Handwriting is the writing done with a writing instrument, such as a pen or pencil, in the hand. Handwriting includes both printing and cursive styles and is separate from formal calligraphy or typeface. Because each person's handwriting is unique and different, it can be used to verify a document's writer.[1] The deterioration of a person's handwriting is also a symptom or result of several different diseases. The inability to produce clear and coherent handwriting is also known as dysgraphia.
Each person has their own unique style of handwriting, whether it is everyday handwriting or their personal signature. Cultural environment and the characteristics of the written form of the first language that one learns to write are the primary influences on the development of one's own unique handwriting style.[2] Even identical twins who share appearance and genetics do not have the same handwriting
Characteristics of handwriting include:
the specific shape of letters, e.g. their roundness or sharpness
regular or irregular spacing between letters
the slope of the letters
the rhythmic repetition of the elements or arrhythmia
Developmental dysgraphia is very often accompanied by other learning and/or neurodevelopmental disorder [3] like ADHD. Similarly, people with ADD/ADHD have higher rates of dyslexia.[medical citation needed] It is unknown how many individuals with ADD/ADHD who also struggle with penmanship actually have undiagnosed specific learning disabilities like developmental dyslexia or developmental dysgraphia causing their handwriting difficulties.[medical citation needed]
Children with ADHD have been found to be more likely to have less legible handwriting, make more spelling errors, more insertions and/or deletions of letters and more corrections. In children with these difficulties, the letters tend to be larger with wide variability of letters, letter spacing, word spacing, and the alignment of letters on the baseline. Variability of handwriting increases with longer texts. Fluency of the movement is normal but children with ADHD were more likely to make slower movements during the handwriting task and hold the pen longer in the air between movements, especially when they had to write complex letters, implying that planning the movement may take longer. Children who have ADHD were more likely to have difficulty parameterising movements in a consistent way. This has been explained with motor skill impairment either due to lack of attention or lack of inhibition. To anticipate a change of direction between strokes, constant visual attention is essential. With inattention, changes will occur too late, resulting in higher letters and poor alignment of letters on the baseline. The influence of medication on the quality of handwriting is not clear.[4]
Graphology
Graphology is the pseudoscientific[5][6][7] study and analysis of handwriting in relation to human psychology. Graphology is primarily used as a recruiting tool in the applicant screening process for predicting personality traits and job performance, despite research showing consistently null correlations for these uses.[8][9][10]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handwriting.
Signature – Handwritten mark made as a proof of identity and intent
References
^Huber, Roy A.; Headrick, A.M. (April 1999), , New York: CRC Press, p. 84, ISBN978-0-8493-1285-4, archived from the original on 2011-09-28, retrieved 2015-12-27
^Sargur Srihari, Chen Huang and Harish Srinivasan (March 2008). "On the Discriminability of the Handwriting of Twins". J Forensic Sci.; 53(2):430–46.
^Gargot, Thomas; Asselborn, Thibault; Pellerin, Hugues; Zammouri, Ingrid; Anzalone, Salvatore M.; Casteran, Laurence; Johal, Wafa; Dillenbourg, Pierre; Cohen, David; Jolly, Caroline (2020-09-11). "Acquisition of handwriting in children with and without dysgraphia: A computational approach". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): –0237575. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1537575G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237575. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC7485885. PMID 32915793.
^Kaiser, M.L.; Schoemaker, M.M.; Albaret, J.M.; Geuze, R.H. (January 2015). "What is the evidence of impaired motor skills and motor control among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Systematic review of the literature". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 36: 338–357. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.09.023. PMID 25462494.
^. Ask the Scientists. Scientific American Frontiers. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2008-02-22. "they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air. I.e., it's a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where 'like begets like.'"
^James, Barry (3 August 1993). "Graphology Is Serious Business in France : You Are What You Write?". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
^Goodwin, C. James (2010). Research in Psychology: Methods and Design. John Wiley & Sons. p. 36. ISBN978-0-470-52278-3.
