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Green Guerillas

January 01, 1970

The Green Guerillas are a community group of horticulturalists, gardeners, botanists, and planners who work to turn abandoned or empty spaces in New York City into gardens. Formed in the 1970s, the group threw "seed grenades" into derelict lots and developed community gardens, often without going through official channels. It became especially popular after the concerted redevelopment of a dangerous, trash-filled space at the corner of Houston Street and Bowery in Manhattan. The resulting press coverage and word of mouth led the group to broaden its activities from active gardening to education, training, and support for a number of community groups working on their own gardens. The Green Guerillas have been credited with beginning the community garden movement and popularizing the idea of guerilla gardening.

Logo of the Green Guerillas

Early activities edit

 
A 1973 Green Guerillas flyer with instructions on how to create "seed grenades"

Amid a financial crisis in the 1970s, several areas of New York City, like the Lower East Side of Manhattan, were particularly affected by disinvestment and saw an associated increase in abandoned buildings, some of which attracted crime.[1][2] Many were demolished, and the number of vacant lots increased.[2] Many remained abandoned for extended periods of time, either attracting garbage and vandalism or becoming fenced off and unavailable for use by communities. Local resident Liz Christy co-founded a group called the Green Guerillas in the early 1970s, intent on transforming derelict lots into gardens. Group members met on a regular basis to identify spaces, strategize, and discuss horticulture.[3]

Responding to the tendency of many lots to be fenced off, the group became known for their use of what they called "seed grenades" (or "green-aides"), a mix of seeds, fertilizer, water, and a substrate stuffed into a receptacle like a glass Christmas tree ornament, balloon, or condom.[1] Guerillas would lob the grenades over fences, with the hope that, after shattering, the seeds would take root, introducing plants and flowers to an ugly lot.[1][4][5][6] According to Malve von Hassell, the seed bombs had an important symbolic meaning relevant to the group name's inspiration by militant radicals. The grenades were thrown into abandoned spaces "to start a literal grassroots revolution", blurring the lines between plant, tool, and weapon.[7][8]

Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden edit

Main article: Liz Christy Garden
 
Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden, renamed the Liz Christy Garden in 1985, in 2012

Christy worked for an architect-planner who considered turning a vacant lot at the corner of Houston Street and Bowery into a farm, restoring the purpose it served in colonial times, in celebration of the United States bicentennial. She expressed in an interview that she found the lot depressing, recalling that "[i]n the past few years I've seen three different men carried out of there dead, from alcohol or exposure or whatever. And children played in there with all that glass and filth."[9] Though her employer died before work started, Christy went forward with the plan in 1973. She advertised a garden meeting, posting signs around the neighborhood in multiple languages, and recruited volunteers to both work on the space and to raise funds for equipment, supplies, fencing, and insurance.[9] After the city denied the group permission to work on the project, they proceeded outside of official channels.[10] Members of the community removed the accumulated trash, hauled in soil, and developed the space into lots for vegetable gardens.[11][3][12]

After working through the spring, they opened the first handful of plots for planting in May 1974.[9] As work continued and interest grew, volunteers tried to convert as much of the space as possible into gardening plots. That year, they secured a $1 per month lease from the Office of Housing Preservation and Development under the name "Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden".[1] A 1974 New York Daily News article about the garden said that "they have not only brightened up the corner with flowers and greenery, but have also provided many low-income families in the area with their own fresh produce all summer".[9] Christy was especially happy with the interest children showed in the garden.[9]

That garden, the first and oldest recognized community garden in New York City, grew to be over an acre and remains active as of 2021, and was renamed the Liz Christy Garden after her death in 1985.[13][2] The Green Guerillas went on to turn other derelict lots into gardens, working on 16 spaces in 1974 and 84 in 1975.[3] A New York Times article about the group in 1976 reported that they received $356 in donations in their first three years, with $3,500 in expenses, paid out of volunteers' pockets.[3]

