Great Perm (Permyak: Ыджыт Перем Öксуму, Ydžyt Perem Öksumu; Old Permic, 𐍨𐍓𐍖𐍨𐍢 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍔𐍜 𐍞𐍚𐍡𐍣𐍜𐍣) or simply Perm, in Latin Permia,[1] was a medieval historical region in what is now the Perm Krai of the Russian Federation. Cherdyn is said to have been its capital.[2]
Map of Northern Russia, including Permia; by Gerard Mercator (Amsterdam, 1595).
The origin of the name Perm is uncertain. Most common explanation derives the name "Perm" from "parma" ("forested highlands" in Komi language). While the city of Perm is a modern foundation named for Permia, the town of Cherdyn was reportedly itself known as the capital of "Great Perm" in the past. Cherdyn acted as a central market town, and it is sometimes suggested that perm was simply a term for "merchants" or "market" in a local language,[3] but there have been other suggestions.[4] The same name is likely reflected in the toponym Bjarmaland in Norse sagas.[5] The general region of Great Perm was known as wisu (وِيسُو wīsū) in medieval Arab ethnography, so referred to in the works of Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Gharnati, Zakariya al-Qazwini and Yaqut al-Hamawi (in his Dictionary of Countries). The term is perhaps derived from the name of the Ves' people who settled around Lake Ladoga and the upper Sukhona River.[6]
The Principality of Great Perm (Russian: Великопермское княжество, Velikopermskoye knyazhestvo; Komi-Permyak: Ыджыт Перем öксуму, Чердін öксуму) emerged as a separate Komi-Permyak feudal entity in the 14th-15th centuries owing to the easing of the Novgorod Republic. The principality retained a degree of autonomy under the Muscovite rule, but was eventually absorbed into it in 1505.
The principality was located in the Upper Kama area and maintained close connections with nearby Perm of Vychegda (alternatively known as Perm the Minor). Both Perm states had paid tribute to the Novgorod Republic since the 9th or 10th centuries. Perm of Vychegda was Christianised by Stephen of Perm in the fourteenth century and subsequently subdued by Muscovy. In 1451 a House of Princes of Perm gained control of both territories as vassals of Moscow, with the titles of princes Vymsky, and princes Velikopermsky. In fact even though having been Christianised soon after Perm of Vychegda, Great Perm enjoyed greater independence, positioned between three powers: Moscow, the Novgorod, and Kazan. Finally in 1472 an army of vassals of Moscow with the princes Vymsky among them conquered Great Perm and captured their brother Prince Mikhail Velikopermsky. Nevertheless, the latter soon came back again from Moscow as governor and ruled his domain for life. His son Matthew Velikopermsky was finally deposed by the Grand Prince of Moscow in 1505.[7]
Up to the early 18th century, the name Great Perm was officially used of the Upper Kama area, a southern part of which was governed by the Stroganov family.
The name was borrowed (as the 'Permian' period) by the nineteenth century geologist Sir Roderick Murchison to refer to rocks of a certain age, following extensive studies which he conducted in the region.
^Ferdinand Heinrich Müller, Der ugrische Volksstamm, oder Untersuchungen über die Ländergebiete am Ural und am Kaukasus, in historischer, geographischer und ethnographischer Beziehung (1839), 334.
^E.g. Allan S. C. Ross, "OWN Bjarmar : Russian Perm", Leeds Studies in English and Kindred Languages 6 (1937), 5-13. Ross (1937) suggests that the name is from an Old Norse term for "edge, shore", the bjarmar being the "people from the edge", a name which would then have been taken over by the population and changed to permi.
^Janet Martin, 'Treasure from the Land of Darkness:The Fur Trade and its significance for Medieval Russia',1986,page 7
^Article on Great Perm at heritage.perm.ru 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Further readingedit
V. Oborin. The Settlement and Developing of Ural in Late Eleventh – Early Seventeenth Centuries. University of Irkutsk, 1990.