^Roy N. King and Derek J. Koehler (2000), "Illusory Correlations in Graphological Inference", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6 (4): 336–348, CiteSeerX10.1.1.135.8305, doi:10.1037/1076-898X.6.4.336, PMID 11218342.
^Lockowandte, Oskar (1976), "Lockowandte, Oskar Present status of the investigation of handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method", Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology (6): 4–5.
^Nevo, B Scientific Aspects of Graphology: A Handbook Springfield, IL: Thomas: 1986
Further reading
Gaze, T. & Jacobson, M. (editors), (2013). An Anthology of Asemic Handwriting. Uitgeverij. ISBN978-9081709170
Giesbrecht, Josh (28 August 2015). "How The Ballpoint Pen Killed Cursive". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
Hofer, Philip, and John Howard Benson. 1953. The art of handwriting: a loan exhibition of writing books and manuscripts from the collections of Philip Hofer, Harvard University, and John Howard Benson. [Providence]: Rhode Island School of Design, Museum of Art.
Kaiser, M.-L.; Schoemaker, M.M.; Albaret, J.-M.; Geuze, R.H. (2015). "What is the evidence of impaired motor skills and motor control among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Systematic review of the literature". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 36: 338–357. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.09.023. PMID 25462494. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Thornton, Tamara Plakins (1998). Handwriting in America: A Cultural History. Yale University Press.
handwriting, handwritten, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, further, information, calligraphy, script, typeface, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, . Handwritten redirects here For other uses see Handwriting disambiguation Further information Calligraphy and Script typeface This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Handwriting news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Handwriting is the writing done with a writing instrument such as a pen or pencil in the hand Handwriting includes both printing and cursive styles and is separate from formal calligraphy or typeface Because each person s handwriting is unique and different it can be used to verify a document s writer 1 The deterioration of a person s handwriting is also a symptom or result of several different diseases The inability to produce clear and coherent handwriting is also known as dysgraphia Various examples of different handwritings in different languages throughout history clockwise from top left Isaiah Scroll a breviary Voynich manuscript The Communist Manifesto Constitution of the United States Description of Greece Contents 1 Uniqueness 2 Medical conditions 3 Graphology 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingUniqueness EditEach person has their own unique style of handwriting whether it is everyday handwriting or their personal signature Cultural environment and the characteristics of the written form of the first language that one learns to write are the primary influences on the development of one s own unique handwriting style 2 Even identical twins who share appearance and genetics do not have the same handwritingCharacteristics of handwriting include the specific shape of letters e g their roundness or sharpness regular or irregular spacing between letters the slope of the letters the rhythmic repetition of the elements or arrhythmia the pressure to the paper the average size of letters the thickness of lettersMedical conditions EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Handwriting news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Dyslexia and Dysgraphia Classification Developmental dysgraphia is very often accompanied by other learning and or neurodevelopmental disorder 3 like ADHD Similarly people with ADD ADHD have higher rates of dyslexia medical citation needed It is unknown how many individuals with ADD ADHD who also struggle with penmanship actually have undiagnosed specific learning disabilities like developmental dyslexia or developmental dysgraphia causing their handwriting difficulties medical citation needed Children with ADHD have been found to be more likely to have less legible handwriting make more spelling errors more insertions and or deletions of letters and more corrections In children with these difficulties the letters tend to be larger with wide variability of letters letter spacing word spacing and the alignment of letters on the baseline Variability of handwriting increases with longer texts Fluency of the movement is normal but children with ADHD were more likely to make slower movements during the handwriting task and hold the pen longer in the air between movements especially when they had to write complex letters implying that planning the movement may take longer Children who have ADHD were more likely to have difficulty parameterising movements in a consistent way This has been explained with motor skill impairment either due to lack of attention or lack of inhibition To anticipate a change of direction between strokes constant visual attention is essential With inattention changes will occur too late resulting