Growth and community organizing edit

In response to growing interest from other communities, the Green Guerillas began developing informational materials for communities who wanted to do the same.[3] They ran workshops, offered to survey sites, made recommendations, and sometimes secured donated plants and trees.[3][14][15] The organizational and support functions of the group grew considerably over the years, running workshops on pruning trees, cultivating wildflower meadows, rooftop gardening, and construction of a pond.[6] In addition to teaching communities about plants, the Green Guerillas taught how to design a garden, how to develop operational procedures, and how to interact with the city. They treated gardeners as neighborhood leaders and required every project to involve a local community for the long-term viability of the gardens, rather than a small number of individuals.[3][15]

Though communities did not always secure the necessary permissions and paperwork, the city benefitted from the Green Guerillas and other community gardening projects as no-cost revitalization.[15] In 1978, the city created an agency, Operation Green Thumb, dedicated to promoting and assisting with community-managed gardens and other projects utilizing open space. Among its activities is helping to secure leases for vacant land. That program, which was moved into the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation in 1995, is still active as of 2021.[15]

In 1983, Green Guerillas logged 13,400 volunteer hours and had a budget of more than $40,000, which largely went to its two paid staff members, an executive director and her assistant.[10] They ran a contest for window boxes, promoting the installation of window-hanging gardens and offering education on their construction, installation, and cultivation.[16] In 1984, the Green Guerillas distributed a newsletter, worked with more than a hundred community groups, helped them to strategize and organize, provided information about plants and garden design, and donated tens of thousands of dollars in plants, according to the Christian Science Monitor.[14] In 1986, the year after Christy's death, the organization had 250 volunteers with an annual budget of around $82,000, which it received from donations, as well as from foundations, corporations, and state government.[14][13] In addition to community gardens, the group assists senior centers, homeless shelters, schools, and other organizations.[6] For example, they worked with homeless men at the Charles H. Gay Shelter on Wards Island to develop an accessible garden.[17] One of their major activities remained the collection and reuse of plants, securing donations of plants as well as bulbs, seeds, soil, pots, and tolls from farms, gardens, and other nonprofits and businesses in the region.[6] The group would hold giveaway events from the Bowery–Houston Garden, notifying community gardens in the area that resources will be available for pick-up.[6] As of 1991, 450 of the approximately 700 community gardens in the city were affiliated with the Green Guerillas.[18]

Helping communities work with city agencies to secure leases and otherwise ensure the persistence of the gardens has long been an important part of the Green Guerillas' activities. A 1991 Newsday article described the organization's evolution since its early days: "Once, Green Guerillas worked against the system, outsiders fighting layers of bureaucracy to green up some of the starkest of cityscapes. Now they work the system".[18] The leases the city typically used for the gardens allowed them to be removed at any time, with thirty days' notice, and ninety gardens were destroyed in the city between 1984 and 1999.[19] Most of those were under the Rudy Giuliani administration. As mayor, he prioritized the privatization and development of public land. In January 1999 alone, 114 sites where gardens existed were put forward for auction. In response, the Guerillas produced materials focusing on the financial cost of such a sale, which would mean loss of a variety of community services, as well as the detrimental impact on quality of life in affected neighborhoods.[19] Along with three members of the New York City Council and multiple community boards, the Guerillas filed a lawsuit against the Giuliani administration for failing to undergo required state reviews under the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure and State Environmental Quality Review Act.[20] The suit persisted into the Bloomberg administration and was rejected by the State Supreme Court in 2002. In the interim, entertainer Bette Midler purchased some of the lots and another lawsuit was filed by State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, arguing the intended auction was not legal under New York's environmental laws.[21] That case, which ended in September 2002, resulted in the preservation of about 500 gardens and plans to turn other lots into housing.[22]

