The Greater London Built-up Area, or Greater London Urban Area, is a conurbation in south-east England that constitutes the continuous urban sprawl of London, and includes surrounding adjacent urban towns as defined by the Office for National Statistics.[1] It is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 9,787,426 in 2011.[1]
A labelled map of the Greater London Built-up Area with administrative borders
Satellite view of the inner parts of the Greater London Built-up Area.
The Greater London Built-up or Urban Area had a population of 9,787,426 and occupied an area of 1,737.9 square kilometres (671.0 sq mi) at the time of the 2011 census.[1]
As a selective grouping of relatively low- to mid-density (and some high-density) output areas, each consisting of roughly 120 households,[2] it can be compared to the London region, which covers 1,572 square kilometres (607 sq mi) and contained 8,173,194 residents at the time of the 2011 census.
The built-up area of the Greater London region continues beyond the region's administrative boundary in some places, while stopping short of it in others. For this reason, the density of the Greater London Built-Up Area is 8.3% higher than that of Greater London, the figure for which includes these outlying rural areas (notably in Hillingdon, Enfield, Havering and Bromley). All of both areas are drained ultimately by the River Thames. The area uses around 4 gigawatts of electricity power.[3]
History
The density gradient of industrialising cities has tended to follow a specific pattern: the density of the centre of the city would rise during urbanisation and the population would remain heavily concentrated in the city centre with a rapid decline in settlement towards the periphery. Then, with continued economic growth and the expanding networks of public transport, people (particularly the middle-class) would then slowly migrate towards the suburbs, gradually softening the population density gradient. This point was generally reached when the city reached a certain stage of economic development. In London, this point was reached in the first half of the nineteenth century, in Paris toward the end of the century and in New York City at the turn of the twentieth.[4]
However, London had been sprawling out of its medieval confines within the City since the eighteenth century, when the city experienced its first great urban surge. Areas to the west of Westminster were increasingly built up for the wealthy, to live in the suburbs of the city.
A dramatic increase in the city's urban sprawl began in the nineteenth century when labourers flocked from the countryside to work in the new factories that were then springing up. Large developments of small terraced houses began to appear and the new public transport systems – (the Tube, buses and trams) – allowed workers to commute into the city daily.[5] Suburban districts also sprung up around the city centre to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial town.
By the mid-nineteenth century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in the growth in urban sprawl came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s. The line joined the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex.[6]Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Baker Street and the centre of London.
Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, the Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use.[a] Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee,[8] and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near Pinner and at Wembley Park. In 1919, with the expectation of a post-war housing boom,[9]Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited was formed and went on to develop estates at Kingsbury Garden Village near Neasden, Wembley Park, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at Rickmansworth and create places such as Harrow Garden Village.[9][10]
The cover of the Metro-Land guide published in 1921, promoting a suburban lifestyle.
By the early twentieth century, amid increasing middle-class affluence, large low-density suburbs of semi-detached houses had sprung up all around the city, doubling the area of built-up London in the interwar period alone, despite the population increase is just 10%. H.G Wells even predicted in 1902 that within a hundred years most of southern England would have been subsumed into one gigantic conurbation centred in London.
2011 Census subdivisions
At the time of the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components:[1]
In the 2011 census, the following areas were considered to be built-up areas but outside the Greater London Built-up Area, despite being within Greater London. All of these areas had populations of less than a thousand except New Addington BUA and Harefield BUA which had populations of 22,280[13] and 6,573[14] respectively.[1] Note that these are Built-up areas as defined by Office for National Statistics[15] and will have different boundaries from the settlements after which they are named.
At the time of the 2001 Census, the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components:
London region
Within the region, there were 33 components corresponding to the City of London and the London boroughs. However, the ONS boundaries are not identical to the local authority boundaries, and outlying areas such as Biggin Hill in Bromley are omitted.[16]
^ abcde"2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^Guidance and Methodology Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 31 October 2013
^"Electricity now flows across continents, courtesy of direct current". The Economist. 14 January 2017. from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017. 4,000MW. That is almost enough electricity to power Greater London
^Bruegmann, Robert (2006). Sprawl: A Compact History. University of Chicago Press. p. 24. ISBN9780226076911. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^Rybczynski, Witold (7 November 2005). "Suburban Despair: Is urban sprawl really an American menace?". Slate.com. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^Edwards, Dennis; Pigram, Ron (1988). The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro-land Dream. Bloomsbury. p. 32. ISBN978-1-870630-11-5.
