956 about blue galaxies 2 H11 is a starburst galaxy that has super star clusters within it and is one of nine galaxies in the local universe known to emit Lyman continuum photons LyC 3 4 5 6 7 Haro 11Starburst Galaxy Haro 11 ESO Observation data J2000 epoch ConstellationSculptorRight ascension00h 36m 52 7s 1 Declination 33 33 17 2 Redshift0 020598Distance300 million lyCharacteristicsTypeStarburst galaxyNotable featuresLyman continuum LeakerOther designationsESO 350 IG 038 PGC 002204 AM 0034 334 et al 1 Contents 1 Background 2 Lyman Continuum Photons 3 The Kinematics of Haro 11 4 Further Studies 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksBackground edit nbsp The Schmidt Camera at the Tonantzintla Observatory Guillermo Haro first described H11 in a study published in 1956 listing 44 galaxies that were blue 2 The observations had been carried out at the Tonantzintla Observatory in Mexico using the Schmidt Camera Since then The NASA IPAC Extragalactic Database NED gives 123 citations for H11 1 The first study showing the possible escape of Lyman continuum photons was published in 2006 using data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer FUSE 5 The study s aim was to select an extreme starburst dwarf the Blue Compact Galaxy Haro 11 with the aim of determining the Lyman continuum escape fraction from UV spectroscopy 5 The image in the information box above right was made combining data from ESO s Very Large Telescope and the NASA ESA Hubble Space Telescope 8 A team of astronomers at Stockholm University Sweden and the Geneva Observatory Switzerland identified 200 separate clusters of very young massive stars many of which are less than 10 million years old 8 The observations have led the astronomers to conclude that H11 is most likely the result of a merger between a galaxy that is rich in stars and a younger gas rich galaxy 8 Lyman Continuum Photons editHaro 11 is one of nine galaxies in the local universe that have been identified as leaking Lyman Continuum photons 3 6 9 10 7 LyC leakage is crucial to the process known as Reionization which is theorised to have occurred between redshift z 11 and z 7 that is to say within the first 10 of the age of the Universe 11 Reionization or The Epoch of Reionization EofR is the period during which the gas in the early Universe went from being almost completely neutral to a state in which it became almost completely ionized 12 The EofR is intimately linked to many fundamental questions in cosmology structure formation and evolution 12 The Kinematics of Haro 11 editIn November 2015 a study was published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics by Goran Ostlin et al which examined the kinematics of H11 using observations collected at the European Southern Observatory Paranal Chile 13 The study also compared H11 to The Antennae Galaxies NGC 4038 a pair of interacting galaxies The abstract states In this work we investigate the kinematics of stars and ionised gas in Haro 11 one of the most luminous blue compact galaxies in the local Universe 13 Further on the abstract states Hence the complexities reveal real dynamical disturbances providing further evidence for a merger in Haro 11 13 The abstract finishes with Haro 11 shows many resemblances with the famous Antennae galaxies both morphologically and kinematically but it is much denser which is the likely explanation for the higher star formation efficiency in Haro 11 13 Further Studies edit nbsp A picture of Haro 11 taken in 2002 by Daniel Kunth and team with the HST ACS as part of program 9470 In September 2003 as a result of Program 9470 Daniel Kunth and team published the first images of Haro 11 using the then newly installed ACS on the HST specifically the Solar Blind Channel in a study titled The First Deep Advanced Camera for Surveys Lyalpha Images of Local Starburst Galaxies 14 15 The abstract for Kunth et al states The ACS imaging reveals a complex Lyalpha morphology with sometimes strong offsets between the emission of Lyalpha and the location of stellar light ionized gas traced by Halpha and the neutral gas Overall more Lyalpha photons escape from the more metal and dust rich galaxy