Legacy edit

While urban farming was not a new phenomenon, the grassroots reclamation of abandoned, derelict lots for gardens proved a popular concept.[23][8] The Green Guerillas have been credited with beginning the community garden movement and popularizing the idea of guerilla gardening, which became an international practice.[12][1] In an article for Nature and Culture, Colette Palamar used the Green Guerillas as a case study at the intersection of ecological restoration and environmental justice, showing that "it is possible for communities to see and understand their own needs, as well as develop the expertise necessary for at least some kinds of ecological restoration projects".[2]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e "History of the Community Garden Movement". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Palamar, Colette (2010). "From the Ground Up: Why Urban Ecological Restoration Needs Environmental Justice". Nature and Culture. 5 (3): 277–298. doi:10.3167/nc.2010.050304. from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-08-23 – via ProQuest.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Helping New York; Gardeners Dig and Create". The New York Times. February 24, 1976. from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  4. ^ Lee, Denny (Jun 10, 2001). "Neighborhood Report: East Village; Friends of a Celebrated Garden Don't View a Pathway as Progress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  5. ^ "Pimp the Pavement: A Brief History of Seedbombing". GOOD. April 12, 2013. from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e Earnest, Barbara Reed (1989). "The Optimism of the Green Guerillas". EPA Journal. 15 (6): 11–13. from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  7. ^ von Hassell, Malve (2002). The Struggle for Eden: Community Gardens in New York City. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. ISBN 9780897898584. from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  8. ^ a b Badger, Gina (2013). "Digging, Sowing, Tending, Harvesting (Making War-Fair)". Public. 41. from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e Mifflin, Lawrie (September 22, 1974). "Garden on the Bowery Is a Real Tonic". New York Daily News. from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ a b Juergens, Jennifer (July 30, 1984). "Green Guerillas fight urban blight". South Bend Tribune. p. 72. from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ Evans, Olive (April 15, 1975). "Making New York Green Involves Reams of Red Tape". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Avant gardening: ecological struggle in the city & the world. Peter Lamborn Wilson, Bill Weinberg. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. 1999. ISBN 1-57027-092-9. OCLC 42870404. from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-06-17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ a b Teltsch, Kathleen (October 5, 1986). "Time to Plant and Harvest in New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  14. ^ a b c "The green grass of – New York City". Christian Science Monitor. April 9, 1985. ISSN 0882-7729. from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d Eizenberg, Efrat (2016). From the ground up: community gardens in New York City and the politics of spatial transformation. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-58356-3. OCLC 952933184. from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  16. ^ Yang, Linda (June 2, 1983). "A Citywide Contest for Window Boxes". The New York Times. from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  17. ^ "A Patch of Green for Homeless Men". The New York Times. July 9, 1987. ProQuest 110684009. from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via ProQuest.
  18. ^ a b Roach, Margaret (September 3, 1991). "The Green Guerillas: When does gardening in the city become a guerilla activity? When you have to tie down your shrubs with barbed wire". Newsday. from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021. Link and archive (subscription required) via ProQuest.
  19. ^ a b Smith, Christopher M.; Kurtz, Hilda E. (April 2003). "Community Gardens and Politics of Scale in New York City". Geographical Review. 93 (2): 193–212. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00029.x. JSTOR 30033906. S2CID 145237089. from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-08-01 – via JSTOR.
  20. ^ "City Sued as Sign of Flower Power". Newsday. May 4, 1999. from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – via ProQuest.
  21. ^ Raver, Anne; Steinhauer, Jennifer (2002-04-26). "City in Talks to End Lawsuit Over Community Gardens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  22. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (2002-09-19). "Ending a Long Battle, New York Lets Housing and Gardens Grow". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  23. ^ Zeitlin, Steven J. (November 25, 2006). Hidden New York: A Guide to Places That Matter. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3890-7. from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.

