HMS Douglas
HMS Douglas was an Admiralty type flotilla leader (also known as the Scott-class) of the British Royal Navy. Built by Cammell Laird, Douglas commissioned in 1918, just before the end of the First World War. During the Second World War, Douglas served with Force H out of Gibraltar and as a convoy escort. She was sold for scrap in March 1945.
| History | |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS Douglas |
| Ordered | July 1916 |
| Builder | Cammell Laird |
| Laid down | 30 June 1917 |
| Launched | 20 February 1918 |
| Commissioned | 2 September 1918 |
| Out of service | Paid off into reserve, February 1945 |
| Fate | Sold for scrap on 20 March 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Admiralty type destroyer leader |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | 332 ft 6 in (101.35 m) |
| Beam | 31 ft 9 in (9.68 m) |
| Draught | 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) |
| Installed power | 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 36.5 kn (42.0 mph; 67.6 km/h) |
| Range | 5,000 nmi (5,800 mi; 9,300 km) at 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h) |
| Complement | 164-183 |
| Armament | |
Design and construction edit
In December 1916, the British Admiralty placed orders for two large flotilla leaders, HMS Bruce and Douglas from Cammell Laird as a follow on to the prototype of the class, HMS Scott, which had been ordered in April that year.[1] The ship was 320 feet 0 inches (97.54 m) long between perpendiculars and 332 feet 5 inches (101.32 m) overall,[2] with a beam of 31 feet 9 inches (9.68 m) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m).[1] Design displacement was 1,580 long tons (1,610 t) normal and 2,050 long tons (2,080 t) full load.[2] The ship's machinery consisted of four Yarrow boilers that fed steam at 250 pounds per square inch (1,700 kPa) to two sets of Parsons single-reduction geared-steam turbines, rated at 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW). This gave a design speed of 36.5 knots (67.6 km/h; 42.0 mph) light, which corresponded to about 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) at full load.[3]
Douglas' main gun armament consisted of five 4.7 in (120 mm)/45 calibre BL Mark I guns,[a] on CP VI mountings capable of elevating to 30 degrees.[4] These guns could fire a 50-pound (23 kg) shell to 15,800 yards (14,400 m) at a rate of 5–6 rounds per minute per gun.[5] 120 rounds per gun were carried.[2] Anti-aircraft armament consisted of a single 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun.[6] Torpedo armament consisted of six 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts.[4]
Douglas was laid down at Cammell Laird's Birkenhead shipyard on 30 June 1917, launched on 8 June 1918 and commissioned on 30 August 1918.[7][8][b]
Modifications edit
While Douglas had only limited modifications between the wars,[10] an early change during the Second World War was the replacement of the amidships 4.7-inch gun by two 2-pounder (40 mm) "pom-pom" autocannon, with the aft funnel shortened to improve the field of fire for the 3 inch anti-aircraft gun.[10][11] Three Oerlikon 20 mm cannon later supplemented the short-range anti-aircraft armament, while a further two Oerlikons finally replaced the 2-pounders.[3] Radar (Type 286, later replaced by Type 290 and Type 271) was fitted during the war,[3] as was HF/DF radio direction-finding gear.[12]
Conversion to a short-range escort involved removal of two more 4.7 inch guns and a bank of torpedo tubes, with the forward gun replaced by a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar, and the aft gun and tubes removed to allow a heavy depth charge armament of 70 charges.[13]
Service history edit
On commissioning Douglas joined the 6th Destroyer Flotilla, part of the Dover Patrol, as leader.[14] On 16 September 1918, Douglas' boats helped to pick up survivors from the monitor Glatton, which was scuttled in Dover harbour following a magazine fire and explosion. In October, Douglas was employed escorting monitors off the Belgian coast, taking part in the bombardment of Ostend on 17 October 1918 and rescuing survivors from M21 when the monitor was mined and sunk off Ostend on 20 October.[15] On 25 October that year Douglas transferred to the Grand Fleet, joining the 11th Destroyer Flotilla at Scapa Flow.[15][16][17]