External linksedit
(in Russian)
Вычегодско-Вымская летопись (in Russian)
Энциклопедия Пермского края 2019-08-12 at the Wayback Machine(in Russian)
(in Russian)
April 08, 2024
great, perm, permyak, Ыджыт, Перем, öксуму, ydžyt, perem, öksumu, permic, 𐍨𐍓𐍖𐍨𐍢, 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍔𐍜, 𐍞𐍚𐍡𐍣𐍜𐍣, simply, perm, latin, permia, medieval, historical, region, what, perm, krai, russian, federation, cherdyn, said, have, been, capital, principality, Ыджыт, Перем, öк. Great Perm Permyak Ydzhyt Perem Oksumu Ydzyt Perem Oksumu Old Permic 𐍨𐍓𐍖𐍨𐍢 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍔𐍜 𐍞𐍚𐍡𐍣𐍜𐍣 or simply Perm in Latin Permia 1 was a medieval historical region in what is now the Perm Krai of the Russian Federation Cherdyn is said to have been its capital 2 Principality of Great PermYdzhyt Perem Oksumu 𐍨𐍓𐍖𐍨𐍢 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍔𐍜 𐍞𐍚𐍡𐍣𐍜𐍣1323 1505Coat of armsCapitalCherdyn PokchaCommon languagesKomiOld East SlavicReligionKomi polytheism Russian OrthodoxGovernmentMonarchyPrince of Great Perm History first mention1323 Annexed by Grand Duchy of Moscow1505Preceded by Succeeded byNovgorod Republic Grand Duchy of MoscowMap of Northern Russia including Permia by Gerard Mercator Amsterdam 1595 The origin of the name Perm is uncertain Most common explanation derives the name Perm from parma forested highlands in Komi language While the city of Perm is a modern foundation named for Permia the town of Cherdyn was reportedly itself known as the capital of Great Perm in the past Cherdyn acted as a central market town and it is sometimes suggested that perm was simply a term for merchants or market in a local language 3 but there have been other suggestions 4 The same name is likely reflected in the toponym Bjarmaland in Norse sagas 5 The general region of Great Perm was known as wisu و يس و wisu in medieval Arab ethnography so referred to in the works of Ahmad ibn Fadlan Al Gharnati Zakariya al Qazwini and Yaqut al Hamawi in his Dictionary of Countries The term is perhaps derived from the name of the Ves people who settled around Lake Ladoga and the upper Sukhona River 6 Contents 1 Principality of Great Perm 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksPrincipality of Great Perm editThe Principality of Great Perm Russian Velikopermskoe knyazhestvo Velikopermskoye knyazhestvo Komi Permyak Ydzhyt Perem oksumu Cherdin oksumu emerged as a separate Komi Permyak feudal entity in the 14th 15th centuries owing to the easing of the Novgorod Republic The principality retained a degree of autonomy under the Muscovite rule but was eventually absorbed into it in 1505 The principality was located in the Upper Kama area and maintained close connections with nearby Perm of Vychegda alternatively known as Perm the Minor Both Perm states had paid tribute to the Novgorod Republic since the 9th or 10th centuries Perm of Vychegda was Christianised by Stephen of Perm in the fourteenth century and subsequently subdued by Muscovy In 1451 a House of Princes of Perm gained control of both territories as vassals of Moscow with the titles of princes Vymsky and princes Velikopermsky In fact even though having been Christianised soon after Perm of Vychegda Great Perm enjoyed greater independence positioned between three powers Moscow the Novgorod and Kazan Finally in 1472 an army of vassals of Moscow with the princes Vymsky among them conquered Great Perm and captured their brother Prince Mikhail Velikopermsky Nevertheless the latter soon came back again from Moscow as governor and ruled his domain for life His son Matthew Velikopermsky was finally deposed by the Grand Prince of Moscow in 1505 7 Up to the early 18th century the name Great Perm was officially used of the Upper Kama area a southern part of which was governed by the Stroganov family The name was borrowed as the Permian period by the nineteenth century geologist Sir Roderick Murchison to refer to rocks of a certain age following extensive studies which he conducted in the region See also editBjarmaland Permians ChudReferences edit Introduction to Latin epigraphy Vvedenie v latinskuyu epigrafiku Archived 2021 03 10 at the Wayback Machine Article on Cherdyn at uraltourism com Ferdinand Heinrich Muller Der ugrische Volksstamm oder Untersuchungen uber die Landergebiete am Ural und am Kaukasus in historischer geographischer und ethnographischer Beziehung 1839 334 E g Allan S C Ross OWN Bjarmar Russian Perm Leeds Studies in English and Kindred Languages 6 1937 5 13 Ross 1937 suggests that the name is from an Old Norse term for edge shore the bjarmar being the people from the edge a name which would then have been taken over by the population and changed to permi Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde vol 33 p 425 Janet Martin Treasure from the Land of Darkness The Fur Trade and its significance for Medieval Russia 1986 page 7 Article on Great Perm at heritage perm ru Archived 2006 09 29 at the Wayback Machine Further reading editV Oborin The Settlement and Developing of Ural in Late Eleventh Early Seventeenth Centuries University of Irkutsk 1990 External links editE Vershinin Perm Velikaya Kak Moskva prishla na Ural in Russian Vychegodsko Vymskaya letopis in Russian Enciklopediya Permskogo kraya Archived 2019 08 12 at the Wayback Machine in Russian PERM VELIKAYa Kulturnoe nasledie Prikamya in Russian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Great Perm amp oldid 1190569438, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