External links edit

 
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Green Guerillas
  • Green Guerillas
  • How radical gardeners took back New York City – video by Vox about the Green Guerillas and Hattie Carthan

January 01, 1970
green, guerillas, community, group, horticulturalists, gardeners, botanists, planners, work, turn, abandoned, empty, spaces, york, city, into, gardens, formed, 1970s, group, threw, seed, grenades, into, derelict, lots, developed, community, gardens, often, wit. The Green Guerillas are a community group of horticulturalists gardeners botanists and planners who work to turn abandoned or empty spaces in New York City into gardens Formed in the 1970s the group threw seed grenades into derelict lots and developed community gardens often without going through official channels It became especially popular after the concerted redevelopment of a dangerous trash filled space at the corner of Houston Street and Bowery in Manhattan The resulting press coverage and word of mouth led the group to broaden its activities from active gardening to education training and support for a number of community groups working on their own gardens The Green Guerillas have been credited with beginning the community garden movement and popularizing the idea of guerilla gardening Logo of the Green Guerillas Contents 1 Early activities 2 Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden 3 Growth and community organizing 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External linksEarly activities edit nbsp A 1973 Green Guerillas flyer with instructions on how to create seed grenades Amid a financial crisis in the 1970s several areas of New York City like the Lower East Side of Manhattan were particularly affected by disinvestment and saw an associated increase in abandoned buildings some of which attracted crime 1 2 Many were demolished and the number of vacant lots increased 2 Many remained abandoned for extended periods of time either attracting garbage and vandalism or becoming fenced off and unavailable for use by communities Local resident Liz Christy co founded a group called the Green Guerillas in the early 1970s intent on transforming derelict lots into gardens Group members met on a regular basis to identify spaces strategize and discuss horticulture 3 Responding to the tendency of many lots to be fenced off the group became known for their use of what they called seed grenades or green aides a mix of seeds fertilizer water and a substrate stuffed into a receptacle like a glass Christmas tree ornament balloon or condom 1 Guerillas would lob the grenades over fences with the hope that after shattering the seeds would take root introducing plants and flowers to an ugly lot 1 4 5 6 According to Malve von Hassell the seed bombs had an important symbolic meaning relevant to the group name s inspiration by militant radicals The grenades were thrown into abandoned spaces to start a literal grassroots revolution blurring the lines between plant tool and weapon 7 8 Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden editMain article Liz Christy Garden nbsp Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden renamed the Liz Christy Garden in 1985 in 2012 Christy worked for an architect planner who considered turning a vacant lot at the corner of Houston Street and Bowery into a farm restoring the purpose it served in colonial times in celebration of the United States bicentennial She expressed in an interview that she found the lot depressing recalling that i n the past few years I ve seen three different men carried out of there dead from alcohol or exposure or whatever And children played in there with all that glass and filth 9 Though her employer died before work started Christy went forward with the plan in 1973 She advertised a garden meeting posting signs around the neighborhood in multiple languages and recruited volunteers to both work on the space and to raise funds for equipment supplies fencing and insurance 9 After the city denied the group permission to work on the project they proceeded outside of official channels 10 Members of the community removed the accumulated trash hauled in soil and developed the space into lots for vegetable gardens 11 3 12 After working through the spring they opened the first handful of plots for planting in May 1974 9 As work continued and interest grew volunteers tried to convert as much of the space as possible into gardening plots That year they secured a 1 per month lease from the Office of Housing Preservation and Development under the name Bowery Houston Community Farm and Garden 1 A 1974 New York Daily News article about the garden said that they have not only brightened up the corner with flowers and greenery but have also provided many low income families in the area with their own fresh produce all summer 9 Christy was especially happy with the interest children showed in the garden 9 That garden the first and oldest recognized community garden in New York City grew to be over an acre and remains active as of 2021 and was renamed the Liz Christy Garden after her death in 1985 13 2 The Green Guerillas went on to turn other derelict lots into gardens working on 16 spaces in 1974 and 84 in 1975 3 A New York Times article about the group in 