By March 1919, Douglas had moved to the 7th Destroyer Flotilla,[18] but by May 1919, Douglas was in reserve at Rosyth.[19] On 18 March 1920, Douglas recommissioned as leader for the 4th Destroyer Flotilla of the Atlantic Fleet. On 2 December, she was damaged by a collision at Queenstown in the south of Ireland, and was under repair at Pembroke Dock until 26 January 1921.[15] Douglas reduced to reserve (with a reduced complement) on 26 June 1921,[15] and was still laid up at Rosyth at the end of 1921.[20] In March 1922, Douglas, still under reserve, moved to Devonport, and from June to November that year was employed testing cradles for new slipways at Pembroke, before returning to reserve at Devonport.[15]
Douglas was refitted at Sheerness dockyard in January to March 1928, and then commissioned as leader of the 1st Submarine Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet, based at Malta on 7 April 1928.[15][21] Douglas was again refitted at Sheerness from October 1933 to May 1934, where her boilers were retubed, before returning to the 1st Submarine Flotilla.[15] Douglas was refitted at Malta in August 1935, and in September that year, as a result of the Abyssinia Crisis, reinforcing the 1st Destroyer Flotilla.[22] In July 1936, following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the Royal Navy sent ships to Spanish harbours to evacuate British subjects, with Douglas being one of several ships sent to Barcelona.[23] Douglas returned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in September 1936,[22] and remained part of that flotilla in March 1939.[24] Douglas was refitted at Gibraltar from March to July 1939.[22]
Second World War edit
In September 1939, at the start of the Second World War, Douglas was a member of the 13th Destroyer Flotilla, based at Gibraltar, having joined the flotilla on 22 August.[22][25] On 24 October, Douglas, along with the leader Keppel and the destroyers Watchman and Vidette, set out to hunt the German submarine U-37, which had sunk three merchant ships. Douglas picked up the survivors from one of the ships, the Tafna. A Saro London flying boat from Gibraltar-based No. 202 Squadron RAF alighted in an attempt to rescue survivors, but was unable to take-off again, and was towed back to Gibraltar by Douglas as she returned the survivors to land.[26] On 21 January 1940, Douglas was escorting the Gibraltar bound convoy OG.15F off the coast of Portugal when she spotted a German submarine U-44 and attacked. U-44 sustained only minor damage.[27][10]
On 8 July 1940, Douglas sortied as part of the escort for Force H, which had left Gibraltar to act as a distraction while the British Mediterranean Fleet escorted two convoys between Malta and Alexandria. While the Mediterranean Fleet clashed briefly with Italian forces at the Battle of Calabria, Force H's movements caused Italian submarines, one of which sank the destroyer Escort, to be redeployed away from the convoy, and attracted heavy air attacks.[28] Later that month, Douglas returned to Britain, undergoing condenser repairs before joining to the Home Fleet, based at Scapa Flow, carrying out patrol duties, as well as escorting the fleet and minelaying operations.[22][29][30] On 2 November, Douglas rescued twelve survivors from the naval trawler Wardour, which had been sunk by a mine on 31 October.[31]
In February 1941, Douglas was transferred from the Home Fleet to Western Approaches Command, joining the 2nd Escort Group. On 28 April, Convoy HX 121 came under heavy U-boat attack, and the 2nd Escort Group, including Douglas, was detached from Convoy OB 314 to reinforce HX 121. On approaching the convoy, Douglas rescued 18 survivors from the tanker Capulet, which had been torpedoed by U-552, but failed in an attempt to sink Capulet's abandoned wreck with gunfire.[c] Douglas then depth-charged and sank the submarine U-65.[d] In all four ships were lost from HX 121, with one U-boat being sunk.[35][34][36] On 11 September, the 2nd Escort Group, led by Commander W. E. Banks aboard Douglas, left Convoy ON 13F to reinforce Convoy SC 42 under heavy attack off the east coast of Greenland from the U-boats of the wolfpack Markgraf, which had sunk 15 ships from the convoy already. Banks took charge of the convoy's defence, ordering the destroyers Leamington and Veteran to investigate a sighting by an aircraft of a submarine ahead of the Convoy, which resulted in the two destroyers sinking U-207, and managing to drive off several attacking U-boats over the next few days.[37][38]