^Jackson 1986, p. 134. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1986 (help)
^Jackson 1986, pp. 134, 137. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1986 (help)
^ abGreen 1987, p. 43. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreen1987 (help)
^Jackson 1986, pp. 241–242. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1986 (help)
^"2011 Built-up Areas - Methodology and Guidance" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
^"List of Urban Area Names and Codes in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^The Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 required railways to sell off surplus lands within ten years of the time given for completion of the work in the line's enabling Act.[7]
greater, london, built, area, greater, london, urban, area, conurbation, south, east, england, that, constitutes, continuous, urban, sprawl, london, includes, surrounding, adjacent, urban, towns, defined, office, national, statistics, largest, urban, area, uni. The Greater London Built up Area or Greater London Urban Area is a conurbation in south east England that constitutes the continuous urban sprawl of London and includes surrounding adjacent urban towns as defined by the Office for National Statistics 1 It is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 9 787 426 in 2011 1 A labelled map of the Greater London Built up Area with administrative borders Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 2011 Census subdivisions 3 1 London region 3 2 Surrey 3 3 Hertfordshire 3 4 Berkshire 3 5 Essex 3 6 Kent 4 Omitted areas 5 2001 Census subdivisions 5 1 London region 5 2 Outside Greater London 6 See also 7 References and NotesOverview Edit Population density map Satellite view of the inner parts of the Greater London Built up Area The Greater London Built up or Urban Area had a population of 9 787 426 and occupied an area of 1 737 9 square kilometres 671 0 sq mi at the time of the 2011 census 1 It includes most of the London region omitting most of its woodland small buffered districts the Lee Valley Park and the two largest sewage treatment works serving London by the River Thames Outside the region s administrative boundary it includes contiguous suburban settlements and a few densely populated outliers connected to it by ribbon development Its outer boundary is constrained by the Metropolitan Green Belt and it is therefore much smaller than the wider metropolitan area of London citation needed As a selective grouping of relatively low to mid density and some high density output areas each consisting of roughly 120 households 2 it can be compared to the London region which covers 1 572 square kilometres 607 sq mi and contained 8 173 194 residents at the time of the 2011 census The built up area of the Greater London region continues beyond the region s administrative boundary in some places while stopping short of it in others For this reason the density of the Greater London Built Up Area is 8 3 higher than that of Greater London the figure for which includes these outlying rural areas notably in Hillingdon Enfield Havering and Bromley All of both areas are drained ultimately by the River Thames The area uses around 4 gigawatts of electricity power 3 History EditThe density gradient of industrialising cities has tended to follow a specific pattern the density of the centre of the city would rise during urbanisation and the population would remain heavily concentrated in the city centre with a rapid decline in settlement towards the periphery Then with continued economic growth and the expanding networks of public transport people particularly the middle class would then slowly migrate towards the suburbs gradually softening the population density gradient This point was generally reached when the city reached a certain stage of economic development In London this point was reached in the first half of the nineteenth century in Paris toward the end of the century and in New York City at the turn of the twentieth 4 However London had been sprawling out of its medieval confines within the City since the eighteenth century when the city experienced its first great urban surge Areas to the west of Westminster were increasingly built up for the wealthy to live in the suburbs of the city A dramatic increase in the city s urban sprawl began in the nineteenth century when labourers flocked from the countryside to work in the new factories that were then springing up Large developments of small terraced houses began to appear and the new public transport systems the Tube buses and trams allowed workers to commute into the city daily 5 Suburban districts also sprung up around the city centre to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial town By the mid nineteenth century the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city then the largest in the world became more overcrowded and unsanitary A major catalyst in the growth in urban sprawl came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s The line joined the capital s financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex 6 Harrow was reached in 1880 and the line eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire more than 50 miles 80 kilometres from Baker Street and the centre of London Unlike other railway companies which were required to dispose of surplus land the Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use a Initially the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee 8 and from the 1880s the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate Cecil Park near Pinner and at Wembley Park In 1919 with the expectation of a post war housing boom 9 Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited was formed and went on to