1976 reported that they received 356 in donations in their first three years with 3 500 in expenses paid out of volunteers pockets 3 Growth and community organizing editIn response to growing interest from other communities the Green Guerillas began developing informational materials for communities who wanted to do the same 3 They ran workshops offered to survey sites made recommendations and sometimes secured donated plants and trees 3 14 15 The organizational and support functions of the group grew considerably over the years running workshops on pruning trees cultivating wildflower meadows rooftop gardening and construction of a pond 6 In addition to teaching communities about plants the Green Guerillas taught how to design a garden how to develop operational procedures and how to interact with the city They treated gardeners as neighborhood leaders and required every project to involve a local community for the long term viability of the gardens rather than a small number of individuals 3 15 Though communities did not always secure the necessary permissions and paperwork the city benefitted from the Green Guerillas and other community gardening projects as no cost revitalization 15 In 1978 the city created an agency Operation Green Thumb dedicated to promoting and assisting with community managed gardens and other projects utilizing open space Among its activities is helping to secure leases for vacant land That program which was moved into the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation in 1995 is still active as of 2021 15 In 1983 Green Guerillas logged 13 400 volunteer hours and had a budget of more than 40 000 which largely went to its two paid staff members an executive director and her assistant 10 They ran a contest for window boxes promoting the installation of window hanging gardens and offering education on their construction installation and cultivation 16 In 1984 the Green Guerillas distributed a newsletter worked with more than a hundred community groups helped them to strategize and organize provided information about plants and garden design and donated tens of thousands of dollars in plants according to the Christian Science Monitor 14 In 1986 the year after Christy s death the organization had 250 volunteers with an annual budget of around 82 000 which it received from donations as well as from foundations corporations and state government 14 13 In addition to community gardens the group assists senior centers homeless shelters schools and other organizations 6 For example they worked with homeless men at the Charles H Gay Shelter on Wards Island to develop an accessible garden 17 One of their major activities remained the collection and reuse of plants securing donations of plants as well as bulbs seeds soil pots and tolls from farms gardens and other nonprofits and businesses in the region 6 The group would hold giveaway events from the Bowery Houston Garden notifying community gardens in the area that resources will be available for pick up 6 As of 1991 450 of the approximately 700 community gardens in the city were affiliated with the Green Guerillas 18 Helping communities work with city agencies to secure leases and otherwise ensure the persistence of the gardens has long been an important part of the Green Guerillas activities A 1991 Newsday article described the organization s evolution since its early days Once Green Guerillas worked against the system outsiders fighting layers of bureaucracy to green up some of the starkest of cityscapes Now they work the system 18 The leases the city typically used for the gardens allowed them to be removed at any time with thirty days notice and ninety gardens were destroyed in the city between 1984 and 1999 19 Most of those were under the Rudy Giuliani administration As mayor he prioritized the privatization and development of public land In January 1999 alone 114 sites where gardens existed were put forward for auction In response the Guerillas produced materials focusing on the financial cost of such a sale which would mean loss of a variety of community services as well as the detrimental impact on quality of life in affected neighborhoods 19 Along with three members of the New York City Council and multiple community boards the Guerillas filed a lawsuit against the Giuliani administration for failing to undergo required state reviews under the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure and State Environmental Quality Review Act 20 The suit persisted into the Bloomberg administration and was rejected by the State Supreme Court in 2002 In the interim entertainer Bette Midler purchased some of the lots and another lawsuit was filed by State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer arguing the intended auction was not legal under New York s environmental laws 21 That case which ended in September 2002 resulted in the preservation of about 500 gardens and plans to turn other lots into housing 22 Legacy editWhile urban farming was not a new phenomenon the grassroots reclamation of abandoned derelict lots for gardens proved a popular concept 23 8 The Green Guerillas have been credited with beginning the community garden movement and popularizing the idea of guerilla gardening which became an international practice 12 