On 15 January 1942, Douglas was part of the escort of Convoy ON 55 off Iceland in a severe storm (described as the worst seen in Iceland for 15 years), when the American destroyer Mayo, part of an American escort group attempting to relieve the 2nd Escort Group, collided with Douglas, badly damaging both ships, with one seaman lost from Douglas.[39][40][41] After temporary repair by the depot ship Hecla at Iceland and returning to the United Kingdom, it was decided to convert Douglas to a Short-Range Escort while she was under repair at Palmers in Jarrow. This involved reducing the ship's gun and torpedo armament to accommodate better anti-submarine weaponry.[22][30]
Douglas was under repair and refit until April 1942, joining the Home Fleet in May. Douglas formed part of the ill-fated Arctic Convoy Convoy PQ 17, but left the convoy to join Convoy QP-13, which was returning from the Soviet Union at the same time as PQ 17 was sailing to the Soviet Union, on 2 July 1942, before PQ 17 had come under serious attack.[42][30][43] The ship continued in escort operations, and in November 1942, rescued 29 survivors from the merchant ship Louise Moller, sunk by U-172 on 13 November south-east of Durban.[36][44] On 11 July 1943, Douglas, together with the destroyer HMCS Iroquois and the frigate Moyola, were escorting a convoy consisting of the troopships California and Duchess of York and the munitions ship Port Fairy, when the convoy was attacked by three Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condors of Kampfgeschwader 40 300 miles (480 km) off Vigo. Both California and Duchess of York were badly hit, with 46 killed aboard California and 27 aboard Duchess of York, and the blazing ships were sunk by the convoy's escorts early the next day after the survivors were rescued, in order to avoid the attentions of U-boats.[45][46][47][48][e]
On 31 October 1943, the naval trawler Imperialist depth-charged the German submarine U-732 west of Gibraltar, forcing the submarine to the surface, and scored several gun hits before U-732 managed to submerge, which resulted in Imperialist subjecting U-732 to another heavy depth-charging. After dark, U-732 attempted to escape on the surface but was spotted by an aircraft. On being spotted, the commanding officer of U-732 ordered that the submarine be scuttled, but before the submarine sank, Douglas attacked with 10 more depth charges. Eighteen of U-732's crew were rescued, eight by Douglas, with 31 killed. Imperialist and Douglas were jointly credited with the sinking of U-732.[49][50][51]
Douglas continued in use as a convoy escort until February 1945 when she was paid off into reserve. She was sold for scrap on 20 March 1945 to the British Iron & Steel Corporation (BISCO) who passed the ship on to TW Ward.[30]
Notes edit
- ^ In British practice, BL (Breech Loading) indicated that a separate, bagged charge was used.
- ^ Friedman states that Douglas was launched on 20 February 1918 and completed on 2 September 1918.[9]
- ^ The hulk of Capulet was sunk by U-201 on 2 May.[32]
- ^ The sinking of U-65 was originally attributed to the corvette Gladiolus in an attack on 29 April, but credit for the sinking was reassigned to Douglas following postwar research.[33][34]
- ^ [48] states that Duchess of York was scuttled by Douglas's torpedoes, while [46] states that the wrecks of both troopships were sunk by Douglas.
Citations edit
- ^ a b Gardiner and Gray 1985, p. 83.
- ^ a b c Friedman 2009, p. 298.
- ^ a b c Lenton 1970, p. 43.
- ^ a b Preston 1971, pp. 99, 101.
- ^ DiGiulian, Tony (25 May 2014). "Britain: 4.7"/45 (12 cm) BL Mark I, 4.7"/45 (12 cm) BL Mark II". navweapons.com. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ Gardiner and Gray 1985, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Preston 1971, p. 101.