in higher letters and poor alignment of letters on the baseline The influence of medication on the quality of handwriting is not clear 4 Graphology EditGraphology is the pseudoscientific 5 6 7 study and analysis of handwriting in relation to human psychology Graphology is primarily used as a recruiting tool in the applicant screening process for predicting personality traits and job performance despite research showing consistently null correlations for these uses 8 9 10 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handwriting Writing portalAsemic writing Wordless open semantic form of writing Bastarda Blackletter script used in France and Germany Blackletter Historic European script and typeface Block letters Style of writing Latin script Book hand Legible handwriting style Calligraphy Visual art related to writing Chancery hand Any of several styles of historic handwriting Court hand Style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts Cursive Style of penmanship in which characters are written joined together in a flowing manner Hand writing style Visual art related to writingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Handwriting movement analysis Analysis of handwriting and drawing History of writing Creation and development of permanent physical records of language Italic script Semi cursive slightly sloped style of handwriting and calligraphy developed in Italy Manuscript Document written by hand Palaeography Study of historic handwriting Penmanship Technique of writing with the hand Ronde script calligraphy Rotunda script Medieval blackletter script Round hand Type of handwriting Secretary hand Style of European handwriting Shakespeare s handwriting Analysis of the playwright s hand Signature Handwritten mark made as a proof of identity and intentReferences Edit Huber Roy A Headrick A M April 1999 Handwriting Identification Facts and Fundamentals New York CRC Press p 84 ISBN 978 0 8493 1285 4 archived from the original on 2011 09 28 retrieved 2015 12 27 Sargur Srihari Chen Huang and Harish Srinivasan March 2008 On the Discriminability of the Handwriting of Twins J Forensic Sci 53 2 430 46 Gargot Thomas Asselborn Thibault Pellerin Hugues Zammouri Ingrid Anzalone Salvatore M Casteran Laurence Johal Wafa Dillenbourg Pierre Cohen David Jolly Caroline 2020 09 11 Acquisition of handwriting in children with and without dysgraphia A computational approach PLOS ONE 15 9 0237575 Bibcode 2020PLoSO 1537575G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0237575 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 7485885 PMID 32915793 Kaiser M L Schoemaker M M Albaret J M Geuze R H January 2015 What is the evidence of impaired motor skills and motor control among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD Systematic review of the literature Research in Developmental Disabilities 36 338 357 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2014 09 023 PMID 25462494 Barry Beyerstein Q amp A Ask the Scientists Scientific American Frontiers Archived from the original on 2007 02 20 Retrieved 2008 02 22 they simply interpret the way we form these various features on the page in much the same way ancient oracles interpreted the entrails of oxen or smoke in the air I e it s a kind of magical divination or fortune telling where like begets like James Barry 3 August 1993 Graphology Is Serious Business in France You Are What You Write The New York Times Retrieved 18 September 2010 Goodwin C James 2010 Research in Psychology Methods and Design John Wiley amp Sons p 36 ISBN 978 0 470 52278 3 Roy N King and Derek J Koehler 2000 Illusory Correlations in Graphological Inference Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied 6 4 336 348 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 135 8305 doi 10 1037 1076 898X 6 4 336 PMID 11218342 Lockowandte Oskar 1976 Lockowandte Oskar Present status of the investigation of handwriting psychology as a diagnostic method Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 6 4 5 Nevo B Scientific Aspects of Graphology A Handbook Springfield IL Thomas 1986Further reading EditGaze T amp Jacobson M editors 2013 An Anthology of Asemic Handwriting Uitgeverij ISBN 978 9081709170 Giesbrecht Josh 28 August 2015 How The Ballpoint Pen Killed Cursive The Atlantic Retrieved August 28 2015 Hofer Philip and John Howard Benson 1953 The art of handwriting a loan exhibition of writing books and manuscripts from the collections of Philip Hofer Harvard University and John Howard Benson Providence Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art Kaiser M L Schoemaker M M Albaret J M Geuze R H 2015 What is the evidence of impaired motor skills and motor control among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD Systematic review of the literature Research in Developmental Disabilities 36 338 357 doi 10 1016 j ridd 2014 09 023 PMID 25462494 Retrieved January 1 2015 Thornton Tamara Plakins 1998 Handwriting in America A Cultural History Yale University Press Renton Alexander Wood 1911 Handwriting Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed p 916 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Handwriting amp oldid 1137495142, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