develop estates at Kingsbury Garden Village near Neasden Wembley Park Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at Rickmansworth and create places such as Harrow Garden Village 9 10 The cover of the Metro Land guide published in 1921 promoting a suburban lifestyle By the early twentieth century amid increasing middle class affluence large low density suburbs of semi detached houses had sprung up all around the city doubling the area of built up London in the interwar period alone despite the population increase is just 10 H G Wells even predicted in 1902 that within a hundred years most of southern England would have been subsumed into one gigantic conurbation centred in London 2011 Census subdivisions EditAt the time of the 2011 Census the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components 1 London region Edit The London region consists of 33 districts the City of London the 12 Inner London boroughs including the City of Westminster and the 20 Outer London boroughs Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley 11 Brent Bromley Camden City of London City of Westminster Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Surrey Edit Addlestone Ashford Ashtead Banstead Bramley Brookwood Broomhall Windlesham Virginia Water Caterham Chertsey Chobham Claygate Cobham Effingham Egham Epsom Esher Ewell Guildford Hooley Leatherhead Lyne Mimbridge Netherne on the Hill Ottershaw Pirbright Pirbright Camp Shepperton 12 Staines upon Thames Sunbury 12 Walton on Thames Warlingham Weybridge Woking Worplesdon Hertfordshire Edit Bedmond Borehamwood Bushey Cheshunt Chorleywood Elstree Hemel Hempstead Hoddesdon How Wood Northwood Park Street Rickmansworth Sawbridgeworth Smallford St Albans St Margarets Waltham Cross Watford Berkshire Edit Binfield Bracknell Cheapside North Ascot Winkfield Street Woodside Wraysbury Essex Edit Broadley Common Chigwell Harlow Loughton Stapleford Abbotts Waltham Abbey Kent Edit Dartford Gravesend Greenhithe Maypole Northfleet Stone SwanscombeOmitted areas EditIn the 2011 census the following areas were considered to be built up areas but outside the Greater London Built up Area despite being within Greater London All of these areas had populations of less than a thousand except New Addington BUA and Harefield BUA which had populations of 22 280 13 and 6 573 14 respectively 1 Note that these are Built up areas as defined by Office for National Statistics 15 and will have different boundaries from the settlements after which they are named Berry s Green Crews Hill Cudham Downe Harefield Hazelwood New Addington Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital2001 Census subdivisions EditAt the time of the 2001 Census the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components London region Edit Within the region there were 33 components corresponding to the City of London and the London boroughs However the ONS boundaries are not identical to the local authority boundaries and outlying areas such as Biggin Hill in Bromley are omitted 16 Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham City of London Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster Outside Greater London Edit South East England Addlestone Banstead Tadworth Caterham and Warlingham Chertsey Dartford Egham Epsom and Ewell Esher Molesey Gravesend Leatherhead Northfleet Ottershaw Shepperton Staines upon Thames Sunbury Sunningdale Ascot Swanscombe Virginia Water Walton and Weybridge West End Windlesham Woking Byfleet East of England Bushey Cheshunt Chigwell Chorleywood Hemel Hempstead Hoddesdon Kings Langley Loughton Rickmansworth St Albans South Oxhey Waltham Abbey WatfordSee also Edit London portalList of urban areas in the United Kingdom London metropolitan areaReferences and Notes Edit a b c d e 2011 Census Built up areas ONS Retrieved 28 January 2014 Guidance and Methodology Office for National Statistics Retrieved 31 October 2013 Electricity now flows across continents courtesy of direct current The Economist 14 January 2017 Archived from the original on 21 January 2017 Retrieved 21 January 2017 4 000MW That is almost enough electricity to power Greater London Bruegmann Robert 2006 Sprawl A Compact History University of Chicago Press p 24 ISBN 9780226076911 Retrieved 9 November 2013 Rybczynski Witold 7 November 2005 Suburban Despair Is urban sprawl really an American menace Slate com Retrieved 9 May 2015 Edwards Dennis Pigram Ron 1988 The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro land Dream Bloomsbury p 32 ISBN 978 1 870630 11 5 Jackson 1986 p 134 sfn error no target CITEREFJackson1986 help Jackson 1986 pp 134 137 sfn error no target CITEREFJackson1986 help a b Green 1987 p 43 sfn error no target CITEREFGreen1987 help Jackson 1986 pp 241 242 sfn error no target CITEREFJackson1986 help Includes the town of Dartford a b Included under Walton on Thames subdivision UK Census 2011 Local Area Report New Addington Built up area E34000214 Nomis Office for National Statistics Retrieved 26 August 2021 UK Census 2011 Local Area Report Harefield Built up area E34004835 Nomis Office for National Statistics Retrieved 26 August 2021 2011 Built up Areas Methodology and Guidance PDF Office for National Statistics 2013 Retrieved 26 August 2021 List of Urban Area Names and Codes in England and Wales Office for National Statistics Retrieved 14 June 2013 The Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 required railways to sell off surplus lands within ten years of the time given for completion of the work in the line s enabling Act 7 Coordinates 51 30 26 N 0 07 40 W 51 5073 N 0 1277 W 51 5073 0 1277 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Greater London Built up Area amp oldid 1129157240, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