- ^ Whitley 2002, p. 85.
- ^ Friedman 2009, p. 314.
- ^ a b c Whitley 2000, p. 86.
- ^ Friedman 2009, p. 242.
- ^ Preston 1971, plate 13 caption, between p. 64 and 65.
- ^ Friedman 2009, p. 252.
- ^ "Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: IV: Dover Patrol". The Navy List: 14. August 1918. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g English 2019, p. 26.
- ^ "World War One At Sea: Ships of the Royal Navy – Location/Action Data, 1914–1918: Part 2 – Admiralty "Pink Lists", 11 November 1918". naval-history.net. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ "Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: I: The Grand Fleet: Destroyer Flotillas of the Grand Fleet". The Navy List: 12. August 1918. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: I: The Grand Fleet: Destroyers". The Navy List: 11. March 1919. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: IV: Vessels in Reserve at Home Ports and Other Bases". The Navy List: 18. May 1919. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Preston 1971, p. 36.
- ^ Watson, Graham (2 September 2015). "Between the Wars: Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployments 1919–1939". Naval-history.net. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f English 2019, p. 27
- ^ "British Warships sent to Spanish Ports". Kalgoorlie Miner. 24 July 1936. p. 5. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "IV: Mediterranean". The Navy List: 206. March 1939. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Kindell, Don (9 April 2012). "Royal Navy Ships: September 1939". British and Other Navies in World War Two Day-by-Day. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Kindell, Don (7 April 2012). "Naval Events, October 1939 (Part 2 of 2): Sunday 15th-Tuesday 31st". British and Other Navies in World War Two Day-by-Day. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Kindell, Don (7 April 2012). "Naval Events, January 1940 (Part 2 of 2): Tuesday 16th – Wednesday 31st". British and Other Navies in World War Two Day-by-Day. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Rohwer and Hümmelchen 1992, p. 28.
- ^ Kindell, Don (7 April 2012). "Naval Events, July 1940 (Part 1 of 2): Monday 1st – Sunday 14th". British and Other Navies in World War Two Day-by-Day. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Kindell, Don (7 April 2012). "Naval Events, November 1940 (Part 1 of 2): Friday 1st – Thursday 14th". British and Other Navies in World War Two Day-by-Day. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-Boats: Capulet". u-boat.net. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Blair Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 2000, pp. 272–273.
- ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-65". u-boat.net. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Blair Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 2000, pp. 271–272.
- ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMS Douglas (D90)". u-boat.net. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Blair Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 2000, pp. 363–364.
- ^ Rohwer and Hümmelchen 1992, p. 82.
- ^ Blair Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 2000, p. 342.
- ^ "January 1942 events of the Battle of the Atlantic". WW2Timelines.com. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Kindell, Don. "1st – 31st January 1942 – in date, ship/unit & name order". Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies, World War 2. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Ruegg and Hague 1993, pp. 39, 41.
- ^ Hague, Arnold. "QP Convoy Series". Convoyweb. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-Boats: Louise Moller". uboat.net. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ Rohwer and Hümmelchen 1992, p. 222.
- ^ "SS California (+1943)". www.wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ a b "SS Duchess Of York (+1943)". www.wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ Blair Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 2000, pp. 455–456.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-732". u-boat.net. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ Preston 1971, p. 271.
References edit
- Blair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35260-8.
- Blair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64033-9.
- English, John (2019). Grand Fleet Destroyers: Part I: Flotilla Leaders and 'V/W' Class Destroyers. Windsor, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9650769-8-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) - Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the First World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
- Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Lenton, H. T. (1970). British Fleet and Escort Destroyers: Volume One. London: Macdonald & Co. ISBN 0-356-02950-6.
- Preston, Antony (1971). 'V & W' Class Destroyers 1917–1945. London: Macdonald. OCLC 464542895.
- Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7.
- Ruegg, Bob; Hague, Arnold (1993). Convoys to Russia: 1941–1945. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-66-5.
- Whitley, M.J. (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.