ESO 350 IG038 Haro 11 15 See also editLyman series Lyman alpha forest Pea galaxy Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization PAPER Tololo 1247 232References edit a b c d The NASA IPEC Extragalactic Database Retrieved 7 March 2015 a b G Haro 1956 Preliminary note on blue galaxies with nuclear emission Astronomical Journal 1 178 Bibcode 1956AJ 61R 178H doi 10 1086 107409 a b Dawn Erb 2016 Cosmology Photons from dwarf galaxy zap hydrogen Nature 529 7585 159 160 Bibcode 2016Natur 529 159E doi 10 1038 529159a PMID 26762452 A Adamo G Ostlin E Zackrisson M Hayes et al 2010 Super star clusters in Haro 11 properties of a very young starburst and evidence for a near infrared flux excess MNRAS 407 2 870 890 arXiv 1005 1658 Bibcode 2010MNRAS 407 870A doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2010 16983 x S2CID 118543125 a b c N Bergvall E Zackrisson B G Andersson J Masegosa et al 2006 First detection of Lyman continuum escape from a local starburst galaxy I Observations of the luminous blue compact galaxy Haro 11 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer FUSE Astronomy and Astrophysics 448 2 513 524 arXiv astro ph 0601608 Bibcode 2006A amp A 448 513B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20053788 S2CID 16069221 a b E Leitet N Bergvall N Piskunov B G Andersson 2011 Reducing low signal to noise FUSE spectra confirmation of Lyman continuum escape from Haro 11 Astronomy amp Astrophysics 532 A107 arXiv 1106 1178 Bibcode 2011A amp A 532A 107L doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201015654 S2CID 118375055 a b Y I Izotov D Schaerer T X Thuan G Worseck N G Guseva I Orlitova A Verhamme October 2016 Detection of high Lyman continuum leakage from four low redshift compact star forming galaxies MNRAS 461 4 3683 3701 arXiv 1605 05160 Bibcode 2016MNRAS 461 3683I doi 10 1093 mnras stw1205 S2CID 118864897 a b c Frenzied Star Birth in Haro 11 The European Southern Observatory 9 August 2010 Retrieved 1 March 2015 E Leitet N Bergvall M Hayes S Linne et al 27 February 2013 Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies Detection of leakage from the young starburst Tol 1247 232 Astronomy amp Astrophysics 553 A106 arXiv 1302 6971 Bibcode 2013A amp A 553A 106L doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201118370 S2CID 118476876 K Nakajima amp M Ouchi 2014 Ionization state of inter stellar medium in galaxies evolution SFR M Z dependence and ionizing photon escape Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 442 1 900 916 arXiv 1309 0207 Bibcode 2014MNRAS 442 900N doi 10 1093 mnras stu902 S2CID 118617426 D N Spergel Bean Dore Nolta Bennett Dunkley Hinshaw Jarosik Komatsu Page Peiris Verde Halpern Hill Kogut Limon Meyer Odegard Tucker Weiland Wollack Wright et al 2007 Three Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP Observations Implications for Cosmology The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 170 2 377 408 arXiv astro ph 0603449 Bibcode 2007ApJS 170 377S doi 10 1086 513700 S2CID 1386346 a b The Epoch of Reionisation of the Universe Astron Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 Retrieved 1 March 2015 a b c d G Ostlin T Marquart R Cumming K Fathi N Bergvall A Adamo P Amram M Hayes September 2015 Kinematics of Haro 11 The miniature Antennae Astronomy amp Astrophysics 583 id A55 A55 arXiv 1508 00541 Bibcode 2015A amp A 583A 55O doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201323233 S2CID 58927070 Daniel Kunth September 2002 Deep Lyman alpha images of starburst galaxies HST Proposal 9470 STSCI Retrieved 17 March 2015 a b D Kunth C Leitherer J M Mas Hesse G Ostlin A Petrosian Leitherer Mas Hesse Ostlin Petrosian November 2003 The First Deep Advanced Camera for Surveys Lyalpha Images of Local Starburst Galaxies The Astrophysical Journal 597 1 263 268 arXiv astro ph 0307555 Bibcode 2003ApJ 597 263K doi 10 1086 378396 S2CID 119978181 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External links editSimulation of the Reionization of the Universe A video link to YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haro 11 amp oldid 1148211971, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