1 In an article for Nature and Culture Colette Palamar used the Green Guerillas as a case study at the intersection of ecological restoration and environmental justice showing that it is possible for communities to see and understand their own needs as well as develop the expertise necessary for at least some kinds of ecological restoration projects 2 References edit a b c d e History of the Community Garden Movement New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Archived from the original on June 24 2021 Retrieved June 17 2021 a b c d Palamar Colette 2010 From the Ground Up Why Urban Ecological Restoration Needs Environmental Justice Nature and Culture 5 3 277 298 doi 10 3167 nc 2010 050304 Archived from the original on 2021 08 30 Retrieved 2021 08 23 via ProQuest a b c d e f g Helping New York Gardeners Dig and Create The New York Times February 24 1976 Archived from the original on August 30 2021 Retrieved June 16 2021 Lee Denny Jun 10 2001 Neighborhood Report East Village Friends of a Celebrated Garden Don t View a Pathway as Progress The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 26 2019 Retrieved June 17 2021 Pimp the Pavement A Brief History of Seedbombing GOOD April 12 2013 Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved July 3 2021 a b c d e Earnest Barbara Reed 1989 The Optimism of the Green Guerillas EPA Journal 15 6 11 13 Archived from the original on 2021 06 26 Retrieved 2021 06 26 von Hassell Malve 2002 The Struggle for Eden Community Gardens in New York City Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan ISBN 9780897898584 Archived from the original on 2021 08 30 Retrieved 2021 08 28 a b Badger Gina 2013 Digging Sowing Tending Harvesting Making War Fair Public 41 Archived from the original on August 1 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 a b c d e Mifflin Lawrie September 22 1974 Garden on the Bowery Is a Real Tonic New York Daily News Archived from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved June 27 2021 via Newspapers com a b Juergens Jennifer July 30 1984 Green Guerillas fight urban blight South Bend Tribune p 72 Archived from the original on August 1 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 via Newspapers com Evans Olive April 15 1975 Making New York Green Involves Reams of Red Tape The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 24 2021 Retrieved June 16 2021 a b Avant gardening ecological struggle in the city amp the world Peter Lamborn Wilson Bill Weinberg Brooklyn NY Autonomedia 1999 ISBN 1 57027 092 9 OCLC 42870404 Archived from the original on 2021 08 30 Retrieved 2021 06 17 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b Teltsch Kathleen October 5 1986 Time to Plant and Harvest in New York The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved June 17 2021 a b c The green grass of New York City Christian Science Monitor April 9 1985 ISSN 0882 7729 Archived from the original on September 12 2015 Retrieved June 17 2021 a b c d Eizenberg Efrat 2016 From the ground up community gardens in New York City and the politics of spatial transformation London Routledge ISBN 978 1 315 58356 3 OCLC 952933184 Archived from the original on 2021 08 30 Retrieved 2021 06 26 Yang Linda June 2 1983 A Citywide Contest for Window Boxes The New York Times Archived from the original on August 30 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 A Patch of Green for Homeless Men The New York Times July 9 1987 ProQuest 110684009 Archived from the original on August 30 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 via ProQuest a b Roach Margaret September 3 1991 The Green Guerillas When does gardening in the city become a guerilla activity When you have to tie down your shrubs with barbed wire Newsday Archived from the original on August 30 2021 Retrieved August 28 2021 Link and archive subscription required via ProQuest a b Smith Christopher M Kurtz Hilda E April 2003 Community Gardens and Politics of Scale in New York City Geographical Review 93 2 193 212 doi 10 1111 j 1931 0846 2003 tb00029 x JSTOR 30033906 S2CID 145237089 Archived from the original on 2021 08 01 Retrieved 2021 08 01 via JSTOR City Sued as Sign of Flower Power Newsday May 4 1999 Archived from the original on August 30 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 via ProQuest Raver Anne Steinhauer Jennifer 2002 04 26 City in Talks to End Lawsuit Over Community Gardens The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2021 08 28 Retrieved 2021 08 28 Steinhauer Jennifer 2002 09 19 Ending a Long Battle New York Lets Housing and Gardens Grow The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2021 08 28 Retrieved 2021 08 28 Zeitlin Steven J November 25 2006 Hidden New York A Guide to Places That Matter Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 3890 7 Archived from the original on August 30 2021 Retrieved August 1 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original works on the topic Green Guerillas Green Guerillas How radical gardeners took back New York City video by Vox about the Green Guerillas and Hattie Carthan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Green Guerillas amp oldid 1195564771, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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